i Detection of Smoke and Dust Aerosols Using Multi-sensor Satellite ...

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for upwelling radiation. The plane albedo of ground surface r (λ,μo,фo) is given by the corresponding bidirectional reflectance r (λ;μo,,фo;μ,,ф) via the following relationship in Eq. 3.2, and the spherical albedo of the ground surface is given by Eq. 3.3. 1 2 1 rg ( ; 0, 0) rg ( ; 0, 0; , ) d d 0 0 1 2 1 rg ( ) r ( ; 0 0 g 0, 0) 0d 0d0 23 (3.2) (3.3) Similarly, rs (λ;μo,,фo;μ,,ф) is the bidirectional reflectance of smoke layer for the incidence radiation. * rs ( ) is the spherical albedo of the smoke for upwelling radiation. In Eq. (3.1), t (λ;μo,,фo) and t * (λ;μ,,ф) are diffused transmittances of the smoke for downward and upwelling radiation, respectively. Set the spectral bandwidth as Δλ for a given band with the Center Wavelength (CW) at λo and let the instrument Relative Spectral Response (RSR) function be RSR(λ). Integrate the product of each quantity in Eq. 3.1 and RSR with respect to λ. The average reflectance is given by Eq. 3.4a where r ( , ; , ) T ( ; ) r ( , ; , ) 0 0 0 0 0 s, 0 0 0 b ( , ; , ) r ( , ; , ) 0 0 0 g, 0 0 0 1 0 / 2 T ( ; 0 0) t( , 0 ) t( , ) RSR( ) d 0 / 2 (3.4a) (3.4b)
1 0 /2 b ( 0 0, 0; , ) k1 exp t ( ; 0, 0) 0 /2 s 0 * k2 exp ts ( ; , ) t( ; ) t( ; ) RSR( ) d 1 r ( ) r ( ) 0 * s g 00100(;,)(;,;,) ggrkr 200()(;,;,) ggrkr 24 (3.4c) (3.4d) (3.4e) In Eq. 3.4a, it is reasonable to say that the signal received by the sensor come from two parts: one is reflected by the aerosol layer directly and the other is contributed from the ground surface. 3.2.2 Smoke spectral feature The continuous measurements of Hyperion, a hyperspectral sensor, are collected for analyzing the spectral characteristics of the smoke. The Fig. 3.3 show the smoke plume originated from the Aspen fire in Arizona on July 7, 2003. The first subplot is the true color image and rest of eight subplots are derived from measurements of eight typical bands with CW 447, 549, 600, 651, 752, 854, 1044, and 1245 nm. Those eight bands are chosen because they have the similar CW to those corresponding bands in MODIS. In the figure, the smoke plume has the strong reflectivity in the short wavelength bands but
Page 1 and 2: Detection of Smoke and Dust Aerosol
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABL
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1.1
Page 9 and 10: Figure 6.2 The UVAI images and the
Page 11 and 12: VFM Vertical Feature Mask VIS Visib
Page 13 and 14: are validated not only visually wit
Page 15 and 16: 1.1 Importance of Studying Smoke an
Page 17 and 18: 1.3 Objectives and Scopes The main
Page 19 and 20: originalities, and discussions of f
Page 21 and 22: 1.6 Principal Results The principle
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF APPROACHES FOR
Page 25 and 26: cooperatively: the reflectance at 0
Page 27 and 28: more information about dust charact
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3 SMOKE AEROSOL DETECTION W
Page 31 and 32: with a two-side scan mirror which r
Page 33 and 34: 3.1.2 MODIS data The 55 0 scan angl
Page 35: Sun Satellite Figure 3.2: Basic rad
Page 39 and 40: 3.2.3 Training data collection Surf
Page 41 and 42: Reflectance Reflectance Response cu
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.6: The normalized ratio of
Page 45 and 46: all pixels over both land and ocean
Page 47 and 48: NDDI 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 Figur
Page 49 and 50: MODIS L1B measurements Pixels over
Page 51 and 52: is clear that most of smoke plumes
Page 53 and 54: a b c b Figure 3.10: Smoke images o
Page 55: 3.4.2 California 2007 fire The 2007
Page 58 and 59: The multi-spectral approach is test
Page 60 and 61: 4.1 Physical Principle of Dust Aero
Page 62 and 63: Aqua 2006 102-04/12 04:15 Terra 200
Page 64 and 65: The dust has a high reflectivity at
Page 66 and 67: 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2
Page 68 and 69: 7 a Dust pixel 0.5 b 6 Cloud pixel
Page 70 and 71: 4.3 Results Three dust events occur
Page 72 and 73: c c Figure 4.6: Dust storm over TAK
Page 74: 4.4 Chapter Summary In this chapter
Page 77 and 78: operated in the A-train orbit with
Page 79 and 80: 5.1.2 CALIPSO measurements and VFM
Page 81 and 82: Altitude (km) 20 15 10 5 UTC: 2006-
Page 83 and 84: After spatial registration, the ove
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.4(a) The MODIS true color
Page 87 and 88:
Altitude (km) BTD (K) 20 15 10 15 4
Page 89 and 90:
in the same A-train orbit with simi
Page 91 and 92:
Aqua spacecrafts are operated in th
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the Fig. 6.1a. For easy comparison,
Page 95 and 96:
esolutions, the number of smoke pix
Page 97 and 98:
6.1.4 Validation of dust monitoring
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 6.3 Validation of dust image
Page 101 and 102:
eflectance in red band. Therefore,
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Altitude (km) 20 15 10 5 UTC: 2006-
Page 105 and 106:
image at the same location. The rea
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accuracy could be increased further
Page 109 and 110:
FPAs and cold FPAs (because of diff
Page 111 and 112:
development of future remote sensin
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 7.3: SRCA spatial mode retic
Page 115 and 116:
7.1.3.2 Date Source MODIS L1B data
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characterization. Only the measurem
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these bands, including reflective s
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different spectral bands are slight
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SZA (Degree) SZA (Degree) 65 60 55
Page 125 and 126:
7.2.1.2 Real Impact on L1B Measurem
Page 127 and 128:
7.2.2.1 Theoretical impact analysis
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spatial characterization, the bigge
Page 131 and 132:
Difference NDDI with spatial correc
Page 133 and 134:
8.1 Conclusions CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIO
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Based on the detection results, the
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3) Validating aerosol detection qua
Page 139 and 140:
REFERENCES Ackerman, S. A., 1989, U
Page 141 and 142:
imagery, Atmospheric Environment, v
Page 143 and 144:
Salomonson, V. V., Privette, J. L.,
Page 145 and 146:
Martinez, A., and Gros, G., 2007-10
Page 147 and 148:
Wang W., Qu, J. J., Liu, Y., Hao, X
Page 149:
CURRICULUM VITAE Yong Xie is a Ph.D
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