i Detection of Smoke and Dust Aerosols Using Multi-sensor Satellite ...

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satellite (Winker et al., 2004). The instrument performance parameters are given in Table 5.1, and the vertical and horizontal resolutions of the data products are shown in Table 5.2. Table 5.1: Payload parameters Payload Characteristic Value CALIPSO WFC IIR wavelengths 53 2nm & 1064 nm polarization 532 nm pulse energy 110 mJ footprint 70 m wavelength 645 nm spectral bandwidth 50 nm IFOV / swath 125 / 61 km wavelength 8.65 μm, 10.6 μm , 12.0 μm spectral bandwidth 0.6μm ~ 1.0μm IFOV / swath 1 km / 64 km Table 5.2: Spatial resolution of CALIPSO data Altitude Range (km) Horizontal Resolution (km) Vertical Resolution (km) 30.1 ~ 40.0 5.00 0.30 20.2 ~ 30.1 1.67 0.18 8.2 ~ 20.2 1.00 0.06 -0.5 ~ 8.2 0.33 0.03 -2.0 ~ -0.5 0.33 0.30 65
5.1.2 CALIPSO measurements and VFM product The measurements of CALIPSO are free to public, from June 2006 to present. The size of each file (version 2.01) of daytime is around 500 Mb. The data provide such parameter as total attenuated backscatter at 532nm and 1064nm, perpendicular attenuated backscatter, height, elevation, latitude, longitude, and so on. Table 5.2 gives the measurable height relative to sea level. The vertical and horizontal spatial resolution varies with the height. In CALIPSO measurements, total attenuated backscatter at 532nm and 1064nm and perpendicular attenuated backscatter at 532nm directly provide vertical information about aerosols. Fig.5.1 is an example to show CALIPSO attenuated backscatter signal at 1064nm on March 30, 2007. The horizontal axis stands for the geolocation of sample point and vertical axis represents the height relative to sea level. Usually, the value of attenuated backscatter is from 0.0001 ~ 0.1. Fig. 5.1 displays the CALIPSO attenuated backscattering signal at 1064 nm in the northwest China on July 26, 2006 at the UTC time 07:30. In the figure, the red solid line in horizontal direction is the elevation of the ground surface. A heavy aerosol (or cloud) over Taklimakan Desert is captured by CALIPSO, floating at the height of 2 -3 km from 38.27 0 N to 40.3 0 N. Heavy clouds are floating at the height of 7 ~ 8 km in the south side of desert and at the height of 5 km in the north side of desert. The VFM, level-2 product of CALIPSO, reports the scene classification based on the physical feature differences of aerosols and clouds. With the SCA (Scene Classification Algorithm), the atmospheric features are classified as either clouds or 66
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Detection of Smoke and Dust Aerosol
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DEDICATION This is dedicated to my
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABL
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1.1
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Figure 6.2 The UVAI images and the
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VFM Vertical Feature Mask VIS Visib
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are validated not only visually wit
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1.1 Importance of Studying Smoke an
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1.3 Objectives and Scopes The main
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originalities, and discussions of f
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1.6 Principal Results The principle
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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF APPROACHES FOR
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cooperatively: the reflectance at 0
Page 27 and 28: more information about dust charact
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3 SMOKE AEROSOL DETECTION W
Page 31 and 32: with a two-side scan mirror which r
Page 33 and 34: 3.1.2 MODIS data The 55 0 scan angl
Page 35 and 36: Sun Satellite Figure 3.2: Basic rad
Page 37 and 38: 1 0 /2 b ( 0 0, 0; , ) k1 e
Page 39 and 40: 3.2.3 Training data collection Surf
Page 41 and 42: Reflectance Reflectance Response cu
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.6: The normalized ratio of
Page 45 and 46: all pixels over both land and ocean
Page 47 and 48: NDDI 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 Figur
Page 49 and 50: MODIS L1B measurements Pixels over
Page 51 and 52: is clear that most of smoke plumes
Page 53 and 54: a b c b Figure 3.10: Smoke images o
Page 55: 3.4.2 California 2007 fire The 2007
Page 58 and 59: The multi-spectral approach is test
Page 60 and 61: 4.1 Physical Principle of Dust Aero
Page 62 and 63: Aqua 2006 102-04/12 04:15 Terra 200
Page 64 and 65: The dust has a high reflectivity at
Page 66 and 67: 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2
Page 68 and 69: 7 a Dust pixel 0.5 b 6 Cloud pixel
Page 70 and 71: 4.3 Results Three dust events occur
Page 72 and 73: c c Figure 4.6: Dust storm over TAK
Page 74: 4.4 Chapter Summary In this chapter
Page 77: operated in the A-train orbit with
Page 81 and 82: Altitude (km) 20 15 10 5 UTC: 2006-
Page 83 and 84: After spatial registration, the ove
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.4(a) The MODIS true color
Page 87 and 88: Altitude (km) BTD (K) 20 15 10 15 4
Page 89 and 90: in the same A-train orbit with simi
Page 91 and 92: Aqua spacecrafts are operated in th
Page 93 and 94: the Fig. 6.1a. For easy comparison,
Page 95 and 96: esolutions, the number of smoke pix
Page 97 and 98: 6.1.4 Validation of dust monitoring
Page 99 and 100: Figure 6.3 Validation of dust image
Page 101 and 102: eflectance in red band. Therefore,
Page 103 and 104: Altitude (km) 20 15 10 5 UTC: 2006-
Page 105 and 106: image at the same location. The rea
Page 107 and 108: accuracy could be increased further
Page 109 and 110: FPAs and cold FPAs (because of diff
Page 111 and 112: development of future remote sensin
Page 113 and 114: Figure 7.3: SRCA spatial mode retic
Page 115 and 116: 7.1.3.2 Date Source MODIS L1B data
Page 117 and 118: characterization. Only the measurem
Page 119 and 120: these bands, including reflective s
Page 121 and 122: different spectral bands are slight
Page 123 and 124: SZA (Degree) SZA (Degree) 65 60 55
Page 125 and 126: 7.2.1.2 Real Impact on L1B Measurem
Page 127 and 128: 7.2.2.1 Theoretical impact analysis
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spatial characterization, the bigge
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Difference NDDI with spatial correc
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8.1 Conclusions CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIO
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Based on the detection results, the
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3) Validating aerosol detection qua
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REFERENCES Ackerman, S. A., 1989, U
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imagery, Atmospheric Environment, v
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Salomonson, V. V., Privette, J. L.,
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Martinez, A., and Gros, G., 2007-10
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Wang W., Qu, J. J., Liu, Y., Hao, X
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CURRICULUM VITAE Yong Xie is a Ph.D
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