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E. Bruce Reynolds Julean Arnold: America’s Salesman, China’s Friend ASPAC Conference 2010 June 18 – 20, 2010 | Portland, OR Although a largely forgotten figure, University of California-Berkeley graduate Julean Arnold compiled a unique and remarkable record in representing the United States in China for 38 consecutive years. A member of the State Department’s first class of student interpreters in 1902, he served in the consular service until 1915 when he transferred to the Commerce Department. Named commercial attaché, he filled that role for 25 years with astonishing energy and panache. As one would expect, Arnold was a relentless promoter of U.S.-China trade, but more interesting, and perhaps surprising, was his unshakeable faith in China’s potential and his sincere interest in encouraging that nation’s development. This sympathetic attitude facilitated his establishment of friendly relations with many leading Chinese public figures of his era. Arnold held a special interest in transportation issues, sharing Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s belief that an extended rail network was a key to China’s economic development. He also recognized in the early 1920’s that air transportation would shrink the world, predicting flights between China and the United States in less than 24 hours decades before they became a reality. Of particular interest to Asianists were Arnold’s efforts to promote Asian studies. He prodded American schools in China to educate their expatriate students about the country they were living in, and in countless speeches and articles promoted Chinese studies in the United States. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Richard Rice Image and Identity: Ainu Representations in Japanese Museums In the 2003 inaugural issue of Museum and Society, Sharon Macdonald argued that museums “…act as manifestations of identity or sites for the contestation of identities.” After establishing a theoretical framework that follows her argument, I look at how the Ainu of Japan are breaking away from their former proscribed identity at a number of museum and cultural sites, representations that reflect both recent scholarship and a growing political awareness. My evidence is based on a trip in the summer of 2008 to many sites in Hokkaido and Honshu, as well as discussions with scholars and museum staff and a survey of the current literature. I argue that museums are important expressions of political as well as cultural existence. Traditionally organized museums imply marginality by visual and spatial organization that regulates ethnic and racial groups to smaller and separate spaces that depict historical visions of the past without reference to the present. This tends to make minorities “invisible men” and privileges the culture of the dominant elite. In the case of Japan the dominant culture is that of the wajin. Edward Rothstein puts it well: “The identity museum is created by a group to recount its past trials and present achievements. It is also a community center and meeting place, meant to solidify the identity it celebrates…. We had to overcome many difficulties, some of which tempted us to forget who we were…. The museum is a monument to a reforged identity in which our past is a hyphenated part of our future.” In the case of the Ainu, this claims a self-identification rooted in the present. My paper will be augmented, and indeed requires, visualization of sites and displays, via PowerPoint presentation. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Clare Richardson-Barlow Green Security: Regional Cooperation & Energy in East Asia As an area of the world that is both heterogeneous and intraregional, East Asia offers a unique combination of both developed and developing nations with the potential to provide benefits for all countries involved in regional cooperation over energy security. Particularly in East Asia, regional cooperation has been a continuing goal of nation-states in an attempt to strengthen economic and military security. As energy 34
ASPAC Conference 2010 June 18 – 20, 2010 | Portland, OR security becomes more important to developing and developed countries new tactics must be taken to ensure the security of not just energy in a particular country, but also in regions that can benefit from mutual cooperation. Shared goals between wealthier nations and developing nations can only create stronger relations between governments, but also increased economic growth for all parties involved. In this thesis, the following questions will be addressed: What does current regional cooperation over energy security in East Asia look like? What areas can be improved upon? Does economic integration precede regional integration, visa versa, or are the two the same? Can energy security be addressed in a “green manner?” What do current regional climate change initiatives look like? How do they address energy security? Does the presence of international regimes make regional cooperation on energy security more or less likely? Should current international regimes be utilized for regional cooperation initiatives, or should new ones be created? And finally, what can be expected for regional cooperation on energy security in East Asia in the next 5 to 10 years. It is the unique combination of regional cooperation in East Asia and energy security that make this paper significant and will provide the greatest contribution to the field of security and development. First, the use of East Asian international regimes will play an integral role in outlining a strategy for cooperation that all parties can benefit from. Better use of current international regimes may be possible; as current evidence suggests new and different regimes may be needed in order to correct past weaknesses. Further, the author posits that East Asia can learn many lessons from past examples of regional integration but must adapt such examples to developed and developing countries in the region. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Gregory Rohlf Filipino Volunteers Overseas in Global Perspective International voluntary service (IVS) continues to grow in popularity all around the world. Japan, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Canada, Australia, the United States and Switzerland each send their citizens abroad to help people improve their lives. It is clear that sending volunteers overseas marks a significant milestone in a country’s development. In the same way, choosing to volunteer in a distant, ethnically alien and poorer country marks a milestone in the evolution of the Self in a global context. This paper explains and analyzes Filipinos’ participation in IVS as part of a global history of caring for distant Others. Given the history and ongoing pattern of overseas and diasporic labor migration, Filipino IVS is both poignant and illustrative of the global appeal of the ideas that underlay helping ethic others from home. This study examines the history of IVS and considers the Phillipines as a case study. IVS is examined in an interdisciplinary framework – drawing on geography, international politics, anthropology, ethics, economics and the history of modernity itself – that takes the human quest for meaning as its metric. Research suggests that IVS is at once a search for the true Self and the true Other, an existential struggle against nature and poverty that volunteers feel they lack at home, and a uniquely twentieth century fusion of narcissism and altruism made possible by revolutions in transportation and communication. Although these findings are preliminary, it is anticipated that field research in 2010 and 2011 will confirm that Filipino volunteers fit within these norms, and thus are active shapers of global civil society. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Nilanthi Samaranayake Are Sri Lanka-China Relations Growing Closer? An Overview of Bilateral Economic, Military, and Political Ties During the past few years, Sri Lanka and China appear to be forging closer economic, military, and political relations. While most observers would expect Sri Lanka’s ties to neighboring India to be stronger than those to distant China, Sri Lanka has welcomed Chinese investment in building a port in Hambantota, arms from China for use in its civil war, and “dialogue partner” status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Highprofile moves such as these have unnerved observers fearing the rise of Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean. Consequently, news reports addressing bilateral relations have been filled with fleeting references to these developments, based on anecdotal accounts and speculation instead of substantive data. The purpose of this paper is to undertake a first-time, systematic analysis of the patterns of economic, military, and political 35
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