Guidelines for Impact Monitoring & Assessment in Microfinance ...

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MONITORING & ASSESSMENT IN MICROFINANCE PROGRAMMES FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS A focus group interview is an inexpensive rapid appraisal technique that provides quick qualitative information to aid in the process of formulating impact hypotheses and identifying and selecting indicator sets. A facilitator guides 5 to 12 people in a discussion about their experiences, feelings, and preferences about having access to financial and social intermediation services. Sessions typically last one to two hours. Steps: 1. Select the team: should be small, with at least one facilitator who speaks the local language 2. Select the participants: consult key informants to select strategic individuals 3. Decide on timing and location 4. Prepare the discussion guide: outline issues and topics to be discussed 5. Conduct interview: establish rapport, phrase questions carefully, use probing techniques (repetition of question, adoption of ”sophisticated naïveté” posture, pause for answers, repeat replies, ask when, what, where, which, and how questions, use neutral comments, control the discussion, minimize group pressure) 6. Record the discussion 7. Analyse results: read summaries together, read transcripts, analyse each question separately (words, framework, internal agreement, precision responses, the big picture, report purpose) KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS Key informant interviews are qualitative, in-depth interviews of individuals selected for their first-hand knowledge about a topic of interest. The number of key informants depends on the number of topics to be investigated. If possible, it is advisable to select several key informants on the same topic in order to avoid a subjective information base. The interviews are loosely structured, relying on a list of issues to be discussed. Key informant interviews resemble a conversation among acquaintances, allowing a free flow of ideas and information. Interviewers frame questions spontaneously, probe for information and take notes. Steps: 1. Formulate study questions 2. Prepare a short interview guide 3. Select key informants 4. Conduct interviews: establish rapport, sequence questions, phrase questions carefully, use probing techniques, maintain a neutral attitude, minimize translation difficulties 5. Take adequate notes 6. Analyse interview data: interview summary sheets, descriptive codes, storage and retrieval, presentation of data 7. Check for reliability and validity: representative key informants, reliable key informants, possible bias of interviewer or investigator, negative evidence, informant feedback 172
ANNEX 3: INTERVIEW GUIDE 61 BASIC GUIDELINES FOR INTERVIEWERS ANNEX 3 – INTERVIEW GUIDE 1. Provide a comfortable interview atmosphere that will help build the trust of the respondents. This will enable you to have an honest discussion. Emphasize the confidentiality of the interview (exceptions to this confidentiality must be agreed to by respondents). Be sensitive to the attitudes and beliefs of the respondents and try not to offend them. Show sincere interest in the person or people being interviewed beyond just getting the information. Explain the purpose of the interview, how the respondents were selected, how their responses will be used, and whether they will have the opportunity to see the results of the interview or evaluation. Allow them to ask questions about the interview. Try not to interrupt the respondents. Prepare an interview guide that contains all of the questions you will ask in the interview. Begin with the questions that are the least threatening or those that are the easiest to answer. 2. Communicate the questions clearly and consistently. Give the same explanations and directions to each respondent. Try to read the question in the same way for each respondent. Make sure every question is asked. Do not show your own feelings about the question or expected response. 3. Record responses carefully and thoroughly. This involves skills in active listening, observation, and unbiased recording. Record responses as inconspicuously as possible. NOTE: If responses are to be recorded, the respondents should be told and give their permission. Have a consistent format for recording responses that allows for recording both verbal and non-verbal responses. Listen carefully and record responses, remarks and comments just as given, using respondents' exact words. Ask respondents to clarify vague or ambiguous answers; get them to be more specific when necessary. Observe and note non-verbal responses such as facial expressions, other body language, and marked silences, etc. Keep eye contact with the respondents as much as possible. Do not offer your own comments and views about their responses or demonstrate a value judgment on what they have said. Do not read into what respondents say; ask for clarification if the answer is unclear. Remain "tuned in" to the respondents' responses even while taking notes. Make sure records are readable. 4. Keep the interview on track. Keep the respondents' attention on the question being asked. Gently bring them back if they get off track. Probe for a response and further information if necessary. Review the interview guide to make sure all questions were answered before ending the interview. Be prepared for unexpected problems by being flexible. When ending the interview, thank the respondents for their time and effort! 61 Source after: ULR: http://www.innonet.org/ 173
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Birgit Schäfer IMPACT MONITORING &
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IMPACT MONITORING & ASSESSMENT IN M
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Table of Contents IMPACT MONITORING
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Abbreviations IMPACT MONITORING & A
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Part 1: Introduction SCOPE by Rolan
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These Guidelines 5 : INTRODUCTION
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STEP 4: Selection and adaptation of
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UNDERSTANDING IMPACT AND IMPACT MEA
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INTRODUCTION Impact involves econom
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INTRODUCTION similar, surrounding.
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Table 1: The Programme Outcome Mode
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INTRODUCTION Graphic 2: Benchmarks
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INTRODUCTION The new office is sche
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Mediating Variables INTRODUCTION Fa
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INTRODUCTION conduct IM and IA. The
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INTRODUCTION enough flexibility to
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INTRODUCTION Quantitative impact mo
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And merge the findings of the two a
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CHARACTER- ISTICS INTRODUCTION QUAN
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INTRODUCTION analyse this data to d
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INTRODUCTION political dexterity an
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INTRODUCTION and evaluation systems
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INTRODUCTION Let us conclude with t
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Part 2: Implementation Steps 2.1 IN
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS • Survey res
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OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBILIT
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QUESTIONS • How long has the prog
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Clientele: • duration of membersh
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS MFI can calcul
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The Natural Environment IMPLEMENTAT
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ANALYSIS OF THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL IMP
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Graphic 6: Household Socio-Economic
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Graphic 7: Vulnerability of Livelih
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OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBILIT
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS ries of mutual
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS Core Impact Hy
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Core Impact Hypotheses at the Enter
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS Possible Negat
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IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACT INDICATORS
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS figures are no
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Quality Criteria (II) IMPLEMENTATIO
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS • Ordinal me
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CORE INDICATORS AT THE FAMILY/HOUSE
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS CORE INDICATOR
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CORE INDICATORS AT COMMUNITY LEVEL
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APPLICATION OF SURVEY TOOLS IMPLEME
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IMPACT SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION STEPS
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IMPACT SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION STEPS
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS TOOL 1: Impact
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12. Invested (major) in enterprise
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS 51. Farm inven
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10 = Cash for emergencies 11 = Pock
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TOOL 2 CLIENT MONITORING SYSTEM IMP
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BALANCE SHEET IMPLEMENTATION STEPS
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Number of loan: ________________ DE
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Household Income ($) Household Expe
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TOOL 3 CLIENT EXIT INTERVIEW TYPE Q
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IMPLEMENTATION STEPS TOOL 3: Client
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Page 141 and 142: Open-code Responses IMPLEMENTATION
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Page 149 and 150: Inferential Analysis IMPLEMENTATION
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Page 157 and 158: IMPLEMENTATION STEPS The next sever
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Page 163 and 164: ANNEX 1: SOURCES AND FURTHER READIN
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Page 171: ANNEX 2 - RAPID APPRAISAL METHODS:
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