Civil-Military Relations and Democratic Control of the Security Sector

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Part I THE NEW GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL SECURITY SITUATION IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 ST CENTURY Chapter 1 The Shift to Democracy The wave of democratic consolidation before the end of the Cold War in Europe (Spain, Greece, Portugal) gained momentum with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of the democratic transitions in the former socialist totalitarian states. In the beginning of the 21st century it became a fact of life that two thirds of the countries of the world are democratic. The expansion of the civic democratic space to the former Warsaw Pact countries was simultaneously an enlargement of the security space. The shift to democracy coincided with the big changes in the security in its global, regional and national dimensions. The new security threat situation called for new responses. Preserving democratic contents of the changing systems of security turned into a major challenge for the democratic governments of the world. The establishment, however, of the procedures, institutions, norms and culture that would guarantee accountability of the elected leaders could not happen overnight. The lack of recent democratic experience, economic difficulties and social suffering complicate the consolidation of democratic regimes in the former totalitarian states. Participation of the public in the effective functioning of democracy is a significant component of the new system of power. Confidence between the rulers and society is contingent on the transparent way power is exercised. Democratic civilian oversight of the armed forces and the entire sector of security, including intelligence are of crucial importance in the process of democratic consolidation of the transition countries. This requirement assumes a special meaning in the conditions of fighting terrorism. Effective functioning of the security sector turns into a major feature of the democratic society. Chapter 2 The Security Threat Situation, the New Security Needs The period of the decade before the fall-down of the Berlin wall was characteristic for the significant efforts to broaden the debate on security, introducing the so-called concept of comprehensive security. Following this trend, the security threat analyses were preoccupied with ecological, demographical, social, informational, cultural, and other soft threats issues. Then violent signs like the first attack on the World Trade Center or the preparation to destroy the Eiffel Tower were left without adequate attention. 3
4 Conceptual Developments in the Security Sector With the end of the Cold War security debates provided a significant rearrangement of the hierarchy of threats. The reason was partly due to restructuring the existing system of threats that were produced and even carefully maintained by the bi-polar ideology-based blocks, and partly due to the fast appearance of completely new set of threats. There was a short period of time in the beginning of the 1990s when the focus was shifted strongly towards non-military instruments for risk reduction and threat prevention. The first sign that this was too optimistic to think – that the swords should be transferred into ploughs, came with the wars in the Western Balkans. With the 11 September 2001 this ambiguity was over at least for the predictable future. The entire period could be characterized with two converging tendencies. On the one hand, the threat perception of the different countries around the world seems largely similar. Most of the countries, especially the leading ones in international relations, share the understanding that the trans-border terrorism and the weapons of mass destruction together with failed states are the key sources of security threats. Despite this, many countries prefer to keep the focus also on not yet resolved regional problems, trans-borders organized crime and illegal migration. The rising threats: global terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Terror is not a new phenomenon, but its current performance has not been met in the world history before. For the first time a combination between non-state actors, destructive technological capabilities, global maneuver opportunities, on one hand, and a new type of ‘strategic partners’ in the face of failed countries, radical governments and such sponsoring terror, on the other, exists in global context. The key characteristics of the new terrorism is that all of the actors – state and non-state - are attempting to wage mass destruction attacks with mass casualties and expected global reporting by the media. As it is stated in the European Security Strategy, “international terrorism is a strategic threat.” Simultaneously the risks resulting from the failure of the non-proliferation regimes pre-occupied the international attention. There is a paradox: in 2003 the list of the countries seeking for nuclear weapons and missile-technologies was shorter than in 1980. Now the situation is completely different. The combination of global terrorism, WMD including their non-traditional forms as “dirty bomb,” “envelope-bombs” with biological components, etc. is complicating the countermeasures because they require a completely new system of approaches and instruments. The concentration of these elements of the entire threat picture in the so-called Greater Middle East makes the issue of primary concern for the European countries. Traditional threats have new consequences. With the end of the incompatible ideological antagonism and the enhancement of the number of people who live under more or less democratic rules, the classic interstate conflicts have receded. Failed states and governments are an alarming phenomenon. They are the ground for both terrorist preparation and civil wars. Organized crime, trans-border and trans-continental trafficking successfully use every space, which is weakly controlled – especially between neighboring countries. The organized crime is exploring the growing capacity of illegal migration, which is also a target group for the net-based local terrorist groups. Concentration of such elements of the threat spectrum in specific areas is a precondition of turning them into regions of chronic tensions and longstanding disputes. The primary purpose of the risk reduction and threat prevention policy should be to achieve an effective system of co-operative global governance, legitimated by representative institutions and the rule of law. Similar to a nation-state, global governance has to concentrate on core public goods like international stability and security, for which the great powers carry the main
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Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS List of Figures vii List o
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52 Constitutional and Legal Framewo
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The special cases as emergency, cri
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Democratic Control in Time of War a
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Democratic Control during the Fight
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Democratic Control during the Fight
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Definitions Democratic Control duri
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Democratic Control during Crises an
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Cyberspace and the Challenges to De
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International Peace and Humanitaria
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International Peace and Humanitaria
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Section Five Budgetary Control of t
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90 Budgetary Control provide outcom
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92 Budgetary Control of commercial
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94 Budgetary Control defense polici
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96 Budgetary Control Chapter 24 The
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98 National policy on arms transfer
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100 Arms brokering activities; Bud
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Section Six The People in the Secur
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106 The People in the Security Sect
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112 Recruitment The People in the S
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114 Effective use of resources. Th
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The present international system is
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International Instruments in the Pr
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International Instruments in the Pr
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The OSCE Code of Conduct actions. M
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The Evolution of Civil-Military Rel
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CONCLUSIONS This Handbook treats th
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UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE T
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