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164 AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS the action of nitric acid on indigo yielded a material which dyed sulk yellow. Hausmann 57 isolated the substance in 1778, and reported further studies upon it in 1788, noting particularly its bitter taste. Welter 58 in 1799 obtained picric acid by the action of nitric acid on silk, and the material came to be known generally as "Welter's bitter." Its preparation from indigo, aloes, resin, and other organic substances was studied by many chemists, among them Fourcroy and Vauquelin, Chevreul, Liebig, Wohler, Robiquet, Piria, Delalande, and Stenhouse. Its preparation from oil of eucalyptus was suggested during the first World War. It was given the name of acide picrique by Dumas; cf. Greek iriKpds = bitter, old English puckery. Its relation to phenol was demonstrated in 1841 by Laurent, 39 who prepared it by the nitration of that substance, and its structure was proved fully by Hepp, 60 who procured it by the oxidation of sj/m-trinitrobenzene. Picric acid is a strong acid; it decomposes carbonates and may be titrated with bases by the use of sodium alizarine sulfonate as an indicator. It is a fast yellow dye for silk and wool. It attacks the common metals, exr.ept aluminum and tin, and produces dangerously explosive salts. Cordeau Lheure, which was long used extensively in France, was made by filling a tin pipe with fused picric acid and later drawing down to the desired diameter. It had the disadvantage that the metal suffered from the "tin disease," became unduly brittle, and changed to its gray allotropic modification. Picric acid and nitrophenols, when used in ammunition, are not allowed to come in contact with the metal parts. Shells which are to be loaded with these explosives are first plated on the inside with tin or painted with asphaltum varnish or Bakelite. Dupre 61 in 1901 reported experiments which indicated that the picrates of calcium, lead, and zinc, formed in situ from melted picric acid are capable of initiating the explosion of that material. Kast 62 found that the dehydrated picrates are more sensitive than those which contain water of crystallization. The data tabulated 57 J. Phys. 32, 165 (1788). **Ann. chim. phys., I, 29, 301 (1799). 59 Ann. chim. phys., Ill, 3, 221 (1841). 60 Hepp, loc. cit. 01 Mem. poudres, 11, 92 (1901). 62 Z. ges. Schiess- it. Sprengstoffw., 6, 7, 31, 67 (1911). See also Will, ibid., 1, 209 (1906); Silberrad and Phillips, /. Chem. Soc, 93, 474 (1908).
PICRIC ACID 165 below have been published recently by J D. Hopper. 63 Explosion temperature was determined as the temperature necessary to cause ignition or explosion m exactly 5 seconds when a thinwalled copper shell containing a few milligrams of the explosive was dipped into a molten metal bath to a constant depth. The minimum drop test was taken as the least distance through which a 2-kilogram weight must fall, in a standard apparatus, 64 to produce detonation or ignition in one or more instances among ten trials. SUBSTANCE Mercury fulminate Tetryl TNT Picric acid Ammonium picrate Sodium picrate Sodium picrate Sodium dimtrophenolate Sodium dimtrophenolate Copper picrate Copper picrate . Zinc picrate Zinc picrate Cadmium picrate Cadmium picrate Nickel picrate Nickel picrate . Nickel picrate Aluminum picrate. . Aluminum picrate Aluminum picrate Chromium picrate Chromium picrate Chromium picrate Ferrous picrate Ferrous picrate Ferric picrate . Ferric picrate Ferric picrate . Ferric picrate DEGREE TEMPERA- OF TUBE op HYDRA- DRYING, TIOK °C Anhydrous Anhydrous Anhydrous Anhydrous Anhydrous 1 H2O Anhydrous 1 H2O Anhydrous 3 H2O Anhydrous 6 H2O Anhydrous 8 H2O Anhydrous 6 H2O Anhydrous 10 H2O 2 H2O 13 H2O 1 H2O 8 H2O x H2O 50 150 100 150 25 150 25 150 25 150 25 100 150 25 80 100 25 80 100 25 100 25 80 100 150 68 J Franklin Inst, 225, 219 (1938) 64 H S. Deck, Army Ordnance, 7, 34 U926). MINIMUM DROP TEST 2-KILO WEIGHT, INCHES 2 8 14 14 17 17 15 16 15 19 12 34 12 35 12 26 9 4 36 16 16 36 10 8 36 14 36 8 7 6 EXPLO- SION TEMPERA TURE, °C. 210 260 470 320 320 360 370 300 310 340 390 360 330 310 295
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CHAPTER I PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3 they are heated o
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HIGH EXPLOSIVES 5 black match may b
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 7 f
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A COMPLETE ROUND OF AMMUNITION 9 11
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DETONATING FUSE 11 ting upon, say,
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DETONATING FUSE 13 branch line squa
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FIGURE 8. Pierre-Eugene Marcellin B
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VELOCITY OF DETONATION 17 placed up
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FIGURE 10 Charles Edward Munroe (18
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Sensitivity Tests SENSITIVITY TESTS
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TESTS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND BRISAN
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 29 Bertho
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BOERHAAVE ON BLACK POWDER 31 powder
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GREEK FIRE 33 And of the last two o
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ROGER BACON 35 only half filled wit
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ROGER BACON 37 large as the human t
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 39 Deve
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK POWDER 41 the
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USES OF BLACK POWDER 43 Potassium n
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MANUFACTURE 45 rings and in other p
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ANALYSIS 47 caded, and is never app
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AMMONPULVER 49 ing is made from sod
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OTHER PROPELLENT EXPLOSIVES 51 toge
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 53 colors. His
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 55 composition
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 57 and moisten
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 59 chloride is
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PYROTECHNIC MIXTURES 61 positions w
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COLORED LIGHTS 63 flares during the
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Potassium chlorate Strontium nitrat
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Barium nitrate Potassium nitrate Po
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LANCES 69 minute with an illuminati
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PICRATE COMPOSITIONS 71 To be burne
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ROCKETS 73 is used in whistling fir
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ROCKETS 75 one ounce and a half. It
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ROCKETS 77 which handle a gross of
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Roman Candles ROMAN CANDLES 79 Roma
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STARS 81 the space between the star
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STARS 83 4-ply manila paper tubing,
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STARS 85 YVeingart 31 reports compo
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STARS 87 powder mixture, given a ye
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GERBS 89 Gerbs Gerbs produce jets o
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WHEELS 91 denly with a terrifying r
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PINWHEELS 93 Pinwheels To make pinw
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PINWHLELS 95 need of a vast theater
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MINES 97 match or fire wick), for t
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COMETS AND METEORS 99 an electric o
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BOMBSHELLS 101 the short pieces sep
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BOMBSHELLS 103 is folded, rubbed, a
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TOY CAPS 105 "It is to be noted," h
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JAPANESE TORPEDOES 107 minate but w
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RAILWAY TORPEDOES 109 hardens it),
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CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 111 English Cr
Page 113 and 114: CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 113 carrying o
Page 115 and 116: CHINESE FIRECRACKERS 115 struck a s
Page 117 and 118: SPARKLERS 117 is shaped by a motion
Page 119 and 120: PHARAOH'S SERPENTS 119 Wire Dips an
Page 121 and 122: BLACK NON-MERCURY SNAKES 121 pellet
Page 123 and 124: Potassium chlorate Lactose Paranitr
Page 125 and 126: CHAPTER IV AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS
Page 127 and 128: EFFECT OF GROUPS ON FURTHER SUBSTIT
Page 129 and 130: UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 129 the nuc
Page 131 and 132: UTILIZATION OF COAL TAR 131 In each
Page 133 and 134: MONO- AND DI-NITROBENZENE 133 Trini
Page 135 and 136: TRINITROBENZENE 135 powder, 250 lit
Page 137 and 138: TRINITROBENZENE 137 + CHsONo H. ,OC
Page 139 and 140: TRINITROBENZENE 139 According to Da
Page 141 and 142: TRINITROTOLUENE 141 not yet been de
Page 143 and 144: TRINITROTOLUENE 143 ?mall amount, p
Page 145 and 146: TRINITROTOLUENE 145 with a correspo
Page 147 and 148: TRINITROTOLUENE 14? The soluble sul
Page 149 and 150: TRINITROTOLUENE 149 cent free SOa)
Page 151 and 152: TRINITROTOLUENE 151 CH, NO, " ~" a
Page 153 and 154: TRIXITROXYLENE 153 Dautriche found
Page 155 and 156: NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE I5
Page 157 and 158: NITRO DERIVATIVES OF NAPHTHALENE 15
Page 159 and 160: PICRIC ACID 159 of biphenyl. The mo
Page 161 and 162: PICRIC ACID 161 dinitrophenol as re
Page 163: PICRIC ACID 163 a yellow nitropheno
Page 167 and 168: AMMONIUM PICRATE 167 80° and 90°
Page 169 and 170: TR1NITR0ANIS0L AND TRINITROPHENETOL
Page 171 and 172: TRINITROANISOL AND TRINITROPHENETOL
Page 173 and 174: TETRANITROANILINE 173 Both trinitro
Page 175 and 176: TETRYL 175 TNA shows about the same
Page 177 and 178: TETRYL 177 All the above-indicated
Page 179 and 180: TETRYL 179 m-nitrotetryl is effecti
Page 181 and 182: TETRYL 181 The solubility of tetryl
Page 183 and 184: BUTYL TETRYL 183 MINIMUM CHARGE FOB
Page 185 and 186: HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE 185 Carter 1
Page 187 and 188: HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE 187 pound
Page 189 and 190: HEXANITROAZOBENZENE 189 nitrocarban
Page 191 and 192: CHAPTER V NITRIC ESTERS Nitric este
Page 193 and 194: METHYL NITRATE 193 sion of 24.5 mm.
Page 195 and 196: NITROGLYCERIN 195 blasting cap will
Page 197 and 198: NITROGLYCERIN 197 are evolved, but
Page 199 and 200: NITROGLYCERIN 199 than half its own
Page 201 and 202: NITROGLYCERIN 201 Thus, if 100 gram
Page 203 and 204: NITROGLYCERIN 203 quickly into a dr
Page 205 and 206: NITROGLYCERIN 205 "boils" strongly.
Page 207 and 208: NITROGLYCERIN 207 because the boili
Page 209 and 210: NITROGLYCERIN 209 the temperature r
Page 211 and 212: NITROGIA'CERIN 211 velocities of de
Page 213 and 214: NITROGLYCERIN 213 material in safet
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DINITROGLYCERIN 215 cerin. It mixes
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DINITROGLYCERIN 217 Both of the din
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NITROGLYCIDE 219 oxide ring, and mo
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DINITROCHLOROHYDRIN 221 can be froz
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NITROGLYCOL 223 amount is necessary
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NITROGLYCOL 225 portions with water
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TRINITROPHENOXYETHYL NITRATE 227 me
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PENTRYL 229 Another portion of the
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PENTRYL 231 tetryl by one of 27.5 c
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TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE 233 i
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Butylene Glycol Dinitrate NITROERYT
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NITROMANNITE 23? While its stabilit
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NITRATED SUGAR MIXTURES 239 fact th
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NITROLACTOSE 241 Nitroglucose (d-Gl
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OTHER NITROSUGARS 243 readily solub
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EARLY HISTORY OF NITRATED CARBOHYDR
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NITROCELLULOSE 257 The two substanc
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NITROCELLULOSE 259 dre B. Either CP
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NITROCELLULOSE 261 nent materials w
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NltfROCELLULOSE 263 The pulped fibe
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NITROCELLULOSE 265 cellulose with g
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DURATION AT 1st period 2nd period 3
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 269 upon
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DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN 271 actio
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NITROSTARCH 273 At the beginning of
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NJTROSTARCH 275 the contents of the
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UTILIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE 277 cat
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PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE 279 ery
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DIPENTAERYTHRITE HEXANITRATE 281 ni
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TRIMETHYLOLNITROMETHANE TRINITRATE
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NITROPENTANONE AND RELATED SUBSTANC
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CHAPTER VI SMOKELESS POWDER An acco
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BULK POWDER 289 was called E C. pow
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BULK POWDER 291 FIGURE 71. Sweetie
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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EARLY HISTORY OF COLLOIDED POWDERS
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COLLOIDED NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS 29
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MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE-BASE POWDER 2
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STABILIZERS 307 Stabilizers The spo
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STABILIZERS 309 stable as those con
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TRANSFORMATIONS DURING AGING OF POW
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 313 ence is
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ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE 315 ences. E
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 317 GAIN
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CONTROL OF RATE OF BURNING 319 Prog
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GELATINIZING AGENTS 321 but very li
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FLASHLESS CHARGES AND FLASHLESS POW
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BALL-GRAIN POWDER 329 in the presen
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CHAPTER VII DYNAMITE AND OTHER HIGH
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INVENTION OF DYNAMITE 333 The next
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INVENTION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLO
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GUHR DYNAMITE 337 which is practica
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 339 but "40% ammo
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STRAIGHT DYNAMITE 341 Munroe and Ha
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BLASTING GELATIN 343 of nitroglycer
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GELATIN DYNAMITE 345 night, and the
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 347 that one
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 349 many cla
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PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES 351 The Fren
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Nitroglycenn Potassium nitrate Sodi
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LIQUID OXYGEN EXPLOSIVES 355 The Pr
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CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE EXPLOSIVES
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AMMONIUM NITRATE MILITARY EXPLOSIVE
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CHAPTER VIII NITROAMINES AND RELATE
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METHYLNITRAMINE 371 Methylnitramine
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NITROUREA 373 filled with a strong
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 375 Guanidine or
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 377 The cyanamide
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GUANIDINE NITRATE 379 only one mole
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NITROGUANIDINE 381 been found, as d
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NITROGUANIDINE 333 mixture, is trea
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NITROGUANIDINE 385 A solution of ni
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NITROGUANIDINE 387 Nitroguanidine,
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NITROGUANIDINE 389 material "firmly
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NITROSOGUANIDINE 391 stant volume o
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ETHYLENEDINITRAMINE 393 rial which
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DINITRODIMETHYLSULFAMIDE 395 gives
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CVCLOTRIMETHVLENETRINITRAMINE 397 r
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CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE 399 r
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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DISCOVERY OF FULMINATING COMPOUNDS
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MERCURY FULMINATE 405 cold anvil an
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MERCURY FULMINATE 407 water, filter
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MERCURY FULMINATE 409 HgSA + NaCN +
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MERCURY FULMINATE 411 mented with s
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DETONATORS 413 Amusements with Fulm
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DETONATORS 415 characters of the ch
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DETONATORS 417 potassium chlorate.
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DETONATORS 419 in the amount of san
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 421 pressed.
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TESTING OF DETONATORS 423 later rec
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LEAD AZIDE 425 used; the azide is e
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LEAD AZIDE 427 the interaction of h
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LEAD AZIDE 429 of which there exten
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SILVER AZIDE 431 temperature of spo
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CYANURIC TRIAZIDE 433 The best resu
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EXPLOSIVE Cyanuric triazide Lead az
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TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE 437 purifie
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NITROGEN SULFIDE 439 acid, sulfur d
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DIAZONIUM SALTS 441 A 0.05-gram sam
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 443 Preparation
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DIAZODINITROPHENOL 445 alcohol 2.43
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TETRACENE 447 its structure. It is
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TETRACENE 449 Preparation 0} Tetrac
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HEXAMETHYLENETRIPEROXIDEDIAMINE 451
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FRICTION PRIMERS 453 which had been
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 455 or with wate
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PERCUSSION PRIMERS 457 is safest to
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Aaronson, 158, 226 Abel, 42, 194, 2
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Ge, 241 Geschwind, 151 Gibson, 127,
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Pliny, 35 Prentice and Co., 253 Pre
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Alkylnitroguanidi
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Ballistite, attenuated, 259 erosive
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Carbon tetrabromide, 375 Carbon tet
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Dehydrating press, 299, 300, 302 De
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Ether, solvent, 135, 152, 169, 181,
Page 475 and 476:
Gold, fulminating, 3, 400, 401 Gold
Page 477 and 478:
K KI starch test, 268, 285 Kekule o
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Methylglucoside tetranitrate, 243 M
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Nitromaltose, 240, 241 Nitromannite
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Picric acid, Trauzl test, 211, 231
Page 485 and 486:
Salt, common (sodium chloride), 60,
Page 487 and 488:
Strength of dynamite, 338, 339, 341
Page 489 and 490:
Trinitrobenzene, sensitivity to imp
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