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Liste des figures Fig. 1.1. “ U-triangle” r epresenting t he genomic relationships b etweenBrassica s pecies ( re- drawn from U 1935) ................................................................................................................. 17 Fig. 2.1. ANOVA a nd T ukey’s HSD t est r esults of c omparing t he m ean va lues of pl ant characteristics among t hree s eed categories o f wild B. j uncea at t hree p lant d ensities in monoculture trial. Each group bars represent three seed categories (large, medium and small, from left to right) for a given plant density. Different letters within a density level indicate significantly different values from Tukey’s HSD test at p
experiment. BC1NS is separated into group BC1NS that did not produce any R progeny and group BC1NS* that produced a few R progeny (see Table 3). B. juncea morphology and small flower s ize ar e f illed b ars; B. napus morphology a nd l arge f lower s ize a re empty ba rs. Different letters indicate significant differences according to Fisher’s test (P-values) .......... 70 Fig. 3.1: Regression lines of siliques, biomass and seed numbers in terms of the percentage of non-clipped plants per pot (CP, dots and red line; NC, circles and dotted blue line) ............. 87 Fig. 3.2: S ilique number, biomass and seed numbers of plants with (CP) or without (NC) clipped l eaves a ccording t o t he c lipping t reatment ( CP, dot s a nd r ed l ine; N C, c ircles a nd dotted blue line) ........................................................................................................................ 90 Fig. 3.3. Germination rate of seed germination of B. juncea with days after sowing ............. 96 Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental designs for different percentage of NC plants: T 25 (top: ‘O’ is NC, and ‘X’ is CP), T50 (bottom), and T75 (top: ‘O’ is CP, and ‘X’ is NC). Grey region indicates plot center, and white region is plot border. .......................................................... 120 Fig. 3.5 Mean values of flowering date, seed weight, biomass and number of viable seeds of NC and CP plants in the border and center of plots in the first experiment (left column) and the second experiment (right column). Vertical bars denote SE of the mean. Different letters indicate s ignificant d ifferences b etween m ean v alues acco rding t o Tukey’s HSD (α = 0.05) and Contrast tests. ................................................................................................................. 121 Fig. 3.6. Mean values and linear regressions of flowering date, seed weight, biomass, number of viable seeds and allocation of resources to reproduction (Index=seed weight/ plant weight) in terms of the different percentage of NC plants for NC (full symbols) and CP plants (empty symbols) in the plot border (left column) and center (right column) in the first experiment (left group) and the second experiment (right group). Vertical bars denote SE of the mean. ....... 122 Fig. 3.7. Relative difference between CP and NC plants (DI= (NCTi-CPTi) /CPT0) according to NC percentage for three plant characteristics in four conditions with decreasing competition intensity from left (A) to right (D): plot center (A) and border (B) of the first experiment, and plot center (C) and border (D) of the second experiment. (Value at T100 is calculated as DI= (NCT100-CPT0) /CPT0). ............................................................................................................. 123 8
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
Page 3 and 4: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
Page 5 and 6: forming many of the ideas I present
Page 7 and 8: Abstract In the framework of commer
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
Page 11: Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
Page 19 and 20: chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
Page 23 and 24: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
Page 25 and 26: populations is reduced as the dista
Page 27 and 28: into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 29 and 30: Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Consequences of introgression I
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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