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SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................. i RESUME ................................................................................................................................... 1 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ..................................................................................................................5 LISTE DES FIGURES ......................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ....................................................................................................11 CHAPITRE 1 : Revue bibliographique sur les conséquences des flux de gènes entre le colza et ses apparentés sauvages .................................................................................................................15 1.1 Hybridations entre Brassica napus et ses apparentés sauvages .............................................17 1.2 Dispersion des transgènes ............................................................................................................18 1.2.1 Dispersion par la semence ...................................................................................................19 1.2.2 Dispersion par le pollen .......................................................................................................19 1.2.3 Persistance and dispersion des repousses .........................................................................20 1.3 Conséquences de l’hybridation ...................................................................................................21 1.4 Conséquences des transgènes ......................................................................................................22 1.5 Conséquences de l’introgression ................................................................................................26 1.5.1 Caractéristiques morphologiques .......................................................................................26 1.5.2 Dynamique des populations ................................................................................................28 1.5.3 Exemple de la résistance aux insectes en Ecologie et Biologie des populations .........30 CHAPITRE 2 : Conditions d’implantation des hybrides interspecifiques ...............................33 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................34 2.2 Article 1: Les effets de la taille des semences sur la fitness des plantes et son rôle sur les flux de transgènes entre le colza (Brassica napus) et la moutarde brune sauvage (B. juncea) ..... ................................................................................................................................................................35 3
2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroisements s ur Brassica napus des h ybrides e ntre B. j uncea et B. napus comme s ource de nouve lles popul ations r ésistantes a ux he rbicides r essemblant a ux repousses de colza................................................................................................................................56 CHAPITRE 3 : Effets de la resistance aux insectes sur la fitness ...............................................77 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................78 3.2 A rticle 3: Simulation d e l a r ésistance au x i nsectes d ans l ’étude d u f lux d e g ènes en tre Brassica napus et B. juncea sauvage ................................................................................................80 3.3 A rticle 4: C ompétition e ntre pl antes de Brassica j uncea simulant la r ésistance o u la sensibilité aux insectes ........................................................................................................................98 3.4 Article 5: Effet de la proportion relative de B. juncea résistants aux insectes (gène Bt) sur la fitness des populations ..................................................................................................................125 CHAPITRE 4 : Recherche des consequences d’introgression ancienne ..................................141 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................142 4.2 Article 6: Le rôle d’une longue coexistence entre colza et ravenelle sur la morphologie et les caractéristiques de populations de Raphanus raphanistrum ..................................................143 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................172 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................177 ANNEXE 1: General introduction (English version) ..........................................................................197 ANNEXE 2: Conculstion (English version) ........................................................................................199 4
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
Page 3 and 4: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
Page 5 and 6: forming many of the ideas I present
Page 7: Abstract In the framework of commer
Page 11 and 12: Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
Page 13 and 14: experiment. BC1NS is separated into
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
Page 19 and 20: chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
Page 23 and 24: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
Page 25 and 26: populations is reduced as the dista
Page 27 and 28: into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 29 and 30: Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Consequences of introgression I
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 193 and 194:
Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 195 and 196:
Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
Page 197 and 198:
32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 199 and 200:
Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204:
Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206:
more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208:
Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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