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Table 1.3. The relative performance of transgenic crop-wild relative hybrids as compared to non-transgenci hybrids (modified according to Hails and Morley 2005) Crop Wild Hybri Confirmation of relative d hybrid status Brassica B. rapa F1 PCR an d herbicide napus (glufosinate tolerant) spray B. napus (with Bt transgene) B. napus (with Bt transgene) B. napus (high laurate) B. napus (high laurate) B. napus (glufosinate tolerant) B. napus (glufosinate tolerant) B. rapa F1 Transgenic h ybrids identified us ing a GFP marker B. rapa BC2 Transgenic h ybrids identified us ing a green f luorescent protein marker B. rapa F1 Not te sted, transgene i nsertion assumed o wing t o multiple in serts i n parental plants B. rapa F1 Not te sted; transgene insertion a ssumed owing to multiple inserts i n p arental plants B. rapa BC3 PCR for transgene and glufosinate test B. rapa BC1 PCR f or transgene and glufosinate test Results Ref Male fitness was frequency and density dependent, w ith m ale fitness of hybrids (pollinating B. rapa) b eing l ow, e ven when female fitness was high Biomass, flower production and fecundity were h igher f or transgenic hy brids c ompared t o B. r apa i n t he p resence of herbivores. Biomass and fecundity were l ower i n t he absence of herbivores, but flower p roduction r emained higher No d ifference i n vegetative biomass was found between transgenic backcrosses and nontransgenic B. rapa and B. napus at low insect pressure Modified hybrids showed lower seed dormancy t han nu llsegregants a nd B . r apa. Germination a nd gr owth was similar f or t ransgenic a nd no ntransgenic hybrids and B. rapa Modified hy brids s howed similar le vels o f d ormancy to non-segregants b ut much l ower dormancy t han w ild parent. Highlaurate hybrids g erminated and g rew as f ast o r f aster t han B. rapa Pollen f ertility, s eed p roduction and s urvival were f ound t o be equal to B. rapa parents Pertl e t a l. (2002) Vacher et al . (2004) Mason et al . (2003) Linder and Schmitt (1995) Linder et al . (1998) Snow. e t a l. (1999) Pollen fertility similar to B. rapa Mikkelsen et al . (1996) 23
Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f itness c ost a ssociated w ith t he e xpression of a glyphosinate-resistance t ransgene a fter i ntrogressing t he t ransgene from oilseed r ape t o B. rapa. M oreover, Ammitzboll e t a l. ( 2005) f ound no di fference i n g lyphosate transgene expression at mRNA level in hybrids compared to their transgenic oilseed rape parents, which indicates this particular transgene expression was not impacted by genotypic background. Of course, t his m ight not be t he c ase f or ot her t ransgenes. A fter h ybridization of he rbicideresistant Brassica napus (oilseed rape) and Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), 18% of the progeny obtained from resistant hybrids were resistant in each advanced generation (G8-G11) in t he pr esence of he rbicide s election pr essure ( Al M ouemar a nd D armency 2004) , w hich suggests t he i ntrogression of t ransgene i n w ild radish popul ations i s un stable. F ord e t a l. (2006) have identified one triploid F1 hybrid, nine diploid and two near triploid introgressants with flow cytometry and crop-specific microsatellite markers in B. oleracea wild populations where B. napus and B. oleracea grew together, which suggests newly discovered capacity for spontaneous introgression into B. oleracea. These results suggest that these transgenes could be introgressed in wild populations. For example, i n C anada, one i ntrogressed i ndividual of Brassica ra pa was d etected as displaying r esistance to glyphosate six years after the last GM oilseed rape (B. napus) was grown on the field even in absence of the glyphosate selection pressure (Warwick et al. 2008). In United States, Whitton et al. (1997) and Linder et al. (1998) found that introgression o f cultivar l oci w as w idespread i n w ild s unflower ( Helianthus annuus ) popul ations, a nd t he sympatric wild populations have been replaced by advanced generation hybrids. Snow et al. (2010) found that crop-specific alleles persisted 10 years in four weedy populations of hybrids between wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and R. sativus, suggesting that neutral or even detrimental genes can persist rather frequently in the wild (Table 1.4). 24
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
Page 3 and 4: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
Page 5 and 6: forming many of the ideas I present
Page 7 and 8: Abstract In the framework of commer
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
Page 11 and 12: Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
Page 13 and 14: experiment. BC1NS is separated into
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
Page 19 and 20: chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
Page 23 and 24: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
Page 25 and 26: populations is reduced as the dista
Page 27: into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Consequences of introgression I
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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