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Chapter 1 Revue bibliographique sur les conséquences des flux de gènes entre le colza et ses apparentés sauvages 15
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF GENE FLOW FROM OILSEED RAPE TO ITS RELATIVES Gene flow and introgression between transgenic crops and wild relatives is considered one of undesirable co nsequences o f co mmercial r elease o f genetically mo dified ( GM) / t ransgenic crops c onferring h erbicide, i nsect or vi rus-resistance genes. C ommercialized G M cr ops involving m any i mportant r esources s pecies, s uch a s s oybean, m aize, c otton, oi lseed r ape, squash, papaya, alfalfa and sugarbeet, are cultivated worldwide (James 2009). Most of these transgenic species could hybridize with their wild relatives (Ellstrand et al. 1999; Armstrong et al. 2005). Hybridization is a p rerequisite f or gene flow, and ge ne f low i s a p rerequisite f or introgression. B ut, not all h ybridization c ould i nduce gene flow. Hybrids can form w hen certain conditions are achieved, including sympatry with a compatible relative (weedy, wild or crop), overlapping flowering phenology, pollen and seed dispersal, successful fertilization and viable offspring. Successful gene flow does not necessarily result in gene introgression. The introgression of transgenes into the receiving species or population depends mainly on the barriers to hybridization and introgression, the evolution and fate of inter-specific hybrids, their fitness, and the potential costs and benefits of transgenes in the offspring under variable habitat conditions. Inter-specific gene f low v ia h ybridization a nd s ubsequent i ntrogression pl ays a biologically imp ortant r ole in th e a cquisition o f g enetic a daptations th rough n atural p lant populations. It has been recognized that introgression can occur frequently and may produce viable, e ven hi ghly-adapted, pr ogeny ( e.g., A rnold 1997, 2006; R ieseberg e t a l. 1999) , although e volutionary s cientists e arly f ocused on t he i mportant r ole of r are e vents of introgression f or t he evolution of m any pl ant groups (e.g., Lotsy 191 6; A nderson 1949; Stebbins 1959; Grant 1981). We present here a literature survey on the processes and consequences of gene flow and introgression between oilseed rape and its wild relatives. Such a topic has been ignored before the release of GM varieties, but many studies have documented this issue to date. 16
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
Page 3 and 4: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
Page 5 and 6: forming many of the ideas I present
Page 7 and 8: Abstract In the framework of commer
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
Page 11 and 12: Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
Page 13 and 14: experiment. BC1NS is separated into
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
Page 19: chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
Page 23 and 24: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
Page 25 and 26: populations is reduced as the dista
Page 27 and 28: into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 29 and 30: Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Consequences of introgression I
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72:
Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76:
plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 195 and 196:
Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204:
Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206:
more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208:
Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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