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Table 1.4. Long-term introgression of crop alleles into weed populations References Years Whitton e t a l. 1997 existed >5 Wild s unflower (Helianthus annuus) Hansen et al. 2001 11 a m ixed weedy population of oilseed r ape an d B . rapa Snow et al. 2001 3 four a rtificially Snow et al. 2010 10 established populations hybrids popu lations of radish Sites Types GM GM rate (%) Cultivar-specific R APD markers No 42% species-specific AFLP-markers No 50% white flower c olor, a dominant, crop-specific allele crop-specific al leles o f i n hybrids b etween R aphanus raphanistrum and R. sativus No 8% to 22% No --- 25
1.5 Consequences of introgression Introgression after h ybridization be tween G M c rops a nd t heir w ild r elatives m ay result i n increasing: (1) genetic variation that promotes adaptive evolution (Rattenbury 1962; Postma and Noordwijk 2005), (2) weediness of wild species (Darmency 1994; Pilson and Prendeville 2004), ( 3) c ompetitiveness or c olonization a bilities t hrough h ybrid vi gor or ne w t raits (Ellstrand e t a l. 1999; Ramachandran e t al. 20 00), ( 4) i nvasiveness vi a e nhanced fitness (Vacher e t a l. 2004) , a nd ( 5) t he a bility t o m atch ne w e nvironment ( Campbell e t a l. 2006; Whitney e t a l. 2006) . While t ransgenes i ntrogressed f rom G M c rops t o w ild r elatives, t he effects of novel genes on receiving wild plants would be detected at several levels, including possible genetic assimilation of morphologic traits, and population dynamics. 1.5.1 Consequences of interspecific introgression on the morphological traits As the introgression alters the genetic structure of receiving individuals, their forms and behavior types, such as plant size, leaf size, petal color, fruit/ seed size, seed dormancy, etc., might be altered. There could be a directly relationship to transgenes (pleiotropy) or indirectly via t he s uccessive e volution of a dvanced ge nerations ( for i nstance b y gene hi tch-hiking or dramatic abundance of hybrids protected by herbicide and insect resistance). Crops are often sexually compatible with their wild relatives and yet exhibit obviously different life history traits, thus crop-to-wild gene flow and introgression may serve as a model system to evaluate the r apid e volution of l ife hi story and ot her f itness-related tr aits d ue t o th e h ybridization between c rops a nd wild r elatives. Indeed, i n s ome s tudies, m orphology i s us ed a s on e of techniques to measure introgression (Table 1.5, Jarvis and Hodgkin 1999). 26
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
Page 3 and 4: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
Page 5 and 6: forming many of the ideas I present
Page 7 and 8: Abstract In the framework of commer
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
Page 11 and 12: Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
Page 13 and 14: experiment. BC1NS is separated into
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
Page 19 and 20: chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
Page 23 and 24: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
Page 25 and 26: populations is reduced as the dista
Page 27 and 28: into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 29: Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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