Naval Operations Concept - Defense Technical Information Center

Naval Operations Concept 2010
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Endnotes
1 Per Title 10, U.S. Code, section 101, and Title 14 U.S.C. §1-3, the Coast Guard is “a military
service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times.” The Coast Guard may
at any time provide forces and/or perform its military functions in support of naval component
or combatant commanders. Also, “Upon the declaration of war if congress so directs in the
declaration or when the President directs,” the entire Coast Guard may operate as a specialized
service in the Department of the Navy. The Coast Guard is also, at all times, a Federal maritime
law enforcement agency. Pursuant to 14 U.S.C. § 89(a), the Coast Guard has broad powers to
“make inquiries, examinations, inspections, searches, seizures, and arrests upon the high seas and
waters over which the United States has jurisdiction, for the prevention, detection, and suppression
of violations of the laws of the United States.”
2 These terms were originated by Harvard professor Joseph Nye in a number of books and
articles. Nye’s concept of “soft power” espouses that a nation’s culture (where it is attractive
to others), political values (when lived up to), and foreign policy (when seen as legitimate and
having moral authority) may “attract” a population away from competing ideologies, providing a
complement to “hard power” such as military force. For example, during the Cold War the West
used “hard power” to deter Soviet aggression and “soft power” to erode faith in Communism.
3 NDS 08, p. 2.
4 “Range of military operations (ROMO)” is a term that encompasses the myriad activities in
which naval forces participate. These vary from deterring or winning wars through conventional,
unconventional, or nuclear means to the various activities conducted in partnership with a diverse
array of joint, interagency, multinational or non-governmental organizations which promote safety
and security as well as ease human suffering.
5 “Surge” is diverting forces from other operational, training, or maintenance activities to
provide the capability or capacity necessary to satisfy a higher priority event.
6 Hughes, Wayne, “Implementing the Seapower Strategy,” Naval War College Review, (Newport,
RI: Spring 2008), pp. 57-58.
7 Huntington, Samuel P., “National Policy and the Transoceanic Navy,” U.S. Naval Institute
Proceedings, (Annapolis, MD: May, 1954), p. 491.
8 Mullen, Admiral Michael G., USN, Capstone Concept for Joint Operations, (Washington, D.C.:
Department of Defense, 15 January 2008), p. 3.
9 Although not an approved doctrinal term, “connectors” is commonly used within joint concept
development and experimentation to describe those air and naval surface craft used to shuttle
personnel and resources between bases, afloat platforms, and locations ashore.
10 Maritime prepositioning ships carry Marine Corps equipment, supplies and ammunition as
well as Seabee construction equipment, expeditionary airfields, and field hospital cargo, providing
utility for a range of operations. Operated by the Military Sealift Command (MSC), they are
forward postured where they can quickly close on areas of vital national interest. Like other MSC
ships, they have a “T” before their type-codes. To further distinguish them from combatants, their
names are prefaced by “USNS” (United States Naval Ship) versus “USS” (United States Ship).
11 Turner, Stansfield, “Missions of the Navy,” (Newport, RI: U.S. Naval Strategy in the 1970’s,
Naval War College Newport Papers, No. 30, September 2007), p. 49.
12 Data provided by U.S. Fleet Forces Command as of 23 September 2009 and is based on a
comparison of force requests for fiscal years 2007 through 2011.
13 USN considers all service members assigned to support Joint Manning Documents (JMD),
Ad-Hoc, In-Lieu-Of (ILO) and Service Augment requirements as Individual Augmentees.