LEWIS SMITH LAKE - Auburn University

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Smith Lake is a warm monomictic lake that in both 1986 and 1995 stratified thermally (D.T = 1.0'C/m depth) prior to the April sampling trip both years and remained stratified through November 1986 and October 1995. Highest water temperatures were measured during the summer and lowest during winter (January) in both 1986 and 1995. In 1995, seasonal mean water temperatures were higher than 1986 values during winter, spring, and summer but were similar during the fall. Mean air temperatures and solar radiation were higher in 1986 than in 1995, so the warmer water of 1995 must have been caused by other conditions, perhaps higher densities ofphytoplankton in 1995. Chemical stratification accompanied thermal stratification ofSmith Lake as was evidenced by dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles. DO concentrations declined with water depth and concentrations 30 m) areas of the lake and occasionally at depths as shallow as 10 m. Specific conductance, a measure of the ionic content ofwater, ranged from a low of32.5 flmhos/cm in the Brushy Creek embayment in June 1995 to a high of53.1 flmhos/cm in Ryan Creek embayment in January 1995. Specific conductance is a crude indicator ofnatural fertility since increases in ionic content are usually accompanied by increases in plant nutrients. Mainstem Alabama reservoirs were found to have specific conductance values ranging from about 23 Ilmhos/cm to 200 Ilmhos/cm (Bayne et al. 1989). Smith Lake ranked in the lower halfofthe Alabama range indicating that it was one of the less fertile lakes in the state. However, when annual mean specific conductance measured at 2 m was compared statistically for 1986 and 1995 using an analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Studentized Range Test (Tukey's Test), conductance was higher (P
Total alkalinity, the concentration ofbases in water (expressed as mgIL CaCO,), primarily composed ofbicarbonate (HCO,") and carbonate (CO;) ions, usually increases as basin soil fertility increases. In a recent study, total alkalinity oflarge mainstream impoundments ofAlabama varied from a low o£1 mgIL to a high of67 mgIL (Bayne et al. 1989). At the mainstem sampling stations in Smith Lake, total alkalinity varied from a low o£1.5 mg/L (as CaCO,) during the spring of 1995 to a high of 20 mgIL in the summer of 1995. In the summer and fall of 1948 prior to impoundment of the Sipsey Fork, total alkalinity ofthe river near Double Springs, Alabama ranged between 8 mgIL and 16 mgIL as CaCO, (Alabama Water Improvement Advisory Commission 1949). This variable has changed little in 48 years and indicates that basin soils are relatively infertile and low in soluble forms ofcarbonates. Alkalinities oftributary embayments were similar to alkalinities measured at the nearest mainstem sampling station. Total hardness is a measure of the divalent, alkaline earth metal content of water. Calcium (Ca-) and magnesium (Mg-) are normally the most abundant metals in soils ofthe eastern United States and are generally associated with carbonate minerals responsible for alkalinity of water. Seasonal means and ranges oftotal hardness at a given sampling station were quite similar to alkalinity means and ranges. Carbonate minerals function as natural chemical buffers that prevent \vide fluctuations in pH of lake water. The low alkalinity ofSmith Lake waters resulted in a range ofpH from 6.7 to 9.2 «2 m depth) during 1986. In 1995 the pH range was from 6.5 to 9.0 (2 m depth). Increases in fertility and productivity of Smith lake could cause even more dramatic swings in pH that could be detrimental to biota. Nitrogen and phosphorus are plant nutrients that are required in relatively high concentrations to support plant growth. Nitrogen concentrations normally exceed phosphorus concentrations by an order of magnitude or more (Wetzel 1983).· Ofthe macronutrients, phosphorus is usually in shortest supply v
Page 1 and 2: LEWIS SMITH LAKE Phase I Diagnostic
Page 3 and 4: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5: January 1986 (Bayne et al. 1987). T
Page 9: found at concentrations ranging fro
Page 16 and 17: etween 10 and 15 mgIL as CaCO, but
Page 19 and 20: Table 1-1. Table 1-2. Table 2-1. Ta
Page 21 and 22: List ofTables (Continued) Table 10-
Page 23 and 24: List ofTables (Continued) Table 10-
Page 25 and 26: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 8-I. Locatio
Page 27 and 28: PARTI. DIAGNOSTIC STIJDY 1
Page 29 and 30: Table I-I. Morphometric characteris
Page 31 and 32: 2.0 BASIN GEOLOGY AND DRAINAGE Smit
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-1 (Cont'd) Suitability/Limi
Page 35 and 36: 4.0 SIZE AND ECONOMIC STRUCTIJRE OF
Page 37 and 38: - U. II Table 4-2. Number ofbusines
Page 39 and 40: I, Table 4-4. Agricultural producti
Page 42 and 43: 7.0 LAKE USE COMPARISON WIlli NEARB
Page 44 and 45: 00 Table 8-1. Actual point source l
Page 46 and 47: N 0 Table 8-1 (Continued) Actual To
Page 48 and 49: N N Table 8-1 (Continued) Actual To
Page 50 and 51: Table 8-1 (Continued) Actual Total
Page 52 and 53: tv 0- Table 8-2 (Continued) Permitt
Page 54 and 55: Annual point source total suspended
Page 56 and 57:
Table 9-1. Location oftributary sam
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nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, total a
Page 68:
highly positively correlated (p < 0
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(31.4% and 30.5%, respectively). Ro
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In 1985, the paucity ofinfonnation
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population of 1.15 million. In addi
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V> tv Table 10-1. Schedule of activ
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..,. en IN o 2 4 i Miles Figure 10-
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sample were poured into Nalgene"' c
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flows encountered in 1995,428 days.
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Table 10-6. Mean (range) temperatur
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Table 10-8. Mean (range) temperatur
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Examination oftemperature, DO and s
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Table 10-10. Mean (range) turbidity
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Table 10-12. Mean (range) turbidity
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Table 10-14. Mean (range) Secchi di
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Table 10-16. Mean (range) Secchi di
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a low of 7 mgIL to a high of67 mgIL
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Table 10-18. Mean (range) pH, total
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Table 10-20. Mean (range) pH, total
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Table 10·21. Ammonia, nitrite, nit
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Table 10-23. Mean (range) ammonia,
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in concert with changes in algal bi
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Table 10-25. Orthophosphate and tot
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Table 10-27. Mean (range) orthophos
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stratification (Fig. 10-2). During
Page 123:
Table 10-30. Chloride, total organi
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Table 10-33. Mean (range) chloride,
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In August 1986, iron and manganese
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1971). Productivity measured during
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Table 10-36. Mean (range) phytoplan
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Table 10-39. Phytoplankton taxa by
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(station 2) in the winter to a high
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Table 10-42. Mean maximum dry weigh
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Table 10-43. Temporal and spatial v
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11.0 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 11.1 Fish
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Table 11-1. Total number, catch per
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Table \\-3. Ranking by quality indi
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Table 11-5. Checklist of fish speci
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Table 11-5 (Continued) Scientific N
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11.2 WILDLIFE A checklist ofbirds,
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Table 11-7 (Continued) Family Scien
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Page 174:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
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PART II. FEASffiILITY STUDY 154
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from Atlanta, Georgia received an a
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An additional source ofnutrients to
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Indirectly, low pH can result in hi
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13. Are there additional feasible a
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Bayne, D. R., W. C. Seesock, P. P.
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Taylor, W.D., S.c. Hem, L.R. Willia
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LEWIS SMITH LAKE - Auburn University

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