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2.2 Sampling and control 2.2.1 Poultry Salmonella control of poultry is primarily based on analysis of faecal samples from live birds. Laying hens, broilers and turkeys are included in the control programme for live birds. Samples are taken in all production phases from grandparent, parent and production generation flocks at rearing and production Reading stage Laying stage Reading stage Sampling time Sampling time 4 weeks before slaughtering Sampling location Day-old chicks Production farm Sampling location 1 Samples are pooled into six composite samples Sample Sample Production farm Faecal sample (60 x 1 g) 1 Salmonella control and occurence of Salmonella from 1995 to 2004 Bed paper or swab sample from 10 transport boxes 1 At age of 4 weeks Production farm Faecal sample (60 x 1 g) 2 2 weeks before starting laying Every 2 weeks Hatcheries Production farm Faecal sample (60 x 1 g) 2 Bed paper from 5 hatching boxes or meconium sample of 250 chicks 1 Every 8 weeks Production farm Faecal sample (60 x 1 g) 2 1 Samples are pooled into one composite sample 2 Broilers and turkeys: samples are pooled into six composite samples, hens: samples combined into one common sample. Reading stage Laying stage Sampling time 2 weeks before start of laying stage 3 times during laying period Sampling location 1 Samples are pooled into one composite sample Sample Production farm Faecal sample (60 x 1 g) 1 Production farm Faecal sample (60 x 1 g) 1 Production farms and hatcheries Table 1. Basic sampling from grandparent and parent flocks; hens, broiler and turkey Table 2. Basic sampling from the production flocks of laying hens Table 3. Basic sampling from production flocks of broilers and turkeys
Salmonella control and occurence of Salmonella from 1995 to 2004 Slaughterhouse and cutting plants Table 4. Sampling of poultry meat in cutting plants holdings as well as hatcheries. Basic sampling from poultry flocks is presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Basic sampling is the producer’s responsibility. In addition to flock sampling as shown in the tables, basic sampling also includes production-environment sampling in hatcheries as required by their self-control plans. Samples taken by producers at production farms are replaced by official sampling once per year, for which the control authority is responsible. Official sampling in hatcheries occurs at eight-week intervals. Municipal veterinarians appointed as responsible veterinarians function as supervisors of production farms and hatcheries. In addition to taking official samples, during control visits the responsible veterinarian inspects data collected at the farm on sampling and on results from laboratory analyses, as well as the hygiene of production conditions at that farm. Furthermore, the veterinarian gives necessary advice on preventing Salmonella contamination and on good production hygiene. Besides basic sampling, the control programme covers additional sampling in cases where Salmonella contamination has been detected or is suspected. The municipal veterinarian issues restrictive orders for production holdings where Salmonella has been detected. Transfer of birds and products from such holdings is restricted by these orders. In cases of Salmonella, the provincial veterinarian always also directs an epidemiological investigation to clarify the origin and distribution of the infection. Meat of Salmonella-positive flocks must not be delivered to the market untreated. The meat must be directed to an establishment approved for manufacturing of heated meat products. In addition, eggs produced by positive flocks must be used in the manufacturing of heated egg products. If infection by certain invasive serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhmurium, S. Infantis, S. Bertha, and S. Thompson) has been detected from a flock, eggs from it must be destroyed. After the elimination of a positive flock, no new flock may be brought to the same facilities before the farm has been thoroughly washed and disinfected and environmental samples taken from the building. The control programme does not cover Salmonella analysis of poultry flocks in slaughterhouses. Sampling from neck skins of slaughtered broilers is a regular practice in many countries. In Finland, neck skin sampling has not been considered necessary, as the occurrence of Salmonella is low and flocks are examined prior to slaughtering. Results from Salmonella analysis of flocks must be delivered to the slaughterhouse and the inspection veterinarian before the flock is slaughtered. Positive flocks are the last to be slaughtered during a day, after which the Production capacity kg / week Sampling frequency > 100 000 Once a day 20 000 - 100 000 Once a week < 20 000 Once a month < 5 000 Twice a year
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Salmonella control and occurence of
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Faagityypit / phagetype National Sa
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Feedstuffs Seeds of grains and prod
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Feedstuff Serotypes isolated from f
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Feedstuff Serotypes isolated from f
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Pet animal serotypes isolated from
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Feedstuff Seeds of grains and produ
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Feedstuff Feed volume, mil. kg 1) C
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Serotypes isolated from animals oth
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APPENDIX 13 Phagetype 1995 1996 199
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Salmonella isolates from imported f
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Epidemics caused by various Salmone
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Descriptions of Salmonella epidemic
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APPENDIX 18 Council directive 94/65
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