Project for the preparation of a Strategic Action Plan for the ...

Project for the preparation of a Strategic Action Plan 

for the conservation of biological Diversity in the 

Mediterranean Region (SAP BIO) 

National Report of the Country of Lebanon 

June 2002 

Prepared by: 

Manal R. Nader 

Salma N. Talhouk

SAP-BIO-Lebanon National Report Page 2 of 95 

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

LIST OF ACRONYMS 

ACSAD Arab Center for Studies in Arid Regions 

AEWA African Eurasian Migratory Water Birds Agreement 

AOAD Arab Organization for Agricultural Development 

AUB American University of Beirut 

CAMP Coastal Area Management Program 

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity 

CDR Council for Development and Reconstruction 

CIHEAM Mediterranean Higher Education 

CP/RAC Cleaner Production/Regional Activity Center 

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment 

EU European Union 

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization 

FFEM Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial 

GDA General Directorate of Antiquities 

GDP Gross Domestic Product 

GEF Global Environment Facility 

GIS Geographic Information System 

ICAM Integrated Coastal Area Management 

ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas 

ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management 

IDAL Investment Development Authority of Lebanon 

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development 

IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resource Institute 

IPP Investment Planning Program 

IUCN World Conservation Union 

LARI Lebanese Agriculture and Research Institute 

LEDO Lebanese Environment and Development Observatory 

LU Lebanese University 

MAP Mediterranean Action Plan 

METAP Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program 

MoA Ministry of Agriculture 

MoE Ministry of Environment 

MoEd Ministry of Education 

MoEW Ministry of Energy and Water 

MoH Ministry of Health 

MoI Ministry of Industry 

MoIM Ministry of Interior and Municipalities 

MoPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport 

MoT Ministry of Tourism 

NBN Nabih Berri Network 

NCSR National Council for Scientific Research 

NGO Non-Governmental Organization 

PAP/RAC Priority Action Program/Regional Activity Center 

RAC/SPA Regional Activity Center for Specially Protected Areas 

SAP BIO Strategic Action Plan for the conservation of Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean 

Region 

SAP MED Strategic Action Program to address pollution from land-based activities in the 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Prepared By M. Nader & S. Talhouk June, 2002


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Mediterranean Region 

SPAMI Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance 

SWEMP Solid Waste Environmental Management Program 

TL Tele-Liban 

UN United Nations 

UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 

UNDP United Nations Development Program 

UNEP United Nations Environment Program 

UoB University of Balamand 

USEK Holy Spirit University 

USJ University Saint Joseph 

WHO World Health Organization 

WWF World Wildlife Fund 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Table of Contents 

I. Introduction......................................................................................................................................7 

1. Background information .............................................................................................................7 

1.1. The new "Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the 

Mediterranean" ...................................................................................................................................7 

1.2. Convention on Biological Diversity.............................................................................................7 

2. RAC/SPA and the Preparation of a Strategic Action Plan for Biodiversity in the 

Mediterranean (SAP BIO) .............................................................................................................8 

2.1 SAP BIO objectives........................................................................................................................8 

2.2 Objectives of the National Report ................................................................................................8 

II. Basic information on status in the country.................................................................9 

1. Physical environment of the Lebanese coastal zone ..........................................................9 

1.1. Fresh water resources and quality ...........................................................................................10 

1.2. Continental shelf .........................................................................................................................10 

1.3. Sea currents.................................................................................................................................10 

1.4. Sedimentary processes...............................................................................................................10 

1.5. Water pollution ..........................................................................................................................10 

1.6. Nutrients ......................................................................................................................................11 

2. Marine and Coastal biodiversity ............................................................................................11 

3. Documents and information available in the country ....................................................12 

4. Relevant activities that have been implemented at the national level.......................12 

4.1 Biodiversity Enabling Activity (Phase I) ...................................................................................12 

4.2 Biodiversity Enabling Activity (Phase II)..................................................................................12 

4.3 Project for Strengthening the Permitting and Auditing System for Industries (February 

2000 –May 2002, SPASI, EU/MOE).................................................................................................12 

4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Unit (1997-2002, World Bank/MOE) ............................12 

4.5 Hazardous Waste Program (2001-2002/METAP/MOE) .........................................................13 

4.6 Coastal Area Management Program, (September 2001-September 2003, UNEP- 

MAP/MOE) ........................................................................................................................................13 

4.7 Lebanese Environment and Development Observatory (LEDO, 1999-2002, 

UNDP/EU/MOE)................................................................................................................................14 

4.8 Medwet Coast (March 2002-March 2006, MoE/FFEN/UNDP) ..............................................14 

4.9 Integrated Coastal Zone Management ......................................................................................14 

4.10 Preservation of the cultural heritage and development of tourism ......................................14 

4.11 National land use planning .......................................................................................................15 

4.12 Protected Areas Project (November 1996-November 2002, MoE/UNDP/GEF)..................15 

4.13 Agrobiodiversity Project (June 1999-June 2004, LARI/UNDP/GEF) ..................................15 

4.14 Investment Planning Program, Environment.........................................................................15 

4.15 Integrated Coastal Management between Jbeil/Amsheet (Lebanon) and Latakia (Syria) 15 

5. Identified gaps...............................................................................................................................16 

6. Relevant on-going and/or planned activities ......................................................................16 

7. Responsible national structures or institutions present in the country....................18 

8. Present level of national capacity in the country..............................................................19 

9. Level of public awareness .........................................................................................................20 

10. Level of government and local authority awareness.....................................................20 

11. Role of NGOs in the conservation process........................................................................21 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

12. Major stakeholders involved or to be involved in the process ..................................21 

13. Existing legal regulations ........................................................................................................22 

14. List of international Conventions, Protocols, etc. signed/ratified ............................23 

14.1 The international conventions, Treaties and Protocols Signed or ratified by Lebanon 

(MOE) .................................................................................................................................................23 

14.2 Marine and Coastal Biodiversity List......................................................................................25 

III. Analysis of the present situation....................................................................................37 

1. Issues and problems relevant to the country of Lebanon..............................................38 

2. Major threats resulting from the problems relevant to the country of Lebanon .47 

IV. Priorities for action................................................................................................................57 

Priority Action 1: Establish conservation strategies for coastal habitats.....................57 

Priority Action 2: Updating of legislation and development of guidelines for marine 

and coastal conservation ................................................................................................................58 

Priority Action 3: Awareness campaigns for the Lebanese coastal communities and 

the public sector ................................................................................................................................59 

Priority Action 4: Develop monitoring strategies for marine and coastal 

biodiversity..........................................................................................................................................60 

Priority Action 5: Determine the physical parameters of the Lebanese marine 

environment........................................................................................................................................61 

Appendix I. Literature review of publications related to aquatic and 

coastal biodiversity .........................................................................................................................65 

Appendix II. List of Participants ........................................................................................93 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

List of Tables 

Table 1. Littoral specific species of flora recorded in selected typical littoral communities of the 

Lebanese coast (Dardas, 2001)..........................................................................................................25 

Table 2. Species of flora threatened by urbanization or already no longer existing in coastal 

habitats (Lakkis S. et al., 1996).........................................................................................................26 

Table 3. Littoral species no longer found in Lebanon (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996.) ...................................29 

Table 4. Amphibians (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996)..........................................................................................30 

Table 5. Reptiles (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996) .................................................................................................30 

Table 6. Birds (Jaradi G., personal input)...............................................................................................30 

Table 7. Zooplancton (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996) .........................................................................................31 

Table 8. Necton (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996)..................................................................................................33 

Table 9. The zoobenthos (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996.) ...................................................................................35 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

I. Introduction 

1. Background information 

The SAP BIO project is being implemented within the framework of the MAP. MAP was ratified and 

approved in 1975, following a series of scientific meetings and inter-governmental discussions, during an 

Inter-Governmental Meeting convened by the UNEP in Barcelona. In 1976, another conference was 

convened by UNEP in Barcelona (Barcelona Conference), where representatives of Mediterranean 

countries adopted the legal support needed to implement the MAP Program. The document signed in 

1976 became known as the Barcelona Convention, an international agreement between Mediterranean 

countries for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution. 

The legal framework of the MAP program has been enlarged and modified several times since the 

Barcelona Convention was adopted. Among the most important legal instruments developed and 

approved for the protection of the marine environment there are six protocols dealing with different 

aspects of environmental protection, with one main protocol dealing with biodiversity: 

1.1. The new "Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the 

Mediterranean" 

The new Protocol entered into force on 12 December 1999, replacing the Protocol concerning 

Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas adopted in 1982. The new "Protocol concerning Specially 

Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean" represents a strengthening of the 1982 

Protocol in several important aspects: 

• Extension of the Protocol to the protection and management of endangered and threatened species, 

and to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, 

• Extension of its geographical coverage to the international waters of the Mediterranean, 

• Establishing of a new international category of protected area, SPAMIs 

• Drawing up of a list of endangered or threatened species and of a list of species whose exploitation 

should be regulated, 

• Provisions concerning EIA, establishing inventories, and the introduction of non-indigenous or 

genetically modified species. 

1.2. Convention on Biological Diversity 

In 1992, 150 countries met in Rio de Janeiro for the Conference on the Environment and Development 

and signed the CBD aiming at the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. 

In Jakarta, in 1997 the First Meeting of Experts on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity within the 

CBD was held. The Meeting produced a recommendation including consideration of a draft three-year 

work plan on marine and coastal biological diversity. Within the Jakarta Mandate, five thematic issues 

were identified: Integrated Marine and Coastal Management, Marine and Coastal Protected Areas, 

Sustainable Use of Marine and Coastal Living Resources, Mariculture, and Alien Species. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

2. RAC/SPA and the Preparation of a Strategic Action Plan for Biodiversity in the 

Mediterranean (SAP BIO) 

In 1981, the Second Meeting of the Barcelona Convention decided that a Centre for Mediterranean 

Specially Protected Areas should be established as a national institution with a regional (i.e. 

Mediterranean) role to play, like the Regional Activity Centres already in operation as part of MAP (the 

Blue Plan in Sophia Antipolis, France, and the Priority Actions Program in Split). The Meeting accepted 

Tunisia’s offer to host the Centre, RAC/SPA (Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas). 

Under a GEF PDF-B grant, the SAP MED was developed within MAP, and was adopted by the Tenth 

Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention, held in Tunis in 1997. As a 

follow-up, a project proposal on "Determination of priority actions for further elaboration and 

implementation of the Strategic Action Program for the Mediterranean Sea" was submitted to GEF by the 

MAP Co-ordinating Unit in association with the RACs (SPA/RAC, PAP/RAC, CP/RAC), FAO, WHO, 

METAP, FFEM, IUCN and WWF. The project, approved by the GEF Council in April 2000, includes the 

"Preparation of a Strategic Action Plan for Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Region", with RAC/SPA as 

the Lead Agency. 

2.1 SAP BIO objectives 

The main objective of the SAP BIO project is to establish a logical base for implementing the new 

Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean Sea. At the 

same time it should provide an outline of activities over a thirty-month period, in order to produce a 

Strategic Action Plan (SAP) for the conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity. This will be 

presented and adopted at the Thirteenth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona 

Convention. To achieve this goal it is important that each of the countries participating in the program 

prepare a National Report in standardized, comparable format. The National Report constitutes a major 

input for preparing the SAP BIO. 

2.2 Objectives of the National Report 

The National Reports are prepared by the participating countries respectively, and constitute a major input 

for preparing the SAP BIO. They constitute the main output of processes that were carried out at national 

level, aiming at: 

• Identifying problems affecting biodiversity and their proximate/ultimate causes 

• Assessing their relative importance, 

• Identifying national conservation priorities, 

• Identifying remedial actions such as: 

o preserving single endangered/threatened species/populations by special protection 

plans;conservation of threatened habitats, communities, ecosystems, landscapes by 

creating Marine and Coastal Protected Areas 

o limiting some fishing activities by instituting Fishing Exclusion Zones for some gear 

and/or some period of time 

o other actions. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

II. Basic information on status in the country 

In accordance with the guidelines put forth for the preparation of this report, all information included 

under this section is a summary of information that was compiled from official documents and national 

reports. Below is a list of basic reports and documents that were primarily used for the preparation of this 

section. All lists of species were compiled from the national report entitled “Biological Diversity of 

Lebanon” executed in 1996 by the MoA with the support of UNEP/GEF. Wherever possible, this 

information was updated with more recent and/or corrected information by national scientists. It is worth 

noting that the intent of this section is to give useful background information to the report. It is not 

intented, however, to represent an exhaustive scientific literature review of all past and ongoing research 

in Lebanon. It is also worth noting that during the preparation of the report the national consultants 

experienced a difficulty in collecting recent scientific data due to the fact that currently there is no 

national database center in which data and / or information (whether published in scientific articles or not) 

is regularly inputted. Accordingly, an update on all new scientific findings requires personal contacts with 

all scientists involved, a matter that was not within the scope of this report. All detailed information and 

data contained in this report were derived from the following references: 

Anonymous. 1995. Lebanon: Assessment of the State of the Environment. Final Report for the Ministry 

of the Environment Final Report. Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program. 

Anonymous. 1998. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Ministry of Environment/UNDP. 

Anonymous. 2001. Lebanon: Environment and Sustainable Development. Ministry of Environment. 

UNEP/MAP 

Dardas, M. 2001. Floristic assessment of selected communities along the Lebanese littoral zone. Thesis, 

AUB. 

Lakkis, S., G. Ghazi, Lakkis, V.N., and R. Zeidane. 1996. Etude de la Diversite Biologique du Liban: 

Faune et Flore Marines et Côtières. Republic of Lebanon, Ministry of Agriculture/UNEP, project 

GF/6105-92-72. 

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and M. Ramadan-Jaradi. 2001. The avifauna of Palm Islands nature reserve in 

Lebanon, 1893-2000. Lebanese Science Journal. 2(1):17-35. 

Tohme, G. and H. Tohme. 2001. Recherches sur le statut actuel de la flore du Liban. Lebanese Science 

Journal. 2(1)-3-15. 

1. Physical environment of the Lebanese coastal zone 

The Lebanese coastline is about 220 km long along a north-south axis in the eastern Mediterranean. 

Along the coastline there are 3 bays, several headlands and river deltas. The coast is sandy or pebbly. 

Typical rocky terraces covered with Mollasks such as Vermetus triqueter and Dendropoma petraeum, 

represent an important feature of the coast. Most of the sandy beaches and sand dunes to the south of 

Beirut have been lost to development and urbanization. Beach erosion due to sand and pebble extraction 

from the coastal areas and riverbeds has been extensive but almost complete prohibition of such activities 

has been reached at the present time. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

The global climate of the coast is thermomediterranean humid with a subtropical tendency in the south of 

the country. The Khalde wheather station located in Beirut International Airport indicates the following 

wheather data: 

• average annual air temperature: 20.1C (with mean highest temperature 26.7C and mean low 13C) 

• average annual precipitation: 741 mm ( 650 mm in the south, 900 mm in the north) 

• average annual number of rainy days: 74 

• average relative atmospheric humidity: 68% 

The coastline is punctuated by 12 prominent headlands. The sea cliffs are normally associated with wave 

washed terraces that show typical erosion patterns with potholes, blowholes and narrow channels. 

About 20% of the coast is reported to be sandy with some gravel on the landward side. The longest sand 

beaches are those found on the last 16 km in northern Lebanon. Other prominent sand beaches and dunes 

are found south of Beirut extending to the airport zone. Most of the beaches have been lost to quarrying 

activities with a reported loss of 462,022 m3 of sand in eight coastal locatlities (Akkar, Abde, Beirut, 

Qsimiye, Jiye, Rmeaile). The Beirut International Airport has stabilized the sand dunes south of Beirut 

since 1956 (www.moa.gov.lb). 

1.1. Fresh water resources and quality 

Twenty-three out of 34 springs and boreholes used for public water supply reported on the coastal zone 

are contaminated with faecal coliform. Primary causes of contamination are uncontrolled disposal of 

wastewater into the ground, infiltration of wastewater into ground aquifers, and direct access by humans 

and animals to water sources. Another major cause of pollution is excessive pumping of ground water 

near the coast and the resulting saltwater intrusion into underground aquifers (Anonymous, 1995, SOE). 

There are also numerous freshwater springs offshore (ex. Batroun and Jounieh Bay) creating special 

underwater habitats. 

1.2. Continental shelf 

The continental shelf in Lebanon is widest in the north (12 km) narrows down in a north south axis, and 

widens up again to 8 km in the south. 

1.3. Sea currents 

Off shore currents follow a northeastern direction while eddy currents form near the shore in a clockwise 

direction. The eddy currents create a southerly movement of sand along relatively closed coastal areas 

often causing constant accumulation of sand at the entrances of harbors. 

1.4. Sedimentary processes 

There are no detailed studies on sedimentary processes, however in light of the significant numbers of 

construction and quarries, soil erosion may be considerable leading to the deposition of significant 

quantities of sediments which might have deleterious effects on fauna and flora. 

1.5. Water pollution 

There are two major sources of coastal water pollution: solid waste dumping on the shoreline and 

domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. Sinking garbage covers considerable areas of the neritic 

zones of the Lebanese coast and degrades natural benthic substrates while pollution from wastewater 

constitutes a serious health problem. Out of 10 collection sites, the pollution from 6 sites was found to 

exceed the WHO/UNEP/MAP interim criteria levels for recreational waters. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Winds, waves and currents move pollutants progressively shoreward depositing organic matter, wood and 

solid waste along the shores, creating unsightly and sometimes dangerous conditions for the public. 

1.6. Nutrients 

The oriental basin of the Mediterranean is not as rich in nutrients as the occidental basin. Although there 

are significant discharges of nitrates and phosphates into the sea through sewers and rivers, Lebanon's 

coastal waters have not experienced any eutrophication problems or toxic algae blooms so far. 

2. Marine and Coastal biodiversity 

The marine and coastal flora and fauna in Lebanon are considered to be Mediterranean with some subtropical 

elements. Phytoplankton, which includes all microphytic algae, constitutes the basis of the food 

chain in the sea through their primary productivity. The micro and macrophytic benthic algae are highly 

affected by coastal pollution. 

In addition, macro-zooplankton are highly abundant in the Lebanese water and of various types, including 

crustaceans, which are prevalent, as well as fish species that are disturbed by early fishing and unsafe 

fishing methods. Urbanization, industry, domestic wastes, garbage and illegal fishing methods are 

stressing and damaging local biodiversity. Because of the coastal sand and pebble extraction and 

urbanization, the sighting of turtles and Mediterranean monk seals is a rare phenomenon, even though 

there is a recent unconfirmed report of sighting of monk seals in North Lebanon. However, frequent 

sightings of marine turtles and nesting sites have been confirmed in the past two years in different 

locations of the Lebanese coast. The sea horse is also severely threatened by loss of habitat. Of particular 

significance is the loss of local terraces that are rich in biodiversity and unique to this part of the 

Mediterranean (Anonymous, 1998, NBSAP). 

The coastal waters, however, allow for a potentially rich biological system. The Lebanese marine 

ecosystem comprises 1685 species of fauna of which 50 are commercially important fish species. The 

number of planktonic primary and secondary producers is over 1250 species (Anonymous, 1998, 

NBSAP). These await proper documentation and conservation because they are subjected to pollution 

from land based sources (industry, sewage discharges, power plants and oil lines just to mention a few). 

It is fortunate however, that there are still a few coastal areas that have preserved their natural biotopes 

and beauty. These, together with a number of river valleys, must be properly identified and protected. 

Two coastal nature reserves were declared by law: “Tyre Coast Nature Reserve” (Decree 708, 

12/11/1998) and the “Palm Islands Nature Reserve” (Decree 121, 12/03/1992). Four RAMSAR sites have 

been declared in Lebanon, with three coastal: “Tyre Coast Nature Reserve”, “Palm Islands Nature 

Reserve” and “Ras El Chaqaa”. It is precisely along this thinking and by providing refuge that marine 

turtles, after a long absence, have recently been spotted. A recent study indicated that there are currently 

19 beaches (12 south of Beirut and 7 north of Beirut) that represent potential nesting habitats (Demirayak 

et al. 2002). 

Apart from the two coastal nature reserves three atypical coastal habitats need to be conserved in order to 

protect rare plants and landscapes of biological interest. These are river mouths, coastal dunes and coastal 

springs. Remaining typical coastal habitats include sandy beaches, rocky beaches, abandoned fields, and 

cliffs and cliff faces. These harbor typical littoral plant communities. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Search of the available information and databases on national biodiversity as well as scientific 

publications on coastal terrestrial and aquatic species were reviewed and consolidated for easier access 

and use (please refer to list of tables and annexes). 

3. Documents and information available in the country 

An exhaustive literature review covering research undertaken on the Lebanese coastal and aquatic 

environments has been compiled in Appendix I. Due to the absence of national database, the list might 

not include all published material on coastal and aquatic biodiversity. 

4. Relevant activities that have been implemented at the national level 

After the civil war, the country of Lebanon was in dire need to address the ravages that befell its 

environment. Within this context and with the initiatives undertaken by the MoE, the country was able to 

secure several projects from international funding agencies in order to begin the remedy process and to 

save what remains of the Lebanese natural environment. The tendency was to address, first and foremost, 

issues related to pollution. In parallel, efforts were started in the field of biodiversity, and the collection 

and indexing of organisms is being carried-out, albeit slowly and with some difficulty due to the absence 

of taxonomists and the necessary resources. Nevertheless, several activities have taken place or are 

ingoing, therefore increasing the knowledge base of the scientific community. 

4.1 Biodiversity Enabling Activity (Phase I) 

This project was executed in 1998 by the MoE with the support of UNDP/GEF. The main outcome of this 

project is the National Biodiversity Startegy and Action Plan that was prepared in order to fulfill the 

requirements of article 6 of the CBD. 

4.2 Biodiversity Enabling Activity (Phase II) 

The MoE benefited from an additional funding from the GEF to execute this project which aims at 

assisting the MoE to further assess national capacity building needs and priorities, analyze institutional 

and functional capabilities and determine the necessary mechanisms to protect national biodiversity 

(MoE/UNDP/GEF, April 2002-February 2003). 

4.3 Project for Strengthening the Permitting and Auditing System for Industries (February 

2000 –May 2002, SPASI, EU/MOE) 

Main outputs of this project include the development of decrees and regulations aimed at strengthening 

the permitting and auditing system for industry as well as the formulation of appropriate standards. 

The project has established National Standards for environmental quality for stack emissions and 

wastewater (discharge to the sea, surface water, sewer network). These standards have been issued by 

MOE (#8/1, 2001) and will be introduced on a trial basis before being submitted to become a decree. 

4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Unit (1997-2002, World Bank/MOE) 

The role of this unit is to prepare executive decrees for assessing the environmental impacts of proposed 

projects. 

The unit has worked at three levels, namely legal, institutional and capacity building. At the legal level it 

has prepared draft decrees that will be submitted to the council of Ministers for action. At the institutional 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

level it has coordinated all EIA aspect within the MOE and has prepared draft guidelines for quarries, 

marinas and wastewater. The unit has also prepared a fact sheet for all EIAs that entered the ministry 

system. As for capacity building the unit has prepared EIA for each sector and insure awareness to all 

concerned groups. With respect to the coast, a manual is currently available for marinas. 

4.5 Hazardous Waste Program (2001-2002/METAP/MOE) 

The project is responsible for reviewing existing studies on hazardous waste at the MOE in order to 

provide accurate information about the nature and source of hazardous waste, particularly those related to 

industrial and agrochemical waste. 

The program is currently developing legislation and providing assistance to industry by proposing 

guidelines for hazardous waste disposal. The program has developed three decrees related to "medical 

waste, industrial and hazardous waste, and permitting and authorization dealing with hazardous waste". 

The program is also in the process of assessing the quantity of hazardous waste. 

4.6 Coastal Area Management Program, (September 2001-September 2003, UNEP- 

MAP/MOE) 

The CAMP project aims at contributing to sustainable development and integrated coastal area 

management of the Lebanese coastal zone; to strengthen environmental management institutions in 

Lebanon; and to protect the coastal resources of South Lebanon by developing and applying concepts of 

sustainable development and methods and tools of Integrated Coastal and Marine Areas Management to 

the economic and social development activities of the area. Although the project aims at developing a 

nationwide strategy, the actual implementation is limited to the coastal area of South Lebanon (from 

Khalde to Naqoura) and includes specifically the municipalities of Damour, Sarafand and Naqoura. 

• Funding agency: UNEP- MAP 

• Executing agency: MoE - Lebanon 

The general objectives of the CAMP Project are as follows: 

• To contribute to sustainable development and integrated coastal area management of the national 

coastal area; 

• To strengthen environmental management institutions in Lebanon; 

• To protect the coastal resources of South Lebanon by developing and applying concepts of 

sustainable development and methods and tools of Integrated Coastal and Marine Areas 

Management to the economic and social development activities of the area; 

While the immediate objectives of the project include: 

• identifying and elaborate strategies, solutions, tools and actions contributing to sustainable 

development, environmental protection and rational utilization of coastal and marine resources of 

Lebanon, focusing on South Lebanon; 

• applying methodologies, tools and practices of sustainable development, and of Integrated Coastal 

and Marine Management; 

• contributing to the upgrading of national and local capacities for sustainable development, 

integrated coastal management and protection of the environment; 

• generating project results and experience to be used in defining and implementing post-project 

activities as envisaged by the Project Agreement; and 

• developing planning, management and implementation approaches at project area, regional and 

national levels, applicable to other areas. 

The CAMP Lebanon project area is defined at three levels: 

• The strategic level is the entire national coastal area; 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

• The implementation level is the coastal area of South Lebanon (from Khalde to Naqoura); 

• The pilot areas level are the Municipalities of Damour, Sarafand and Naqoura. 

The strategy of the project is based on the methodology of Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM). 

The project will be implemented within the existing national legal and planning framework, using as 

basic inputs existing planning and development-related documents, available information sources on 

natural resources, socio-economic conditions, problems, causes, sources and impacts of pollution. 

4.7 Lebanese Environment and Development Observatory (LEDO, 1999-2002, 

UNDP/EU/MOE) 

Main outputs of this project are the collection of available environmental and developmental data, the 

identification of priority environmental and developmental issues, and the establishment of a permanent 

system of indicators for monitoring environment and development trends. The project has prepared a land 

use/land cover map of the Lebanon, the final draft that was published at the end of March 2002. 

With respect to coastal areas three indicators have been developed and these are in the process of being 

calculated. The LEDO is currently supporting the CAMP project in Damour, Sarafand, and Nakoura in 

terms of the generation of GIS mapping of these regions. 

4.8 Medwet Coast (March 2002-March 2006, MoE/FFEN/UNDP) 

The Medwet Coast Lebanon project’s overall development objective is to conserve globally endangered 

species and their habitats recognizing nature conservation as an integral part of sustainable human 

development while improving the capacity of governmental and non-governmental agencies to address 

Biodiversity conservation issues in two main sites: the Tyre Coast Nature Reserve and the Wetland of 

Aamiq. 

4.9 Integrated Coastal Zone Management 

The ICZM project aims at protecting the coastal zone and involves many activities including: Assisting 

the Ministry of the Environment (MoE) in the preparation of an environmental strategy and a draft law for 

the coastal zone; creating units to conduct EIAs of projects for the benefit of the Ministry of the 

Environment, the General Directorate of Urban Planning, the Ministry of the Interior and Municipalities, 

etc; and develop detailed studies for the coastal zone in Sour and Batroun-Chekka-Anfeh in addition to 

subsequent execution of environmental protection works in these areas. ICZMwill be implemented by the 

CDR, is expected to be financed by the World Bank as part of SWEMP and is currently on hold. 

4.10 Preservation of the cultural heritage and development of tourism 

At present, the CDR in coordination with the MoT, the General Directorate of Archaeology of the 

Ministry of Culture and all municipalities and related parties has prepared a project for the preservation of 

the cultural heritage and development of tourism in Lebanon. The project covers five cities of which 4 are 

coastal namely Tripoli, Byblos, Sidon and Tyre. The project objectives are to improve the preservation of 

the cultural heritage and to create conditions for sustainable cultural tourism. The components of the 

project are: 

• Site operation and visitor management 

• Conservation of the historical towns of Sidon and Tripoli 

• Urban regeneration and infrastructure improvements 

• Capacity building in cultural heritage and cultural tourism development. 

Preliminary urban design studies, estimated to cost US$ 450,000, are being commissioned by the CDR 

from local consultants for the old cities of Tripoli, Byblos and Tyre. These studies are being financed by a 

World Bank grant and by CDR. They should be completed by midsummer 2002 and will identify 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

scenarios for conservation and urban regeneration and evaluate the finance needed for the implementation 

phase. A contract was awarded by CDR to a local consultant at the end of August 2000 (funded by the 

PHRD grant) to prepare a comprehensive study of the socio-economic development of the five cities 

involved in the project. The final report was presented in 2001. An Italian grant (US$ 500,000) is 

currently being used to complete the project preparation activities, mainly for archaeological studies for 

the Baalbek and Tyre sites and for capacity building in cultural tourism (targeted at the MoT and the 

municipalities). 

4.11 National land use planning 

This project, initiated in 2002, covers the preparation of a National Land Use Plan, in coordination with 

the General Directorate of Urban Planning. This study was requested from CDR by a decision of the 

Council of Ministers. The study aims to prepare land use maps of the Lebanese territory based on satellite 

images and aerial photographs and will evaluate all demographic and social data, economic activities, 

employment and environmental and urban development issues. Based on this work, a number of 

development scenarios will be submitted to the Council of Ministers. The study will form the basis for 

land development in Lebanon. 

4.12 Protected Areas Project (November 1996-November 2002, MoE/UNDP/GEF) 

The project objectives is to put into place an effectively managed system of protected areas to safeguard 

endemic and endangered species of flora and fauna namely in three demonstration nature reserves: Arz al 

Shouf, Horsh Ehden and Palm Islands. 

4.13 Agrobiodiversity Project (June 1999-June 2004, LARI/UNDP/GEF) 

The project aims at promoting the conservation and preservation of important wild relatives and land 

races of agricultural species in Lebanon by introducing and testing in situ and on-farm mechanisms and 

techniques for the conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity. The project works closely with 

farmers and rural community using their indigenous knowledge to serve the project objectives. 

4.14 Investment Planning Program, Environment 

As part of IPP, a technical assistance program to the Ministry of the Environment, funded by the EU, is at 

the bidding stage. This consultancy unit will assist the MoE in the planning and preparation of projects 

and their follow-up in several areas: 

• Environmental policy 

• Regulatory and public licensing policy 

• Institutional strengthening and human resource development policy. 

The cost of the project is approximately US$ 1.7 million and it will start by the end of 2002 and run for 

three years. 

4.15 Integrated Coastal Management between Jbeil/Amsheet (Lebanon) and Latakia 

(Syria) 

The project is financed by the European Union, and Managed by Envirotech with the Collaboration of the 

Ministry of Environment in Lebanon and Syria and with the external assistance of SIDI/EUROECO. The 

project started in Nov 4, 2000 and will end Nov. 4, 2003. 

The purpose of the project is to conduct four demonstration action projects on Wastewater & Ecotourism 

in Lebanon and Solid Waste and Industrial Valorization in Syria. Guidance manuals and training will be 

developed and conducted for decision makers such as Head of Municipalities and other concerned 

institutions. 

Currently, the ecotourism planning has started in the area of Enfeh. Brochures, Maps, trails are currently 

being developed with close coordination of the municipality NGOs, and local habitants. The 

demonstration activity concerning wastewater has also started in the area of Batroun. The municipality of 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Batroun has located a piece of land. Envirotech and its partners are conducting a detailed Environmental 

Impact Assessment. The wastewater facility would serve around 2000 habitants. 

Many other projects are executed by the Lebanese government with the support of international 

organizations like Climate Change, Ozone Office, Energy Efficient Building, Trade and Environment etc. 

5. Identified gaps 

Lack of institutional capacity, non-oriented legislation, and hesitant law enforcement are major 

constraints in addition to budgetary restrictions (more significantly inefficient budgetary allocations and 

waste). On the other hand, the absence of co-ordination and harmonization of various competing needs 

and requirements further complicates an already difficult situation, thus causing irreversible damage to 

the ecosystem and biodiversity. The interrelated responsibilities between ministries in addition to the 

government’s scarce financial resources are main limitations. A clear lack of co-ordination amongst 

stakeholders and incentives for alternative activities coupled with absence of in-service or adult education 

campaigns. 

6. Relevant on-going and/or planned activities 

The following activities are planned or ongoing according to the “National Biodiversity Startegy and 

Action Plan” prepared by the MoE and UNDP in 1998. 

Objective 1 

The government of Lebanon will enhance the public awareness through the well-developed media and 

education system. Institutional capacities will be built by expanding recruitment and training of 

specialists, locally and overseas. More budgets are allocated to alleviate sources of marine pollution and 

to introduce clean industrial practices. Legislation will be reviewed, updated and consolidated. 

Immediate term (short term,) 1-3 years 

• Identify hot spots and land-based sources of pollution in addition to man-caused maritime sources 

of pollution such as petroleum. 

• Limit further industrial development along the coast. 

• Introduce incentives for a clean industry and legislate for “polluter pays” principle. 

• Conduct EIA surveys prior to construction of treatment plants. 

• Develop National Action Plan within the framework of MAP. 

Medium term, 3-5 years 

• Conduct a comprehensive survey of the situation of the coastal zone and review land use maps and 

legislation. Legislate for the necessity of co-ordination within the public sector in particular. 

• Enhance law enforcement authorities and put into place a co-ordination mechanism. Introduce the 

concept of the environment police. 

• Establish contingency plans to combat pollution or mitigate their harmful effects. 

• Organize a network of observation stations centered around the National Center for Marine 

Sciences or the NCSR , and assist in the rehabilitation of research centers in general 

• Develop partnership and co-ordinate action with all concerned parties such as the government, the 

industry, and NGK’s, and conduct public awareness campaigns targeting society at large. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

• Integrate action with international activities and pool expertise. 

Long term, 5-10 years 

• Establish natural reserves and marine parks representing major eco-geographical areas. 

• Develop an environmental monitoring program for pollutants and other bio-indicators. 

Targets and Indicators 

The main target should be having a natural ecosystem with a minimum of human disturbance and yet 

allowing for natural and non-destructive recreational activities. Indicators to monitor should include: 

• Organisms indicating organic pollution. 

• Other bioindicators as suggested in recent literature. 

• Litter and tar balls along the coast. 

• Chemical indicators of water quality. 

• Rate of coastal erosion and sea level change. 

The indicators to monitor in the marine ecosystem consist of: 

• Swimming water quality (coliforms, flora, fauna, heavy metals, organic pollutants as oil and 

pesticides). 

• Amount of litter on beaches. 

• Presence and intensity of tar balls. 

• Intact coast stretches and their proportions. 

• Water turbidity and sediment deposition. 

Objective 2 

To use marine and coastal resources in a sustainable manner by creating partnerships with the 

stakeholders, in particular, the local communities. 

The government undertakes to update legislation and to enforce fishing regulations. There is a need to 

educate fishermen before issuing fishing licenses and to explore possibilities of introducing alternative 

activities. These activities traditionally rest within the authority of the MoA, the MoIM, the MoEd and the 

Ministry of Transport. 

Immediate term (Short term), 1-3 years 

• Enhance the economic impact of monitoring programs such as coastal quality monitoring for 

bacterial indicators, in order to enhance the market value of the local beaches and produce. 

• Study the fishing sector scientifically (practices, needs, potential, and stocks). 

• Develop new legislation or modernize existing ones as regards fishing periods, fishing technology, 

gear, etc. to protect turtles and marine mammals. 

Medium term, 3-5 years 

• Identify all types of traditional industries that were marine oriented such as salt production and 

sponge fishing. 

• Create partnerships with the local population, particularly the fishermen and local municipalities. 

NGO’s could play a catalytic role in this. 

• Develop training programs and awareness campaigns, particularly as regards the importance of 

conservation of biodiversity. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Long term, 5-10 years 

• Compile an updated national database of local biotopes, flora and fauna. Specify species that are 

under-utilized or with potential for economic impact. Highlight the unique nature of terraces and the 

coastal historical settlement sites since prehistory (e.g. sites used for the manufacture of stone tools 

in Rauche) 

• Study the potential of marine fresh water sources. 

• Enhance the concept of integrated village developing traditional industries and other related 

activities associated with coastal areas such as olive oil and carob production. 

• Develop new sectors such as mariculture in order to improve employment conditions of marine 

operators including fishermen (co-operatives). Local environmental conditions are more favorable 

than the western Mediterranean basin. 

• Highlight the cultural, traditional and artistic significance of the sea by encouraging non-destructive 

traditional sports. 

• Put into place a coordinating mechanism of stakeholders. 

Targets and Indicators 

The target is to exploit resources sustainably by monitoring the following indicators: 

• Periodic fish stock assessment, fishing practices and price fluctuations. 

• Water quality and quality of local wild fish. 

• Bioindicators, such as exotic organisms, migratory forms and rare species, including harmful algal 

bloom-causing organisms. 

7. Responsible national structures or institutions present in the country 

Fields of action Ministries/Agencies 

Land Use and Coastal Zone Management MoE 

CDR 

MoT 

MoA 

MoPWT 

MoH 

IDAL 

Forest, Agriculture, Natural Reserves and MoE 

Public Areas 

MoA 

Water resources MoE 

CDR 

MoPWT 

MoH 

MoEW 

MoIM 

Waste Water Management MoE 

CDR 

MoEW 

MoA 

MoPWT 

MoH 

IDAL 

MoIM 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Solid/Hazardous Waste MoE 

CDR 

MoPWT 

MoH 

Industrial pollution MoE 

CDR 

MoI 

MoPWT 

MoH 

IDAL 

Cultural heritage Ministry of Culture and Higher Education (GDA) 

MoT 

MoE 

Ministry of Transport 

8. Present level of national capacity in the country 

The free economical system and the democratic regime allow for a multi-organizational system to exist in 

terms of higher education, agricultural research, environmental science and related training. Biodiversity 

education is still inadequate, though environmental awareness is expanding at a rapid rate and new 

curricula include environment education at elementary and secondary education levels. University 

education is trying to satisfy socio-economic requirements while Faculties are being developed to cater 

for applied sciences and technological subjects. There are surpluses of graduates in many fields and a 

definite shortage of specialists in the field of Biodiversity. Instruction courses are being added to curricula 

in some faculties, and germplasm research started few years ago with international and bilateral support. 

The present situation of Lebanese institutions involved in research and training is highly encouraging. 

Lebanon hosts over fifteen higher education institutions involved with general aspects of student training, 

but very few universities have programs directly related to biodiversity issues. 

The faculties of agriculture and sciences at the LU, the AUB, USJ and the USEK have programs focusing 

on environment and Biodiversity. Furthermore, the UoB has introduced two academic programs in 

Aquatic and Land-Resource Management, and is in the process of establishing a Marine Station for 

marine research. 

Many institutions are young and depend on part-time specialists, specially the Faculties of Agriculture at 

Saint Joseph and Saint-Esprit universities. It is evident that the institutional analysis carried out in 1997 

indicated some kind of specialized interest in each involved institution. 

Saint-Joseph University has recently started a program on eco-tourism. The MoT and the National Center 

for Marine Sciences have the necessary minimum of manpower and facilities, and are involved in serious 

environment and biodiversity assessment programs. Interdepartmental programs at AUB have been 

developed to cover ecosystem management. These programs help in the establishment of centers of 

excellence for research and training in specified fields. 

Various reports have indicated the need for taxonomists, and some even consider that taxonomists are not 

only endangered but also are on the way of becoming extinct. In Lebanon, over 9119 species of plants 

and animals were identified (20% estimate) and a higher number (43500) remains to be identified. 

Despite the reported lack of taxonomists it has become evident that the country is in need of conservation 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

biologists that can critically assess the status of the remaining semi-natural habitats and implement 

effective conservation strategies. 

Non-governmental organizations are expanding in number (163) and are distributed in the different 

regions according to the following: Mount Lebanon 37%; Beirut 22%; North Lebanon 13%; Bekaa 13%; 

South Lebanon 9% and Nabatieh 6%. Many are addressing environmentally related issues. However, only 

40 of these are considered as specialized environmental NGOs. Lebanese NGOs are efficient in raising 

environmental issues to top priorities of mass media, resulting in the involvement of the public and its 

contribution to more logical decisions. A sizeable number of NGO’s focuses on Biodiversity with evident 

interest in the plant kingdom, notably, trees. Many NGOs are in the process of building their own 

capacities in environmental conservation. 

Conservation of Biodiversity is a new venture to the Lebanese public institutions. There was formal 

awareness about environmental management and conservation long ago. The summary of activities in 

terms of legislation and biodiversity value to the decision-makers shows that in the past few years a 

sizeable number of habitats was declared and legalized as protected areas (a total of 7 issued by law). The 

MoA and the MoE are joining hands to encourage the political system to take decisions for the benefit of 

biodiversity conservation and richness in Lebanon. 

Lebanon started management of resources since 1921 (Fishing), 1925 (Water pollution), 1939 (Protected 

Areas), 1949 (Forest code), 1952 (Hunting), 1974 (Hunting council) and legislative activities continued 

slowly in the eighties and speeded up in the nineties. Adoption, ratification and implementation of 

international conventions -- directly or indirectly related to natural resource management, conservation 

and sustainable use of Biodiversity -- were major objectives and rushed activities of the Lebanese 

Government recently. 

9. Level of public awareness 

Public awareness and participation thrive in fertile grounds in Lebanon. There are seven local television 

stations, which provide free access in educational issues. A major proportion of the Lebanese society has 

access to Internet and satellite information. The press media coverage is enormous; the number of daily 

newspapers exceeds 15. Many of them have dedicated a page to report on environmental issues in 

Lebanon. Weekly and monthly magazines exceed 20, and pamphlets, posters, guides, and other 

publications are countless. Some of these publications are issued in French and English. Of notable value 

to Biodiversity is a magazine: Environment and Development (published privately). This magazine 

tackles all environmental issues in Lebanon and the region and is distributed among all Arabic countries. 

Activities on biodiversity are very frequent and receive full support from all media. Beirut also publishes 

more books than all the countries of the region. Apparently, Lebanon seems to be overqualified in terms 

of educational institutions and awareness media. The private sector has also shown increase interest in 

biodiversity conservation as evidenced by the growing number of commercial ecotourism companies. 

10. Level of government and local authority awareness 

The MOE has established a Guidance and Awareness Service. This service organizes workshops to 

promote public awareness on the importance of the environment and produces booklets and pamphlets 

and organizes exhibitions. It also provides annual government contribution to non-profit organizations to 

execute projects in the field of the environment. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

In additon, the Sustainable Development Network Program (SDNP) that was executed by the 

MoE/UNDP from November 1996-July 1999 has so far created a network of websites for all public 

institutions, it has trained 270 candidates from different backgrounds and institutions which are expected 

to follow up and update published information in their respective institutions. The department has also 

created a web directory for the environment that includes a search engine. 

On another positive note, most municipalities have created environmental committees and have been 

dealing with environmental and cultural heritage. The MoIM has initiated an award process for the best 

public garden and has included a reference to the need to protect and conserve the environment. It is clear 

however, that there is a need to train and raise awareness on the importance and the ways of biodiversity 

conservation among government employees at all levels i.e. from those responsible for insuring the 

implementation of laws that have been put forth to protect the environment to those making political 

decisions for the country. 

11. Role of NGOs in the conservation process 

NGOs have played an important role in unveiling issues related to habitat destruction (quarries), 

pollution, and reforestation. They have contributed significantly in the field of public awareness, 

including the production of pamphlets, booklets and posters as well as the holding of conferences in 

support of environmental issues and conservation. Examples of recent activities targeting biodiversity on 

the Lebanese coast include a recent joint campaign between Greenline, a local environmental non-profit 

organization, and Greenpeace, in which the two NGOs conducted a five-week dingy tour of the coastline 

during summer 2001 and reported their finding through a press conference. (According to the study, 58 

sewers currently dump untreated household and industrial sewage into the sea along Lebanon’s 217kilometer 

coastline. There are also 29 additional points of industrial outfall and seven dumpsites that leak 

fermenting waste into the sea. Next to these are more than 26 ports and 35 tourist areas. Local NGOs in 

Tyre (Tyre protected area committee, and Amwaj al Biaa') have been active in coordinating joint 

workshops with the local national football team to raise awareness about garbage dumping in the sea, and 

with the municipality of Tyre and the local fisherman regarding fishing and waste water treatment. They 

have also distributed pamphlets regarding turtles and coastal plants of Tyre and organized a workshop for 

coastal farmers to discuss potential alternative fertilizers in coastal agriculture. Local NGOs in Tripoli 

(Env. Protection Committee, Palm Island Protected Area) conduct regular workshops for local 

communities and schools. The NGO Byblos Ecologia that is located in the ancient city of Jbeil, with the 

support of several NGOs and the municipality of Jbeil, was successful in halting the development of a 

large resort in the city on one of the few remaining public sandy beaches in the country. Another NGO 

under the name of Big Blue carries-out yearly clean-up campaigns on the beaches of Lebanon with the 

help of volunteers and the national army. 

Regardless of the above-mentioned activities, most NGOs have indicated that the lack of scientific 

information available to them limits their ability to have targeted impacts. 

12. Major stakeholders involved or to be involved in the process 

Since the largest part of the Lebanese population lives along the Lebanese coast, the stakeholders are 

many. The Lebanese coastline is highly industrialized (relative to other parts of the country) and has a 

very high population density. It is home to 70 % of the population, and about 73% of the national GDP is 

produced in the coastal zone. The most visible and obvious stakeholders would be those involved in 

fishing and tourist related industries. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Fishing in Lebanon is traditional as there are no trawler fleets as no trawling grounds. Statistics on 

fisheries including number of fishermen and fishing boats are at best educated guesses. There is an 

estimated 1000 fishing boats used by approximately 2500 fishermen who fish 300 days of the year. It is 

estimated that the annual catch is between 4,000 and 6,000 tons. Imported fish, mostly from Turkey, 

Egypt and from the Gulf, amount to 6,000-10,000 tons per annum. Based on these estimates annual fish 

consumption per capita stands at 3-5 Kg. 

Mostly because of financial considerations, Lebanese have abandoned many of their traditional cottage 

industries that were linked to the sea. There are numerous salt extraction ponds that could be revitalized, 

coupled with other traditionally coastal practices such as olive oil and carob extraction. A whole new 

meaning could be given to the idea of the integrated village along the coast. 

In this context, it is relevant to consider introducing new industries such as aquaculture as is the case in 

neighboring countries like Cyprus, Greece and Turkey. Such practices will ease the pressure on wild 

stocks and, at the same time, will provide employment to fishermen. 

13. Existing legal regulations 

The MOA issued many decisions regulating fishing but there is an extensive lack of law enforcement. 

Illegal constructions have created irreparable damage to the coast. This state of affairs coupled with lack 

of law enforcement and land use plans has resulted in the gradual exclusion of the public from the coastal 

zone. As a result there is apathy and, at times, a lack of co-ordination amongst the various stakeholders. A 

new draft law for the restructuring of the MoE is awaiting endorsement and includes the setting up of an 

Advisory Council for the Environment that will take on this co-ordinating role. 

The following are some of the ministerial decisions that have direct impact on the marine ecosystem 

(please note that these regulations have been translated form the Arabic language): 

• Every professional fisherman must apply and receive a fishing permit that carries a personal 

photograph. Recreational fishermen must apply for a fishing permit that is given free of charge. A 

fine and/or imprisonment between two to ten days will be applied on all offenders. 

• It is prohibited to hunt from the coastline using fire-guns, even with a hunting permit, or if the sea 

depth is less than six meters. 

• A sentence of two to ten days will be applied on all fishing permit holders if caught fishing outside 

of the fishing season and assigned fishing grounds. 

• It is prohibited to net fish by disturbing the water in any means except by the use of paddles. 

Offenders will be subject to either a fine and/or imprisonment of six days to one month. 

• Any person caught using explosives or illegal baits for fishing, or any person selling products 

caught using the aforementioned techniques, or any party knowledgeable of such fishing methods 

will be penalized with a fine and/or imprisonment ranging form two months to two years 

• A fine and/or imprisonment will applied for the following offences: 

o Any party that manufactures or uses illegal fishing gear (nets, long line etc.) 

o Any party that does not return undersized fish to the sea 

• Ministerial decisions issued by the minister of agriculture banning the fishing of whales, monk seals 

and marine turtles (decision 125/1 date 23-9-99). 

• Ministerial decision regarding national standards for environment quality was issued by the MoE in 

January 2001 (decision 8/1). The decision defined the environmental limit values (ELV) for 

wastewater discharged into the sea. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

14. List of international Conventions, Protocols, etc. signed/ratified 

Lebanon has established legal commitments to participate in regional and international activities related 

to conservation and use of environment resources. These commitments include ACSAD, ICARDA, 

AOAD, IFAD, CIHEAM and IPGRI. Lebanon has also ratified or signed all international conventions 

related to global resources management and having direct or indirect impacts on biodiversity, such as The 

Basle Convention, The Montreal Protocol, The Convention to combat Desertification, Climate Change, 

Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris 1972), RAMSAR Convention and the Convention on Biodiversity. 

At the UNCED, held on June 5, 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Lebanon was among the 156 nations who signed 

the CBD. On August 01, 1994, Lebanon ratified the CBD and complied with its objectives to study, save, 

use and share benefits resulting from biodiversity. To fulfill the requirements of articles 6 and 26 of the 

convention, the Government of Lebanon executed through the MOE with the assistance of GEF UNDP 

the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and the first National Report on Biodiversity in 1998. 

The Country Study on Biodiversity was carried out during 1995-1996 with assistance from GEF/UNEP in 

co-operation with the MoA. 

14.1 The international conventions, Treaties and Protocols Signed or ratified by Lebanon 

(MOE) 

African Urasian Migratory Water Birds Agreement. Ratification 13/06/2002, Law number 412 

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic pollutants for adoption by the conference of 

plenipotentiaris. Signature: 22/5/2001 

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat.-Ramsar. 

Accession: 1/3/1999 by the law number 23 

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.-Paris. Ratification: 21/12/1994 by the law number 

469 

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.-Rio de Janeiro. Ratification: 11/8/1994 by 

the law number 359 

Convention on Biological Diversity.-Rio de Janeiro. Ratification: 11/8/1994 by the law number 360 

Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer.-Copenhagen. 

Accession: 3/11/1999 by the law number 120 

Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer.-London. Accession: 

31/3/1993 by the law number 253 

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal - 

Basel. Ratification: 21/12/1994 by the law number 387 

Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer.-Montreal. Accession: 31/3/1993 by the 

law number 253 

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.-Vienna. Accession: 30/3/1993 by the law 

number 253 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Protocol Concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas. Accession: 27/12/1994 by decree number 

126 

Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-based Sources.-Athens. 

Signature: 17/5/1980. Accession: 22/02/1994 by law number 292 

World Heritage Convention-UNESCO Paris, 1972. Accession 30/10/1990, law number 19 

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other hostile use of Environmental Modification 

Techniques.- Geneva. Signature: 18/5/1977 

Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other 

Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency.-Barcelona. Signature: 16/2/1976. Accession: 30/6/1977 by 

the decree law number 126 

Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution.- Barcelona. Signature: 

16/2/1976. Accession: 30/6/1977 by the decree law number 126 

Protocol for the Prevention and Elimination of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from 

Ships and Aircraft.-Barcelona. Signature: 16/2/1976. Accession: 30/6/1977 by the decree law number 126 

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.-London. Accession: 24/11/1993 

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter.-London- 

Mexico city-Moscow-Washington. Signature: 15/5/1973 

Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass 

Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean floor and in the Subsoil.-London-Moscow-Washington. 

Ratification: 7/10/1974 by the decree number 9133 

International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in cases of Oil Pollution Casualties.- 

Brussels. Ratification: 12/10/1974 by the decree number 9226 

International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage.-Brussels. Ratification: 12/10/1973 

by the law number 28/73 

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil.-London. Accession: 

16/11/1966 by the law number 68/66 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

14.2 Marine and Coastal Biodiversity List 

The following list has been compiled form several sources and represents the available information to 

date. In the absence of a national biodiversity database, some organisms might be absent from the Tables. 

Table 1. Littoral specific species of flora recorded in selected typical littoral communities of 

the Lebanese coast (Dardas, 2001) 

Family Genus Species Subspecies 

Apiaceae Crithmum maritimum - 

Asteraceae Centaurea procurrens - 

Asteraceae Limbarda crithmoides - 

Boraginaceae Echium angustifolium - 

Brassicaceae Cakile maritima - 

Brassicaceae Matthiola crassifolia - 

Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima 

Chenopodiaceae Halimione portulacoides - 

Chenopodiaceae Salsola kali - 

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia paralias - 

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia peplis - 

Papaveraceae Glaucium flavum - 

Plantaginaceae Plantago squarrosa - 

Plumbaginaceae Limonium narbonense - 

Plumbaginaceae Limonium sieberi - 

Plumbaginaceae Limonium sinuatum - 

Poaceae Sporobolus pungens - 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


habitats (Lakkis S. et al., 1996) 

Espèces Familles Habitats particuliers 

Aegilops longissima Schw. et Muschl. Graminées Terrains incultes 

Agropyron junceum (L.) P.de B., ssp. Poacées 

mediterraneum Sim. et Guin. 

Rochers littoraux. Espèce pastorale 

Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv. Fabacées Bords de la mer 

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. Amaranthacées Lieux très humides 

Ammochloa palaestina Boiss. Graminées Sables de la côte 

Anthemis leucanthemifolia Boiss. et Bl. Astéracées Sables littoraux 

Anthemis secundiramea Biv., var. Astéracées Sables littoraux 

urvilleana D C. 

Artemisia monosperma Del. Astéracées Sables proches de la mer 

Astragalus annularis Forsk. Fabacées Sables littoraux 

Astragalus berytheus Boiss. et Bl. Fabacées Sables littoraux 

Beta vulgaris L., ssp. maritima (L.) Batt. Chénopodiacées 

Brassica cretica Lam. Brassicacées Rochers proches de la mer ou le long 

des vallées côtières, mais à faible 

altitude 

Cakile aegyptia (L.) Maire et Weiller. Brassicacées Bords de la mer 

Calendula aegyptiaca Pers. Astéracées Sables littoraux plus ou moins 

sablonneux, 

cultures 

terrains incultes et 

Carex extensa Goodenough Cypéracées Lieux humides proches de la mer. 

Catapodium loliaceum (Huds.) Link Graminées Bords de la mer 

Centaurea procurrens Sieb. ex Spreng. Astéracées Sables et rochers près de la mer 

Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch Gentianacées Bords de la mer et région côtière 

inférieure 

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader Cucurbitacées Lieux sablonneux près de la mer ou 

des courants d'eau. Espèce médicinale 

Convolvulus secundus Desr. Convolvulacées Sables littoraux 

Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reich. Lamiacées 

Crepis aculeata (DC.) Boiss. Astéracées Sables littoraux 

Crithmum maritimum L. Apiacées Rochers proches de la mer. Espèce 

médicinale 

Crucianella herbacea Forssk. Rubiacées Terrains sablonneux au bord de la mer 

Cutandia maritima (L.) Benth. Graminées Sables littoraux 

Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Benth. Graminées Sables littoraux 

Cutandia philistaea (Boiss.) Benth. Graminées Sables littoraux 

Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. Cypéracées Bords des rivières et de canaux 

Cyperus distachyos All. Cypéracées Lieux humides surtout un peu salins 

Cyperus kalli (Forsk.) Murb. Cypéracées Sables littoraux 

Datura metel L. Solanacées Sables ou terrains vagues, surtout 

proches de la mer. 

Daucus litoralis Sibth. et Smith. Apiacées Sables littoraux 

Echium angustifolium Mill. Borraginacées Grès et lieus sablonneux 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 




Echium setosum Vahl Borraginacées Rochers littoraux et sables maritimes 

Enarthrocarpus arcuatus Lab. Brassicacées Bords de la mer ou rarement à 

l'intérieur 

Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd. Géraniacées Sables littoraux 

Eryngium maritimum L. Apiacées Bords de la mer surtout sur sables 

littoraux. Espèce médicinale 

Euphorbia paralias L. Euphorbiacées Sables littoraux 

Euphorbia peploides Gouan Euphorbiacées Sables littoraux 

Frankenia hispida D.C. Frankeniacées Rochers proches de la mer 

Gagea dayana Chodat et Beauv. Liliacées Sables littoraux 

Glaucium flavum Crantz Papavéracées Sables littoraux 

Glaucium flavum Crantz Papavéracées Sables littoraux. Espèce médicinale 

Gypsophila pilosa Huds. Caryophyllacées Cultures, lieux sablonneux 

Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen Chénopodiacées Rochers maritimes et graviers proches 

du rivage 

Helianthemum stipulatum (Forssk.) C. Cistacées Sables et rochers littoraux 

Christensen 

Hippocrepis multisiliquosa L. Fabacées Sables littoraux 

Hormuzakia aggregata (Lehm.) Gusul. Borraginacées Sables littoraux 

Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Schultz Bip. Astéracées Sables littoraux 

Ipomoea stolonifera (Cyr.) J.F.Gmel. Convolvulacées Sables et graviers littoraux 

Juncus arabicus (Asch. et Buch.) Adams Juncacées Marais saumâtres, côte 

Limonium angustifolium (Tausch) Degen Plumbaginacées Bords de la mer 

Limonium graecum (Poir.) O.Kuntze Plumbaginacées Bords de la mer 

Limonium sieberi (Boiss.) O.Kuntze Plumbaginacées Bords de la mer 

Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. Plumbaginacées Bords de la mer surtout rocheux 

Limonium virgatum (Willd.) Fourr. Plumbaginacées Bords de la mer 

Lophochloa berythea (Boiss.et Bl.) Bor. Graminées 

Lophochloa phleoides (Vill.) Reichb., var. Graminées 

vestita Domin et Bornm. 

Lotus cytisoides L. Fabacées Rochers proches de la mer. Espèce 

pastorale 

Lotus villosus Forsk. Fabacées Sables littoraux plus ou moins 

rarement fluviaux 

Maresia nana (D.C.) Batt. Brassicacées Sables littoraux 

Maresia pulchella (D.C.) O.E.Schulz. Brassicacées Sables littoraux 

Matthiola crassifolia Boiss. et Gaill. Brassicacées Rochers littoraux du bord de la mer . 

Espèce endémique 

Matthiola crassifolia Boiss. et Gaill., var. Brassicacées Rochers littoraux du bord de la mer. 

flaviflora 

Espèce endémique 

Medicago litoralis Rohde Fabacées Sables et rochers littoraux 

Medicago marina L. Fabacées Sables littoraux. Espèce pastorale 

Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Fabacées Rochers maritimes 

Melica pannosa Boiss. Poacées Espèce pastorale et endémique du 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 




Liban et de la Syrie 

Melilotus siculus (Turra) Vitm. Fabacées Près humides 

Melissa inodora Bornm. Lamiacées Grès et lieux sablonneux. Espèce 

endémique 

Minuartia mediterranea (Ledeb.) K.Maly. Caryophyllacées Sables. 

Minuartia thymifolia (Sibth. et Smith.) Caryophyllacées 

Bornm., var. syriaca (Boiss.) Bornm. 

Rochers et sables littoraux 

Mysembryanthemum nodiflorum L. Aizoacées Sables et rochers . Bord de la mer 

Neurada procumbens L. Rosacées Sables littoraux 

Nigella arvensis L., var. mutica (Bornm.) Ranunculacées Sables littoraux ou terrains sablonneux 

n. comb. 

peu distants de la mer 

Nuphar luteum (L.) Sm. Nymphéacées Eaux calmes. Espèce médicinale 

Ononis diffusa Tenore Fabacées Sables maritimes 

Ononis hirta Desf. Fabacées Lieux herbus 

Ononis variegata L. Fabacées Sables littoraux. Espèce pastorale 

Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmans et Link Astéracées Sables littoraux 

Pancratium maritimum L. Amaryllidacées Sables littoraux 

Parietaria cretica L. Urticacées Rochers proches de la mer . 

Paspalum paspaloides (Michaux) Scriber Graminées 

(Poacées) 

Sables humides . 

Phleum arenarium L. Graminées Sables littoraux 

Plantago albicans L. Plantaginacées Sables littoraux ou terrains sablonneux 

Polycarpon succulentum (Del.) J.Gay. Caryophyllacées Sables littoraux 

Polygonum maritimum L. Polygonacées Sables et graviers littoraux. Espéce 

pastorale 

Polypodium australe Fée. Polypode Polypodiacées Rochers 

Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Grande Apiacées Sables littoraux 

Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. Fabacées Sables littoraux. Espèce médicinale 

Rumex occultans Sam. Polygonacées Sables littoraux 

Sagina maritima G.Don. Caryophyllacées Sables et rochers littiraux et salines. 

Salsola kali L. Chénopodiacées Sables littoraux et parfois le long des 

fleuves 

Sedum litoreum Guss. Crassulacées Rochers proches de la mer 

Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir. Astéracées Sables plus ou moins proches de la 

mer 

Silene sedoides Poiret Caryophyllacées Rochers près de la mer . 

Slene macrodonta Boiss. Caryophyllacées Terrains sablonneux 

Solanum nigrum L., var. suffruticosum Solanacées 

(Schousb.) Moris. 

Sables littoraux 

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Caryophyllacées Halophile 

Sporobolus arenarius (Gouan) Duval- 

Jouve 

Graminées Sables littoraux 

Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forsk. Chénopodiacées Rivages de la mer et salines. 

Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb. Tamaricacées Sables humides, fossés, bords des 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 




rivières, salines 

Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. Thyméléacées Bords de la mer 

Trifolium billardieri Sprengel. Fabacées Sables littoraux. Espèce endémique 

Trigonella cylindracea Desv. Fabacées Sables surtout maritimes 

Vigna luteola (Jacqu.) Benth. Fabacées Haies proches de la mer, sur sols bien 

irrigués 

Vulpia membranacea (L.) Link Graminées Sables littoraux 

Table 3. Littoral species no longer found in Lebanon (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996.) 

Species Family Distribution 

Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl., var. Poacées 

vulgaris Coss. et Dur. 

Côte littorale 

Alkanna tinctoria Tausch Boraginacées Côte littorale 

Carduncellus caeruleus (L.) C.Presl. Astéracées Côte littorale 

Filago eriosphaera (Boiss. et Heldr.) 

Chrtek et Holub 

Astéracées Côte littorale 

Plantago crassifolia Forssk. Plantaginacées Côte littorale 

Ruppia maritima L., var. rostrata Agardh Potamogétonacées Côte littorale 

Spergularia media (L.) C.Presl. Caryophyllacées Côte littorale 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Table 4. Amphibians (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996) 

Seven species have been identified in Lebanon of which four live in the coastal zone near water 

flows (Pelobates syriacus Boettger (end.), Hyla arborea (end.), Rana rudibunda Pallas, Bufo 

viridis L.) 

Table 5. Reptiles (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996) 

Some forty species of reptiles have been observed on the Lebanese coast but have not been 

reported as coastal specific species. Most are herbivores and some live in specific habitats that 

are being destroyed by urbanization. 

Some of the species sighted on the Lebanese coast include: Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, 

Dermochelys coriacea, Eretmochelys imbricata , Trionyx trionguis. 

Table 6. Birds (Jaradi G., personal communication) 

One hundred and forty four coastal bird species have been recorded (Ramadan Jaradi & 

Ramadan Jaradi, 1999), of which five are threatened at global level and 90 are of high 

significance as per AEWA Convention. Few of them breed in the coastal belt of the country. The 

relative poverty in breeding birds can be attributed to lack of coastal wetlands, extensive urban 

development along the coastline and hunting and continuous disturbance by man in coastal 

habitats. 

One hundred and eighty six bird species have been observed near the Lebanese coast, of which 

144 are marine or of marine affinity (see above). They belong to 12 Orders. The Charadriiformes 

(mainly waders and gulls) is the most important Order with the following families: 

Haematopodidae (1 genus/ 1 species), Recurvirostridae (2 genera/ 2 species), Glareolidae (2 

genera/ 2 species), Charadriidae (5 genera/ 11 species), Scolopacidae (11 genera/ 23 species), 

Stercorariidae (1 genus/ 1 species), Laridae (2 genera/ 11 species), and Sternidae (3 genera/ 8 

species). 

The most threatened coastal and marine species belong to the following Orders: Pelecaniformes, 

Anseriformes, Accipitriformes, Gruiformes, and Charadriiformes. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Table 7. Zooplancton (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996) 

Microzooplankton 

Foraminifera: Thirteen species have been recorded in Lebanon and these belong to two families namely: 

Globigeriniidae et Globorotaliidae containing 8 genera. 

Rhizopodes (actinopodes): Sixty seven species belonging to 5 main groups inhabit the Lebanese waters 

with the majority thriving between 200-600 m. Lakkis (1971a) and Abboud-Abi-Saab (1988). 

Group Genus Species 

Acantharia 10 10 

Radiolaria Spumellaria 25 25 

Nasselaria 24 24 

Phaeodaria 7 7 

Heliozoa 1 1 

Tintinnoinea: Ninety nine species belonging to 32 genera and 17 families have been identified in 

Lebanon. Of these, 31 species are of tropical or indo-pacific origin (Abboud-Abi-Saab, 1989a, Abboud- 

Abi-Saab and Kassab 1990). The most common genera are Tintinnopsis (13 species), Eutintinnus (9 

species), Coxliella (8) and Favella (7). 

Seasonal distribution indicates two peaks. One in winter where the following species become abundant 

Tintinnopsis beroidea, T. campaula, T. cylindrica, Codonellopsis schabi et Tintinnidium neapolitanum. 

The second peak occurs in spring with the following species: Favella serrata, Rhabdonella spiralis et 

Eutintinnus medius. 

Macrozooplancton 

a- Cnidaria 

the following taxa have been reported in Lebanese waters: 

Hydromedusae: 

Six orders have been reported in Lebanese waters, the Anthomedusae (32 species), eptomedusae (17), 

Langiomedusae (1), Limnomedusae (4), Trachymedusae (9), and Narcomedusae (3). Of the 67 reported 

species, 11 are of tropical or indo-pacific origin, and 19 are newly reported in the Mediterranean sea 

(Goy, Lakkis and Zeidane, 1991). 

The most commonly found species belong to the Trachymedusae (Liriope tetraphylla, Aglaura 

hemistoma, Rhopalonema velatum, Tetrorchis erythrogaster). 

Scyphozoa 

Of the 5 species recorded in Lebanon two are commonly found in summer (Rhizostoma pulmo and 

Rhopilema nomadica) (Lakkis, 1991c). 

Siphonophora 

Twenty eight species of Siphonophores comprising 5 Physonectes and 23 Calycophores are reported in 

Lebanon (Lakkis and Zeidane, 1995). Nanomia bijuga is the most common among the Physonectes. In 

the Calycophores 4 species are abundant: Eudoxoides spiralis, Sphaeronectes irregularis, Diphyes dispar 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

and Chelophyes appendiculata. 

b- Ctenophora 

Ctenophores are represented by three species in Lebanon: Beroe ovata, Eucharis multicornis and 

Pleurobrachia rhodopis. 

c- Annelida polychaeta 

In Lebanon 6 genera exist as adults ' pelagiques" and 13 taxons as larval state. 

d- Chaetognatha 

Among the 30 known species 10 are found in Lebanese waters. Of these 9 belong to the Sagitta genus 

and one to the Krohnitta (Lakkis, 1977). Two species, namely Sagitta friderici et S. enflata constitute 

90% of the recorded populations. 

e- Crustacea 

Cladocera 

Six species belonging to two families and 3 genera inhabit the Lebanese waters with the most important 

being Evadne spinifera and E. tergestina. 

Ostracoda 

Very little information is available on Ostracoda in Lebanon. Lakkis (1971b) reported the presence of 6 

species belonging to two families: Conchoecidae et Cytheridae, with the two most common species being 

Conchoecia haddoni and C. elegans found in small numbers. 

Copepoda 

Of the 200 species known in the Mediterranean, 173 are reported in Lebanon. 

Amphipoda 

Twenty-five species spreading over 21 genera and 12 families have been reported in Lebanese waters. 

These however do not form dense populations and are instead encountered as isolated specimens. 

Tetrathyrus forcipatus is the most commonly encountered species while less frequently encountered 

species include Eupronoë minuta, Euprimno macropus, and Lestrigonus schizogeneios. 

Euphausiacea 

Of the 13 species reported in the Mediterranean, 5 species have been found in Lebanon and these belong 

to three genera namely Euphausia, Stylocheiron and Thysanopoda. 

Mysidacea 

Four species are reported in Lebanon, although in low numbers. The most common ones are Mysis sp. et 

Paramysis sp. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Decapoda (pelagic) 

Of the 189 species reported by Holthuis and Gottlieb (1958), 106 have been identified in Lebanon (Lakkis 

and Zeidane, 1988b, 1988c): Macrura Natantia (50), Macrura Reptantia (6), Anomura (15), Brachyura 

(37). 

Decapoda larvae contribute 3% of the total zooplankton mass of the Lebanese waters. The largest number 

of species (66) is reported in July. The most common species include Lucifer typus, Calcinus ornatus, 

Diogenes pugilator, Catapaguroides timidus, Upogebia deltaura, Callianassa subterranea, Macropippus 

spp., Neptunus pelagicus, Pilumnus hirtellus et Acanthonyx lunulatus. 

Cirrhipedia (Pelagic): The Nauplii and the Cypris constitute an important part of the Lebanese 

méroplancton (4.5%). These larvae belong to species of the following genera Chtamalus, Balanus, Lepas 

anatifera. 

Miscellaneous planktonic larvae: Planktonic larvae constitute between 10-25% of the zooplankton 

biomass. Other than the crustaceans and the mollusks the following larval groups are noted: Nauplii of 

Copepods 50% , Mollusks (Véligères) 15%, Annelids (Trochophores) 13%, Decapods (Zoea, Mysis) 8% 

, Eggs and fish larvae 7%, Echinoderms (Plutei) 5% , and Miscellaneous 2% 

Mollusca (Pelagic): Thecosomes and Gymnosomes spread over 5 families, 16 genera and 32 species are 

reported in Lebanon. Examples of these species include Creseis virgula, Limacina inflata, Clio polita, 

Cavolina sp., Limacina trochiformis,Firola coronata, F. desmaresti. 

Thaliacea (Pelagic): The Thaliacea which include 3 subclasses, the pyrosomes (P.atlanticum), salpides ( 

Thalia democratica, T. orientalis et Salpa fusiformis), and doliolides (Doliolum denticulatum, Doliolina 

mülleri et Dolioletta gegenbauri.) are all represented in Lebanese waters. 

Appendicularia: They constitute 5% of the Lebanese zooplankton biomass. Of the approximately fifty 

species identified, 15 belonging to 5 genra inhabit the Lebanese waters (Lakkis, 1971; Lakkis et Zeidane, 

1985): Oikopleura (7 species), Fritillaria (4), Megalocercus (2) and Appendicularia (1 espèce). The most 

important species in Lebanon are: Oikopleura longicauda (constituting 85% of the total populations) 

followed by O. dioica, O. cophocerca, O. fusiformis and Fritillaria borealis. 

L'ichtyoplankton: Local researchers indicate a high species richness whereby 84 egg and larval species 

belonging to 52 families have been identified (Lakkis et Zeidane, 1993a; Zeidane et Lakkis, 1995). 

Average annual density based on a 10 year study indicated a value of 140 eggs/100m3 and 40 larvae/100 

m3. 

Table 8. Necton (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996) 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Cephalopoda 

No studies have been performed on Cephalopoda. Six or seven species are commonly recognized 

and these are: Sepia officinalis (Seiche), Octopus vulgaris (pieuvre), O. macropus (poulpe) and 

these are commonly exploited by local fishermen. In contrast Loligo vulgaris, Allotheutis 

subulata, Eledone moschata, and Ocythoe tuberculata which have a higher economic value are 

rarely found in local markets. 

Fish 

A list of 44 species of Chondrichthyens and 313 Osteichthyens have been reported in Lebanese 

waters. 

Mammalia 

Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises), whales with pennon was mentioned by Gruvel in 

1931. The dented whales includes Delphinidae with three species reported in Lebanon (Delphinus 

delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, and Tursiops truncatus ) and Physeteridae represented in Lebanon 

by one species reported in Lebanon (Physeter macrocephalus) 

Order Pinnipedia 

Although there existed a small colony of Monachus monachus South of Beirut this species has 

been long extinct in Lebanon and the last individuals were reported (by Gruvel) in 1968. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Table 9. The zoobenthos (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996.) 

Microzoobenthos 

Research on microzoobenthos on the Lebanese coast is almost nonexistent. The only study 

reported the presence of 12 taxa of which gasteropods, archiannelids, nematodes and harpacticoids 

are the most abundant (Gowing and Hulings, 1976). Their density being proportional to the 

intensity of urban pollution. Protodrilus similis is an example of an indicator of organic pollution 

whereby the species is more abundant in highly polluted beaches. 

Macrozoobenthos 

The macrozoobenthos on the Lebanese coast counts actually 662 species: Spongiaires (33), 

Cindaires(9), Turbellariés (1), Nemertes (1), Polychètes (136), Sipunculiens (2), Mollusques 

(298), Brachiopodes (1); Crustacés (104); Echinodermes (16); Ascidies (26); Bryozoaires (33) 

and Nematodes (2). These species belong in general to the Mediterranean and Atlantic Fauna and 

include 37 introduced species: lessepsiennes (31); Indopacifique (1) and Exotiques (5) (Bitar and 

Kouli-Bitar, 2001). 

The five exotiques species need warm sea water: Oculina patagonica (Cindaire), Hydroides 

dirampha (polychetes) and Microcosmus exasperatus, Rhodosoma turcicum, Symplegma 

brakenhielmi (Ascides). 

The 31 species of Indopacific origin called " lessepsiennes" are: Lytocarpus philippinus 

(hydraire), Paleonotus chrysolepis, Bhawania goodi, Pseudonereis anomala, Lysidice ntatlensis, 

Pseudoeurythoe cf.acarunculata, Cirriformia semicincta, Branchioma cingulata, Hydroides 

grubei, H. heterocera, H. minax, h. operculata, Spirobranchus giganteus (polychetes), 

Scrupocellaria jolloisi, Thalamoporella indica (bryozoaires), Trochus erythraeus, Cerithium 

scabridum, Purpuradusta gracilis, Brachidontes pharaonis, Pinctada radiata, Malleus regulus, 

Gafrarium pectinatum, Mactra olorina (mollusks), Myra fugax, Portunus pelagicus, Atergatis 

roseus, Ixa monody, Penaeus semisulcatus (Crustaceae), Synaptula reciprocans (echinoderm), 

Phallusia nigra, Herdmania momus (ascidia). 

One indopacific species: Strombus decorus. This mollask does not belong to the lessepsiennes 

species because it is absent in the Suez Canal. 

Among the indopacific species, many are well established on the Lebanese coast and seems that 

they are well adapted to the region: 

- Ceritium scabridum, very abundant in the shallow basins and mainly where these gasteropodes 

are on the surface. 

- Brachidontes pharaonis, are present abundantly on the plateau that characterize the Levantine 

coast. In the occidental Mediterranean, their presence is dominated by the edible muscle Mytilus 

galloprovincialis. The later, which was reported in Lebanon by Gruvel in 1931, is totally abscent 

these days (it is present in Turkey), was not replaced by B. pharaonis. 

- Pinctada rediata, edible species present on the Lebanese coast, form sometimes-true layers. 

Unfortunately, this species is becoming rare because of pollution. For example in Beirut, and this 

species is exploited in Sarafand. 

- Strombus decorus, a species well established in Lebanon, and it is very abundant with 

Cymodocea nodosa. Sometimes we find it in hundreds on the beaches. 

- Phallusia nigra, present in places with a lot of organic matters and on the ports. 

Other species are becoming abundant (example: Synaptula reciprocans) forming Facies places 

(example: Oculina patagonica and Lytocarpus philippinus which stingy upon touch. 

It is worth to look after these species by time and space because they risk replacing the local 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

species. This is the case of the brown algae Stypopodium schinmperi which invades big areas in 

different places on the Lebanese coast. 

Species with economic value include: Spongia officinalis and Hippospongia equina, Pinctada 

radiata, Tritonium nodiferum, Octopus vulgaris and Sepia officinalis, Portunus pelagicus, Maja 

squinado and Scyllarides latus, Paracentrotus lividus 

Species indicators of clean water include: Syllis sp., Perinereis cultrifer and Hyale sp 

. 

Species indicators of organic pollution: Audouinia filigera, Cirratulus cirratus and Platynereis 

dumerilii, Phallusia nigra and Microcosmus exasperatus. 

Threatened spcecies: In addition to the species with commercial value there are Pinna nobilis and 

Tritonium nodiferum. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

III. Analysis of the present situation 

The war years (1975-1990) that have swept through Lebanon have intensified environmentally 

destructive activities, more specifically along the Mediterranean coastline. This is mostly expressed 

through constant attacks from unregulated development and the depletion of the endemic fauna and flora. 

These attacks come in different forms including pollution, deforestation, land appropriation from the sea, 

siphoning of sand from beaches, indiscriminate fishing using conventional and non-conventional 

methods, unregulated hunting of native and migrating birds, indiscriminate construction and development 

etc., all activities that will eventually lead to the destruction of the Lebanese coastal habitat and the 

annihilation of the coastal and marine biodiversity. 

The issues, problems their causes and trends as well as the threats, causes, impacts and significance have 

been pooled in this section. The lack of available data was prevalent in the analysis of all categories 

placing most, if not all issues and the related problems in the highly significant group except for 

eutrophication that has not been recorded off the Lebanese coast. 

Nevertheless, the following issues and problems, in order of relevance, have been identified as negatively 

affecting coastal and marine biodiversity. This was generated from the results of a national workshop held 

at the MOE on March 06 2002 in which experts and stakeholders representing government institutions, 

academic institutions, NGOs, syndicat of fishermen and the private sector participated (Appendix II). The 

participants were organized into two groups and elaborated on the different issues and their associated 

status, trends, threats, causes, impacts and significance. 

Issue Problem 

I. Pollution 

1. Urban pollution 

2. Industrial pollution 

3. Agriculture 

4. Ballast water 

II. Development 

1. Population growth 

2. Infrastructure development 

3. Land appropriation 

4. Lack of communication 

III. Tourism 

1. Development of and encroachment on public land 

2. Pollution 

3. Recreational activities 

IV. Fishing 

1. Illegal harvesting techniques 

2. Invasive species 

3. Lack of data 

V. Lack of data 

1. Insufficient number of specialists 

2. Lack of interest from the authorities and academic institutions 

3. Lack of funding for research and research facilities 

VI. Lack of awareness 1. Lack of environmental education in schools and universities 

2. Lack of trained school teachers in environmental education 

3. Modest environmental programs in the media 

4. Level of commitment of non-governmental education 

5. Limited funding 

6. Lack of environmental awareness in government institutions 

7. Lack of enforcement of existing regulations 

VII. Eutrophication 1. No problems recorded 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

1. Issues and problems relevant to the country of Lebanon 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue Problems Status Trend 

I. Pollution 1. Urban Pollution 

- All sewage and other types of - Sewage dumping most 

effluents are dumped either by direct likely increasing due to 

outfalls into the sea or into streams population growth 

and rivers that eventually reach the - Waste-water treatment 

Mediterranean 

plants will be constructed 

- Sewage collection systems have by the government in the 

been damaged by the war coupled near future 

with population growth with no - Nine major outfalls will 

revamping of the systems 

inject sewage water into the 

- Major uncontrolled landfills are marine system (Source: 

located on the coastline 

CDR) 

- No plans for new landfills 

on the coastline are drawn 

2. Industrial Pollution 


- Several agrochemical industries are 

located on the coastline 

- Cement industries are located on the 

coastline 

- Several electrical power plants 

energized by diesel fuel are located 

on the coast-line (water used for 

cooling) 

- Untreated effluent from tanneries is 

dumped into water bodies/water 

collection systems 

- Precipitation of air pollutants from 

industries 

- Liquid waste from rock-sawing 

industries is dumped directly into 

water bodies/water collection 

systems 

- Effluent from oil refineries 

- Uncontrolled use of 

pesticides/insecticides 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Prepared By M. Nader & S. Talhouk June, 2002 

- The Ministry of 

Environment is increasing 

its monitoring activities of 

emissions and effluents 

from all industries in terms 

of compliance to standards 

- Relocation of tanneries to 

one site is projected 

- Monitoring of 20 Industrial 

Hotspots 

- Increasing


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


- Soil erosion 

- Animal offal (eratic) 

4. Ballast Water 

II. Development 1. Population Growth 

2. Infrastructure Development 

- Fuel (all categories and types) is 

delivered by sea 

- Ballast water dumping 

- 70% of the population inhabits the 

coast 

- Building on private land adjacent to 

the coast is common practice 

- Building of marinas on public land 

for private recreational centers are 

common practice 

- Marinas in coastal villages (15 in 

total) are either being built or 

enlarged in order to satisfy the 

growing number of boats (fishing 

and recreational) 

- Highways were constructed on land 

appropriated from the sea (Nahr 

Ibrahim) 

- Land in the region of Dbayeh was 

appropriated for development 

purposes 

- 30 damns on rivers are planned to be 

built 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Ballast water dumping 

likely to increase with 

increasing marine traffic 

and without proper 

- 

reception facilities 

Most likely increasing 

- Efforts to protect the 

coastline are increasing 

(NGOs, Ministry of 

Environment) 

- Permits are still being 

sought by private business 

groups to develop coastal 

lands 

- Plans for several wave 

breaker projects are drawn 

- Efforts to protect the 

coastline are increasing 

(NGOs, Ministry of 

Environment) 

- Ministry of Environment is 

requiring EIAs for 

development projects 

- EIA decree was submitted 

to the Council of Ministers 

for approval


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 



- Privatization of the sea coast for - 8000 m 

individual gain 

- Land appropriation still occurs in 

some areas (3 major areas) 

- A coastal landfill in Beirut will be 

transformed into a public garden 

through land appropriation 

2 are expected to be 

appropriated in Tripoli to 

construct a zoo (EIA study 

was not approved by the 

MOE) 

4. Lack of communication 

III. Tourism 1. Development of and 

encroachment on public land 

- Consultation with specialists in 

marine sciences and conservation by 

government institutions is modest at 

best 

- Coordination between different 

government institutions is weak 

- Private resorts used by both the local 

population and tourists 

- Many illegal private resorts are 

located on the shore line 

- Several resorts with direct access to 

the coast have permits to develop 

their sites 

- Many resorts have claimed land 

from the sea to construct extensions 

to their structures 

- Most resorts possess their own 

private ports 

- Five public beaches are still 

available 

- Many shore front cafes and 

restaurants have been developed 

- Existing ports are being enlarged to 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Growing communication 

between government bodies 

and specialists, but still 

unsatisfactory 

- Coordination between 

governmental bodies is 

- 

increasing, albeit slowly 

Increasing 

- Government plans to 

regulate the sector 

- Building of resorts is always 

envisaged by the business 

community 

- Decreased but the damage 

has occurred 

- Decreased but still practiced 

- Difficult to assess 

- Increasing, specially in 

previously undisturbed 

areas


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


accommodate increasing boat traffic - Work is underway to 

increase the capacity of 

public ports 

2. Pollution 

3. Recreational activities 

- Untreated waste water is released 

into the sea by resorts 

- Solid waste is generated by bathers 

with limited collection facilities 

- Noise pollution from boats, jet skis... 

- Pollution from boat engines 

- Bacteriological counts are carriedout 

during the summer seasons and 

mostly on public beaches 

- Intensive use of recreational boats 

and jet skis 

- Shore-front restaurants and cafes are 

widespread 

- Recreational fishing moderately 

practiced 

- Scuba diving moderately practiced 

- Two marine/coastal nature reserves 

declared by law: Palm Island in the 

North and the Tyre Coast in the 

South 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Increasing 

- Increasing 

- Increasing 

- Increasing 

- Two counts/month during 

the summer and one during 

winter (National Center for 

Marine Research) 

- Increasing 

- Increasing at an alarming 

rate 

- Increase in illegal 

recreational fishing 

- Increasing dramatically 

- Efforts and pressure are 

exerted by environmental 

groups and scientists to 

declare more areas as 

protected


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


IV. Fishing 1. Illegal harvesting techniques - Fishing with dynamite and - Slight increase in effort to 

(negative impact on fish poisonous substances still occurs in prevent illegal harvesting 

stocks) 

the south and north of the country 

methods 

- Nets with illegal mesh sizes are - Interest of NGOs in the 

widely available on the black market well-being of the fishing 

- Spear fishing using scuba-diving community 

gear is widely practiced (against the - Disinterest by government 

law) 

bodies to address the fishing 

industry 


3. Lack of data 

V. Lack of Data 1. Insufficient number of 

specialists 

2. Lack of interest from the 

authorities 

3. Lack of funding for research 

- Many Red-sea species are found on 

the Lebanese coast 

- Lack of research on assessment of 

fish stocks 

- Assessment of commercially viable 

fish stocks is non-existent 

- Studies on gear efficiency are absent 

- Few academic institutions offer 

educational programs in aquatic 

sciences 

- Protection of the marine ecosystem 

is absent 

- The government perceives the 

coastline as an area of urban 

development 

- Sufficient research activities are still 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Most likely increasing 

- Wider interest by Academic 

institutions to research the 

marine environment 

- No studies are projected by 

governmental bodies 

- Assessment of landings by 

the MoA have started (≈ 

8000 t/yr) 

- Increasing number of 

academic bodies are 

considering introducing 

programs in aquatic 

sciences 

- Growing interest at the 

Ministry of Environment in 

the marine ecosystem 

- Increased research activity


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


and research facilities 

lacking 

at the National Center for 

Marine Research 

- Decreasing due to the 

priorities set by the 

government for 

infrastructure development 

VI. Lack of 

awareness 

1. Lack of environmental 

education in schools and 

Universities 

2. Lack of trained school 

teachers in environmental 

education 

3. Modest environmental 

programs in the media 

- Funding from National Institutions 

is insufficient for serious research 

- Existence of the National Center for 

Marine Research at the National 

Council for Scientific Research 

- Sporadic research at academic 

institution 

- New school curricula include 

environmental education, but 

implementation has proven difficult 

- One academic program in 

Oceanography is offered at Beirut 

Arab University 

- One academic program in Aquatic 

Resource Management is offered at 

the University of Balamand 

- One academic program in 

Environmental Sciences is offered at 

Notre Dame University 

- Training sessions have been held by 

the government, but results are not 

known 

- Some local television stations air 

programs dealing with the local 

environment (NBN, TL) 

- Most newspapers have dedicated a 

page dealing with environmental 

issues 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Academic institutions are 

starting to seek international 

funds for research projects 

- Implementation is 

improving 


- Difficult to assess. 

Introduced in October 2001 

- Few graduates have entered 

the work force. 

- Difficult to assess. Training 

sessions are planned 


programs are being aired 

- Interviews with local 

specialists are increasing 


newspaper publish articles 

on the environment


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


4. Level of commitment of Non- - More than 163 environmental - Few NGOs are considered 

Governmental Organizations organizations exist 

professional 

- Increasing number of NGOs 

are building their capacities 

- NGOs are raising marine 

environmental issues more 

often 

5. Limited Funding 

6. Lack of environmental 

awareness in government 

institutions 

7. Lack of enforcement of 

existing regulations 

- Most sources of funding are the 

MoE & some funding agencies 

- The budget of local authorities 

(municipalities) is insufficient for 

investment in environmental 

activities 

- Government institutions still view 

the marine environment as an area 

for expansion 

- Government still views the coastline 

as an area for private development 

- Absence of national awareness 

strategy 

- Fishing with dynamite, poisonous 

substances and illegal gear is 

rampant 

- Boat maintenance by-products are 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- The budget is subject to 

government priorities 

- Decreasing due to the 

economic situation in the 

country 

- Awareness is increasing, but 

at a very slow rate 


- MoE is developing an 

environmental awareness 

startegy 

- EU/UNDP/MoE project will 

start soon on the 

“Enhancement of the 

Permanent Environmental 

Awareness Unit” at MoE 


- Assumed to be increasing


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


dumped at sea with no 

accountability 

VII. Eutrophication 1. No problems recorded 

- Assumed to exist in locations of 

sewage outfall sites and river outlets 

with sewage and agrochemical 

contamination 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Assumed to be increasing


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

2. Major threats resulting from the problems relevant to the country of Lebanon 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem 

I. Pollution 

Threats Causes Impacts Significance 

1. Urban Pollution 

2. Industrial Pollution 


4. Ballast waters 

1. Critical 

2. Critical 

3. High 

4. Unknown 

- Lack of enforcement of existing 

laws 

- Discharge of raw sewage 

- Absence of waste water treatment 

plants 

- Coastal landfills 


laws 

- Untreated Industrial effluent 

- Petro-chemical 

- Agrochemical 

- Power plants 

- Quality and maintenance of fuel 

delivery pipes by sea-tankers 

(petrol) 


laws 

- Indiscriminate use of 

pesticides/insecticides 

- Lack of awareness of adverse 

effects by user 

- Unknown 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Contamination of the neritic and 

benthic zones 

- Decrease in quality of 

recreational waters 

- Changes in the taxonomic 

diversity of the planktonic 

community 

- Changes in the taxonomic 

diversity of the nekton 

community 

- Mortality of sea-turtles 

- Displacement/ disappearance 

/extinction of local species 

- Bioconcentration of 

agrochemicals in seafood 

products 

- Tar and oil contamination from 

ballast dumping 

1. High 

2. High 

3. Medium 

4. Unknown


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem 

II. Development 


1. Population Growth 

2. Infrastructure 

Development 


1. Critical 

2. High 

3. High 

- Human population encroachment 

on the coastline 

- Increase in untreated sewage 

dumping 

- Increase in solid waste generation 

- Lack of employment 

opportunities in rural regions 

- Indiscriminate building of 

marinas 

- Lack of enforcing existent laws 

on construction 

- Lack of long-term planning 

- Lack of zoning plans 

- Lack of awareness 

- Legacy of the war 

- High real-estate prices 

- Disposal of construction and 

demolition waste 

- (Common to 1, 2 and 3) 

- Disappearance of the coastline 

- Destruction of sensitive habitats 

- Increased erosion from 

quarrying and deforestation 

- Increased localized 

sedimentation from quarrying 

and deforestation 

- Loss of terraces due to 

uncontrolled development and 

highway construction 

- Loss of sandy and gravel 

beaches 

- Disruption of coastal wildlife 

communities (aquatic & 

terrestrial) 

- Loss of species diversity 

- Alteration of sediment transport 

- Modifications of wave and 

current patterns 

4. Lack of 4. Medium - Unknown 

- Duplication of efforts 

communication 

- Conflict of use of resources 

- Inability of implementing laws 

- Inability to enforce compliance 

- Preservation of the status quo 

- Inability of developing long 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 

term plans for environmental 

Prepared By M. Nader & S. Talhouk protection June, 2002 

1. High 

2. High 

3. High 

4. High


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem 

III. Tourism 


1. Development of and 

encroachment on 

public land 

2. Pollution 

1. Critical 

2. Critical 

- Lack of implementation of 

existing laws 

- Absence of accountability for 

violations 

- Absence of clear coastal land 

zoning 

- Absence of coastal zone 

management plans 

- Political interference 

- Lack of awareness by the public 

of access rights 

- Lack of awareness by 

government institutions of the 

need to preserve public resources 

- Development of recreational 

areas for economic gain 

- High coastal real estate values 

(cheaper than purchasing private 

properties) 

- Absence of waste water treatment 

plants 

- Absence of treatment facilities 

for marine vehicle by-products 

(boat engines, jet-skis, oil, etc.) 

- Pollution generated by sea-side 

cafes and restaurants 

- Solid waste generated by 

resource users 

- Noise pollution 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Destruction of critical habitats 

- Disturbance of littoral 

communities 

- Disappearance of breeding 

grounds for marine and coastal 

species 

- Displacement of coastal species 

(land and marine) 

- Waste generation that enters the 

sea 

- Increased siltation from 

developmental projects 

- Obstruction of access to public 

land 

- Irreversible damage to coastal 

zones 

- Loss of aesthetic value 

- Disruption of predator-prey 

relationships 

- Contaminated sea food supplies 

- Increasing toxicity in water 

bodies detrimental to aquatic 

organisms 

- Destruction of critical habitats 

- Alteration of the biotic and 

abiotic components in target 

areas 

- Displacement of sensitive 

species 

- Negative effects on the survival 

of eggs/larvae 

1. High 

2. High


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem Threats Causes Impacts 

- Potential increase in viral and 

bacterial organisms 

- Decrease in stocks of marine 

organisms 

- Stress on the coastline 

Significance 

3. Recreational 

activities 

3. Medium 

- Scuba-diving activities 

- Increase of commercial fishing 

pressure during high seasons (i.e. 

sea-urchins, certain species of 

fish) 

- Unregulated recreational fishing 

- High densities of bathers during 

the season 

- Noise from excess use of marine 

vehicles 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Removal of fish species before 

reaching sexual maturity 

- Removal of certain species 

during the spawning season 

- Extensive removal of seaurchins 

(major problems with 

recruitment) 

- Disturbance to the littoral fauna 

and flora communities 

- Displacement of certain species 

- Disappearance of certain 

species 

- Destruction of habitats 

3. Unknown


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem 

IV. Fishing 


1. Illegal harvesting 

techniques (negative 

impact on fish 

stocks) 


3. Lack of Data 

1. Critical 

2. Unknown 

3. Critical 

- Use of dynamite 

- Use of poisonous substances 

- Use of illegal fishing gear 

- Commercial fishing without 

fishing permits 

- Lack of data to set harvesting 

quotas 

- Lack of regulated fishing seasons 

- Lack of enforcement of existent 

regulations 

- Lack of plans to develop the 

fishing industry 

- Suez canal 

- Ballast water 

- Lack of specialists 

- Lack of extensive studies on fish 

stocks 

- Lack of funds for assessment 

studies 

- Lack of interest by government 

institutions in the fisheries sector 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Decrease in size of 

economically important marine 

species 

- Decrease in tonnage harvested 

- Destruction of marine habitats 

- Over-harvesting of 

economically feasible species 

- Depletion of some 

economically important species 

- Alteration of habitats 

- Displacement of indigenous 

species 

- Destruction of local habitats 

- Extinction of sensitive species 

- Depletion of certain fish stocks 

- Inability to devise management 

plans 

- Inability to set harvesting limits 

1. High 

2. Unknown 

3. High


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem 

V. Lack of Data 


1. Insufficient number 

of specialists 

2. Lack of interest from 

the authorities and 

academic institutions 

3. Lack of funding for 

research and 

research facilities 

1. Critical 

2. Critical 

3. Critical 

- Absence of academic programs 

in marine sciences 

- Negligible employment 

opportunities in marine sciences 

- Social and cultural preferences 

towards traditional fields of 

expertise (medicine, engineering 

etc.) 

- General lack of interest 

- Lack of awareness 

- Absence of employment 

opportunities 

- The fisheries sector is not 

perceived as economically 

attractive 

- The marine environment is 

perceived as feasible through the 

tourism sector only 

- Difficulties in introducing higher 

education degrees in most 

Universities 

- Lack of interest from academic 

bodies in marine research 

- Lack of specialists in 

marine/aquatic sciences 

- Non-availability of a marine 

research vessel in the country of 

Lebanon 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- (Common for 1 and 2) 

- Absence of hard data for 

policy making 

- No quotas on harvesting 

marine species 

- Deficit in the marine 

biodiversity list 

- Protection measures not based 

on scientific data 

- Absence of a national data 

base that includes all research 

carried-out on the Lebanese 

coast 

- Loss of biodiversity before it is 

recorded 

- Inability to develop sound 

protective measures for 

endangered species 

- Continued expansion of 

development projects 

- Major difficulties in developing 

the field of marine sciences 

- Continued lack of interest by 

students to study the sector 

- Major difficulties in producing 

reliable scientific data 

- Major difficulties in sustaining 

on-going research 

- Impossibility of developing 

research laboratories 

1. High 

2. High 

3. High


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem 

VI. Lack of awareness 


1. Absence of 

environmental 

education in schools 

and Universities 

2. Lack of trained 

school teachers in 

environmental 

education 

3. Modest 

environmental 

programs in the 

media 

1. Critical 

2. Critical 

3. Critical 

- Lack of awareness of the need for 

such educational material 

(improving) 

- Dependence on teaching 

traditional fields of expertise 

- Absence of specialized 

instructors in the field of 

environment 

- Absence of higher education 

degrees in marine science at all 

Lebanese Universities 

- Difficulty in training teachers 

with no environmental 

background 

- Scattered and minimal 

information on Lebanese coastal 

and marine fauna and flora 

- Absence of reporters with 

environmental backgrounds 

- General lack of interest unless 

political implications are 

involved 

- Lack of interest from viewers due 

to lack of awareness 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Delay in acknowledging the 

need to preserve marine and 

coastal habitats 

- Increase in practices with 

negative impacts 

- Delay in initiating research in 

biodiversity conservation 

- Abuse of the marine coastal 

environment 

- Increase of polluting practices 

with no public accountability 

- Delay in educating young 

generations about the 

importance of coastal and 

marine biodiversity 

- Delay in educating young 

generations about the 

importance of the preservation 

of biodiversity 

- Indiscriminate practices with 

negative impacts by the 

Lebanese population 

- Delay in developing the 

awareness of the population for 

conservation 

- Absence of transparency and 

accountability on 

environmental violation 

activities 

1. High 

2. High 

3. High


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem Threats Causes Impacts Significance 

4. Level of commitment 4. Critical - Some NGOs are politically - Apathy from the population 4. High 

of Non- 

affiliated 

towards the environmental 

Governmental 

- Difficulties in achieving results movement 

Organizations 

- Absence of environmental - Public distrust in the initiatives 

experts 

of NGOs 

- Absence of full time employees - Decrease of lobbying pressure 

in most NGOs 

to instigate change 

5. Limited funding 

6. Absence of 

environmental 

awareness in public 

institutions 

7. Lack of enforcement 

of existing 

regulations 

5. Critical 

6. Critical 

7. Critical 

- Lack of experts to support the 

mobilization of funds 

- Lack of experience in 

methodologies of mobilizing 

funds 

- Aging public employees 

- Lack of knowledge of the 

importance of biodiversity 

conservation 

- Lack of training on 

environmental issues 

- Unknown 

- Most likely related to government 

priorities and personal interests of 

politicians 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


- Inability to hold enough 

awareness campaigns 

- Decrease in public 

participation regarding 

environmental issues 

- Inability of NGOs to sustain 

their activities 

- Inability of NGOs to become 

more professional in 

addressing environmental 

issues 

- Environmental laws and 

regulation not applied 

- Wrong decisions are taken and 

implemented 

- Lack of seriousness in 

handling environmental issues 

- Absence of support for 


- Continued abuse of the coastal 

and marine environments 

- Loss of biodiversity in all 

forms 

- Increase in pollution levels 

5. High 

6. High 

7. High


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Issue/Problem 

VII. Eutrophication 


1. No problems 

recorded up to date 

1. Low 

- None 

- None 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


1. Low


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

IV. Priorities for action 

Priorities were determined based on the Biodiversity National Action Plan of the MoE, and the input of 

the steering committee members. The priorities listed below are organized in order of importance. 

Priority Action 1: Establish conservation strategies for coastal habitats 

Justification 

Description 

Targets 

Responsibility 

Prerequisites needed 

for implementation 

Support needed 

The Lebanese coast is highly polluted and urbanized. Conservation of 

remaining coastal habitats necessitates a national conservation strategy 

that takes into account land use, pollution, and biological value of 

existing habitats. 

• Identify pollution hotspots 

• Characterize habitats targeted for conservation 

• Identify organisms (flora and / or fauna) targeted for 

conservation 

• Study the impact of exotic invasive species on local 

biodiversity 

• Generate GIS maps to locate and characterize hotspots, and 

infer current and future impacts on affected habitats 

• Identify actions needed to prevent pollution 

• Develop coastal land use zoning 

• Develop conservation priorities including the identification of 

habitats that should be protected 

• Develop conservation strategies including the sustainable use 

of habitats that require protection 

• Develop management strategies for the control of exotic 

invasive species 

• Academic and research institutions (public and private) 

• Concerned governmental bodies (ministries and municipalities) 

• NGOs 

• Fishermen's unions 

• Industries 

• Tourist sector 

• Mediterranean countries 

• Availability of a research vessel 

• Availability of field equipments 

• Availability of specialized scientists and researchers 

• Endorsement and legal support by public institutions 

• Technical support and regional agreements 

• Construction of treatment plants for waste water 

• Management options for the disposal of ballast water 

• Funding to support research, equipment and supply purchases 

• Funding for the construction of treatment plants for waste water 

• Funding for the management of ballast water 

• Purchasing of a research vessel 

• Funding to support the generation of GIS maps 

• Funding to support the drafting of conservation priorities and 

strategies 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Priority Action 2: Updating of legislation and development of guidelines for 

marine and coastal conservation 

Justification Current laws and regulations are either outdated or not implemented 

Description 

Targets 


Prerequisites needed 

for implementation 


• Review current legislation at the national level 

• Compare current legislation in relation to international 

agreements and protocols 

• Assess causes for lack of enforcement and /or compliance to 

existing regulations 

• Assess commercially viable fish stocks 

• Review existing laws related to the fishing sector including 

fishing gear 

• Review existing laws related to coastal land use 

• Review existing laws related to the recreational use of marine 

habitats 

• Modernize legislation and align with international agreements 

and protocols 

• Develop guidelines for the effective and sustainable 

implementation of laws regulating the use of the coastal and 

marine habitats (fish quotas…, recreation and tourism) 

• Publish fishing quotas for landings 


implementation of laws regulating the use of fishing gear and 

methods 

• Parliament 

• Concerned government bodies (ministries, municipalities) 


• Tourism sector 

• Recreational sector 

• Political willingness to regulate the different sectors 

• Lawyers specialized in the field of environmental conservation 

and use 

• Fisheries managers 

• Technical support for legal frameworks related to biodiversity 

conservation 

• Training of fisheries managers 

• Funding to support research and necessary investigations 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Priority Action 3: Awareness campaigns for the Lebanese coastal 

communities and the public sector 

The perception of littoral and marine habitats as natural assets 

Justification that need to be protected has been lacking in light of the current 

land use and population growth patterns in coastal cities. This 

has marginalized the value of littoral and marine habitats for 

the benefit of terrestrial ones. 

• Increase public knowledge and awareness on existing 

Description 

marine habitats and species 

• Generate educational material and organize workshops 

to address stakeholders 

• Target government institutions for specialized training 

courses in marine conservation 

• Create a public aquarium for educational purposes 

Targets 

• Develop educational material and activities targeted to 

fishermen and related to the impact of adverse fishing 

activities on marine biodiversity 


recreational users and related to the impact of 

unregulated 

biodiversity 

recreational aquatic activities on 

• Develop educational material and activities to raise the 

awareness of government employees and civil servants 

to the importance of implementing laws and regulations 

related to coastal and marine conservation 

• NGOs 


• Concerned government bodies 

• Academic institutions 

• Schools 



• Political support for addressing government bodies 

Prerequisites needed • Active participation and coordination among local and 

for implementation international NGOs 

• Audiovisual equipments 

• Technical training of NGOs 

Support needed • Technical training and regional endorsement for 

awareness raising in government institutions 

• Funding for awareness campaigns including the 

production of audiovisual material 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Priority Action 4: Develop monitoring strategies for marine and 

coastal biodiversity. 

• Current research findings and inventories of local 

Justification 

marine and coastal biodiversity are not consolidated and 

used for the development of a comprehensive 

monitoring strategy. 

• Develop a national mechanism for regular updating of 

Description 

information and databases on marine and coastal 

biodiversity 

• Generate bio-indicators for monitoring changes in 

marine and coastal ecosystems and habitats. 

• Develop a monitoring priorities for marine and coastal 

habitats 

• Develop guidelines for transferring monitoring 

• 

activities to local authorities (municipalities) 

Creation of a readily accessible national database of 

Targets 

marine and coastal biodiversity 

• Generate bioindicators and develop monitoring 

• 

priorities to allow decision makers to take appropriate 

action for biodiversity conservation 

Academic and research institutions (public and private) 


• Concerned governmental bodies (ministries and 

• 

municipalities) 

Availability of specialized scientists and researchers 

Prerequisites needed • Well equipped research facilities 

for implementation • Endorsement and legal support by public institutions 


• Funding to support research, equipment and supply 

purchases 

• Capacity building 

• Funding to support the creation and maintenance of an 

interactive national database 

• Funding to support the drafting of the monitoring action 

plans. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Priority Action 5: Determine the physical parameters of the Lebanese 

marine environment 

Absence of information on physical parameters such as current 

Justification patterns, wave height and activity, salinity, and bathymetry is 

affecting the possibility to develop models for pollution 

dispersion, fish migration and harvesting and overall 

population dynamics 

• Elucidate coastal current patterns in relation to seasons 

Description 

• Determine wave height and activity in relation to 

seasons 

• Determine fluctuation in salinity in relation to seasons 

more specifically on river mouths 

• Study the bathymetry of the Lebanese coast 

• Assess the impact of the aforementioned physical 

parameters on marine biodiversity, population 

• 

dynamics and target indicator species 

Generate GIS based maps of the physical parameters of 

Targets 

the Lebanese coast. 

• Establish a readily accessible national database of the 

physical parameters 

• Develop models to predict fluctuations in the physical 

parameters and their impact on biodiversity, population 

dynamics and target indicator species. 




• 


Developing the infrastructure of the Marine Center for 

Prerequisites needed National Research for long term collection of data on 

for implementation physical parameters 

• Availability of a research vessel 

• Availability of field equipments 

• Availability of specialized scientists and researchers 

• Endorsement and legal support by public institutions 

• Funding to support research, equipment and supply 


purchases 

• Funding to support the creation and maintenance of a 

data collection centre 

• Purchasing of a research vessel 

• Funding to support the generation of GIS maps 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

V. Investment Portfolio 

The conservation of biological diversity and natural resources requires investments in staff, in 

infrastructure, in research and in education. A consequence of the Lebanese civil war is a slow economy 

and an almost bankrupt country that is not being able to address the basic needs of its population. 

Therefore, the Government of Lebanon, even though it recognizes the importance of the conservation of 

biological diversity, spends mostly on priority issues like revamping the infrastructure of the country in 

terms of telecommunications, road networks etc. which leaves very meager financing possibilities for 

nature conservation and environmental issues. Notwithstanding, the different protocols/agreements that 

Lebanon has signed on the regional and international levels stand witness to the willingness and 

commitment of the Lebanese to participate in remedying the negative environmental impacts resulting 

from human activities. In addition, given the historical link of the Lebanese society with the 

Mediterranean, it is imperative that this great resource with all its biota be understood and preserved as 

part of the culture of Lebanon. 

Securing funding for the Priority Actions presented in this report will ensure that the Mediterranean is 

receiving the attention it so much deserves as well as raising the awareness of the Lebanese population to 

the need of conserving our coastal and marine resources. 

It is important to note that the following section provides only rough estimates required for the National 

Action Plans, as consultants have been contracted to draw elaborate plans, including detailed budgets for 

each National Action Plan. These latter plans will be ready for implementation as soon as funding is 

allocated. Furthermore, budget estimates in this report are provided as if each Priority Action will be 

implemented independently even though some items are common between several plans and require to be 

purchased once (i.e. funding to support the generation of GIS maps, research vessel, etc.). 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Table 11. Estimated Investment Portfolio for each Action Plan 

Priority Action 1 Establish conservation strategies for coastal habitats 

Responsibility • Concerned governmental bodies (ministries and 



• NGOs 


• Industries 

• Tourist sector 

• Mediterranean countries 

Targets • Generate GIS maps to locate and characterize hotspots, 

and infer current and future impacts on affected habitats 

• Identify actions needed to prevent pollution 

• Develop coastal land use zoning 

• Develop conservation priorities including the 

identification of habitats that should be protected 

• Develop conservation strategies including the sustainable 

use of habitats that require protection 

• Develop management strategies for the control of exotic 

invasive species 

Estimated Cost in $ $ 2,750,000 

Priority Action 2 Updating of legislation and development of guidelines for 

marine and coastal conservation 

Responsibility • Parliament 

• Concerned government bodies (ministries, municipalities) 



• Recreational sector 

Targets • Modernize legislation and align with international 

agreements and protocols 


implementation of laws regulating the use of the coastal 

and marine habitats (fish quotas…, recreation and 

tourism) 

• Publish fishing quotas for landings 


implementation of laws regulating the use of fishing gear 

and methods 

Estimated Cost in $ $ 500,000 

Priority Action 3 Awareness campaigns for the Lebanese coastal communities 

and the public sector 

Responsibility • NGOs 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Table 11. Estimated Investment Portfolio for each Action Plan 

• Concerned government bodies 

• Academic institutions 

• Schools 



Targets • Create a public aquarium for educational purposes 


fishermen and related to the impact of adverse fishing 

activities on marine biodiversity 


recreational users and related to the impact of unregulated 

recreational aquatic activities on biodiversity 

• Develop educational material and activities to raise the 

awareness of government employees and civil servants to 

the importance of implementing laws and regulations 

related to coastal and marine conservation 

Estimated Cost in $ $ 900,000 

Priority Action 4 Develop monitoring strategies for marine and coastal 

biodiversity. 

Responsibility • Concerned governmental bodies (ministries and 



Targets • Creation of a readily accessible national database of 

marine and coastal biodiversity 

• Generate bioindicators and develop monitoring priorities 

to allow decision makers to take appropriate action for 



Priority Action 5 Determine the physical parameters of the Lebanese marine 

environment 

Responsibility • Academic and research institutions (public and private) 



Targets • Generate GIS based maps of the physical parameters of 

the Lebanese coast. 

• Establish a readily accessible national database of the 

physical parameters 

• Develop models to predict fluctuations in the physical 

parameters and their impact on biodiversity, population 

dynamics and target indicator species. 


___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Appendix I. Literature review of publications related to aquatic and 

coastal biodiversity 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Author Date Title of Article Journal/ Book/ Bulletin 

? Draft Training Manual for Protected Areas in Lebanon Protected Areas Project – Lebanon; Ministry of 

Environment 

? Draft Management Plan: Palm Islands Nature Reserve Protected Areas Project – Lebanon; Ministry of 

يرﺎﻣ , ﺐﻌﺻ ﻲﺑا دﻮﺒﻋ يرﺎﻣ ـ 1999 رﺎﺤﺒﻟا مﻮﻠﻋ ةوﺪﻧ . ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا داﻮﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺮﺘﻟا ضاﻮﺣا ب ﺎﺼﺧا ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺔﺳارد 

. بﺎﺴآ ﺰﻳﺮﺗ 

ﺔﻴﻜﻤﺴﻟا ة وﺮﺜﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗو 

A. Saad 2001 Cycle de reproduction et fecondite chez Upeneus 

moluccensis (Mullidae), espece Indo-Pacifique, dans les 

eaux de Syrie. 

Abboud, M. 1981 Etude preliminaire du phytoplankton des eaux cotieres 

Libanaises par la methode d’Utermohl 

Abboud, M., S. Lakkis & R. 1981 Conditions hydrologiques et plankton dans le secteur 

Zeidane 

libanais. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1981 Observations sur la poussée phytoplanctonique printanière 

de la côte Libanaise 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M., 1981 Hydrographic conditions and plankton of the Lebanese 

Lakkis, S. & Zeidane, R. 

marine water. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


Environment 

١٩٩٩ / ٤/ 

٢٢ ـ 

٢٠ , ﺔﻴﻗ ذﻼﻟا 

Lebanese Science Journal. Vol. 2, No. 1, p: 59. 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit. 27(7): 83-84 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer MEDIT. 27(7): 115-116 

VII Réunion scientifique, LAAS, 21-24 mars, 

1981, Beyrouth (Liban) p. 87. 

VII Science Meeting, LAAS, 21-24 March 

1981, Beirut (Lebanon), p. 86. 

Abboud Marie. 1982 Production primaire et relations entre certains parameters Rapp. P.V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 180: 

de la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans le Dome de Gumee 214-218. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1982 Variations saisonnieres dans la densite des populations Proceedings II Conf. Arab Biologists 3-6 

microplanctoniques dans les eaux cotieres Libanaises november, Fes, Moroc. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1984 Survey of Microplankton in Lebanese coastal waters Proceedings III Conf. Arab Biologists 3-6 

November 1984, Amman, (Jordan), p.67. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1984 Variations quotidiennes des populations phytoplanctoniques VIII Réunion scientifique de LAAS, 21-24 

dans un point fixe de la côte Libanaise durant une période 

printanière. 

mars, 1984, Beyrouth (Liban) 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1985a Etude quantitative du phytoplankton des eaux cotieres Leb.s Sci. Bull 1(2): 197-222 

Libanaises 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1985b Contribution a l’etude des populations microplanctoniques These de Doctorat dEtat es Sciences, Univ. Aix 

des eaux cotieres Libanaises (Mediterranee Orientale) Marseille II, 281 pp


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1985c Remarques sur la presence de Ceratium egyptiacum Halim Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit 29 (9): 95-96 

(Dinoflagelles) dans les eaux cotieres Libanaises 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1985d 

(Mediterranee Orientale) 

Contribution a l’etude du microplamcton en miditerranee Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit 29 (9): 173-174 

orientale: Ciliees oligotriches Tintinnides (Tintinnina) 

Abi Saab, M. 1985 Contribution a l’etude des populations microplanctonique These doctorat. Universite Aix-Marseille II, 

des eaux cotieres Libanaises. 

France. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1986 Contribution a l’etude de la poussee phytoplanctonique Lebanese Sci. Bull 2(1):25-52 

printaniere dans les eaux cotieres Libanaises 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1986 Importance des Diatomées dans les eaux côtières 4ème conférence des biologistes Arabes 29 

Libanaises 

Avril-2 Mai, 1986 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1987 Etude a petite echelle de l’heterogeneite du plankton cotier. Lebanese Sci. Bull 3(2): 25-52 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 1987 Importance des Dinoflagellés dans les eaux côtières LAAS, X Science Meeting, June 4-6, 1987, 

Kassab, M-T. 

Libanaises. 

Beirut, Lebanon. P. 71 

Abboud Abi-Saab, M. & 1988 

Kassab, M.T. 

Les Ciliees planctoniques dans les eaux cotieres Libanaises. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 31(2): 219. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1988a Diversite specifique et successions ecologiques des 

populations microplanctoniques dans les eaux cotieres 

Libanaises 

Lebanese Sci. Bull 4(1): 19-29 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1988b Etude quantitative et qualitative des Actinopodes Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. Paris, 64(1): 65-74 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1988c 

(actinopoda) dans les Eaux cotieres Libanaises 

Importance du nanoplancton dans les eaux cotieres 

Libanaises 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit 31 (2): 229. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1988 Importance du nanoplancton dans les eaux cotieres 

Libanaises 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit 31 (2): p-125. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M & El- 1988 Dominant and potentially toxic microalgae in Lebanese Harmful Algae. Reguera,B, Blanco ,J, 

Bakht, Y. 

coastal waters. 

Fernandez, M.L.and Wyatt,T.ed Xunta de 

Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic 

Commission of UNESCO.p 92. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 1988 Estimation des populations planctoniques da la baie de Annales de Recherche Scientifique, 1 :187-195. 

Dilingi, H 

Batroun dans le but d’établir un élevage conchylicole 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 1988 Day-to-day fluctuations of microplankton during an Leb. Sci.Bull., 11(1): 45-65. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Owagyen, M. autumnal period at a fixed station off the Lebanese coast 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1989a Distribution and ecology of Tintinnids in the plankton of J. Plankton Res. 11(2): 203-222 

Lebanese coastal water (Eastern Mediterranean) 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1989b Les Dinoflagelles des eaux cotieres Libanaises. Especes Lebanese Sci. Bull 5(2): 5-16. 

rares ou nouvelle du phytoplankton marin 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. 1989 Les Dinoflagellés des eaux côtières Libanaises. Espèces Leb. Sci. Bull., 5 (2): 5-16. 

rares ou nouvelles du phytoplancton marin 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1990a Variations quotidiennes des populations phytoplanctoniques 

durant une periode automnale en un point fixe de la cote 

Libanaise 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit 31(2): 204 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1990 Variations quotidiennes des populations Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit. , 32 (1): p- II9. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1990 

phytoplanktoniques durant une période automnale dans un 

point fixe de la côte Libanaise. 

Contribution to the study of the Diatoms of Lebanese 30th science week, 3-8 Nov. 1990, Damascus, 

coastal water. 

Syria (in print). 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1990b Evolution mensuelle des Tintinnides (Tintinnia) de 1986 a 

1988 en deux station de baie Jounieh (Liban). 

Rapp.Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 32 (1): 218 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M & 1990 Evolution annuelle des Tintinnids (Tintinnina) de 1986 a Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 32 (1): p-V8. 

Kassab, M-T. 

1988 dénombrés par la méthode d'Utermِhl dans les 

échantillons d'eau des eaux Libanaises. 

Abboud Abi-Saab, M. & 1992 Influence de la dilution fluviale sur la dynamique des Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 33: p43. 

M.T. Kassab. 

population phyto-et nanoplanctoniques dans les eaux 

lebanaises 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1992a Day-to-day variation in phytoplankton assemblages during 

spring blooming in a fixed station along the Lebanese 

coastline. 

J.Plankton Research, 14 (8): 1099-1115. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1992b Les Silicoflagelles de la cote centrale Libanaise Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 33. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1993a Les caracteres hydrologiques des eaux marines entre El- 

Mina et le Parc des Iles des Palmiers 

Hannon, 22:59-69. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1993b Variations in planktonic Foraminifera concentrations along 

the Mediterranean. 

Lebanese Sci. Bull., 6(1): 25-32. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 1994 Interrelations entre groupes planctoniques dans les eaux Cahiers de l'analyse des données, 19 (4): 395- 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Nabbhan, Ph. côtières Libanaises 416. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1996 Influence des fleuves sur la dynamique des populations 

planctoniques (production primaire). Cas typique de la côte 

centrale du Liban. Rapports finaux des projects de 

recherches sur les effets (Domaine de Recherche III). 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M & 1996 Impact de plusieurs sources de pollution sur les populations 

Atallah A 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 

Kassab, M-T 

microplanctoniques des eaux cotieres de Batroun 

1996 Influence des rivières sur la dynamique des populations 

planctoniques (production primaire)-Cas de la côte centrale 

du Liban 

Abi Saab, M. 1996 Impact de plusieurs source de pollution sur les populations 

microplanctoniques des eaux cotieres de Batroun. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M & 1997 A study of Annual Cycle of Phytoplanctonic Populations in 

Kassab, M.T. 

the Palm Islands Nature Reserve, Lebanon. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M 1999 Assesing Climate change impacts and adaption on Marine 

(contribution) 

ecosystems 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 1999 Enrichissement des eaux marines par des fertilisants 

Aoun 

organiques comme essais sur la polyculture 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 1999 Variations géographiques des populations 

Kassab, M. –T 

phytoplanctoniques le long de la côte Libanaise. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 2000 Relation entre les deux premiers maillons de la chaîne 

Abou Faycal, F 

alimentaire dans le milieu pélagique des eaux côtières 

Libanaises 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 2000 Migrations diurnes des populations planctoniques dans une 

Kallassy, M. 

station côtière à Batroun 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. & 2000 Utilisation des indices écologiques phytoplanctoniques pour 

Wehbe, M. -T. 

l’estimation de la qualité de l’eau. 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M. 2000 L’enrichissement de l’eau de mer par différentes 

Wardan, R 

concentrations de fumure de poules 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M., 2000 Relationships between toxic phytoplankton and 

Chedid, S. & Kassab, M., 

environmental factors in fishing harbors in Lebanese 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


Effets de la pollution sur les communaute 

marines. MAP Technical Series No.97, UNEP, 

Athens, 1996 

Lebanese Scientific Research Reports. Vol. 1, 

No. 1(1): 51-64. 

Leb. Sci. Bull., 9(1): 11-25. 

Leb. Sci. Res. Rep., 1(1). 

Lebanese Science Bulletin. Vol. 10, No 10(1): 

61-79. 

UNDP, GEF, 1999, B5b-B5b-14.project 

Number: Leb/95/1G/99/. 

13th Science Meeting, (LAAS), 2-4 November 

1999. 

13th Science Meeting, (LAAS), 2-4 November 

1999. 

Annales de Recherche Scientifique, 2: 21-32 

Science Meeting, 23-25 November 1999. 14t 

Science Meeting, 2-4 November 2000, p.110. 

Annales de Recherche Scientifique, 2: 11-19. 

Annales de Recherche Scientifique, 2 : 33-40. 

Harmful Algal Bloom, 9th International 

Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, 7-


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


waters. 11February, (Hobart, Tasmania, Australia). 

(Abstract) 

Abboud-Abi Saab, M., 

Kassab, M., Mattar N, & 

Mina R 


Aoun, T 


Bteich, M. -R 

2000 Relations entre les populations phytoplanctoniques et les 

conditions environnementales dans deux stations littorales 

des eaux Libanaises 

2001 Enrichissement d’eau de mer par des fertilisants organiques 

comme essais sur la polyculture. 

2001 Variations à courte échelle des populations 

microplanctoniques au nord du Liban 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


14th Science Meeting, 24-25 November 2000, 

p. 109. 

Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 36, P 227. 

Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 36, P 345. 

Abi Saleh, B. et al. 1976 Les series forestieres de vegetation au Liban. Bulletin Societe Botanique de France. Vol. 

123, paris, france. 

Abi Saleh, B. 1979 Etude phytosociologique, phytodynamique et ecologique These doctorat. Universite de droit, d’economie 

des peuplements sylvicoles du Liban. 

et des sciences. Marseille, France. 

Abou-Chaar, C., and J 1961 Medicinals Plants of Lebanon. International Symposium on Vol. 4(4), pp153-157. 

Ades. 

Plant Resources of the Middle East. Rauwolfia for the 

pharmaceutical industry. 

Accaoui,. J. 1966 La peche et la chasse au Liban: Richesse nationale. Le Commerce du Levant, 76:20-22 

Acra,A. 1974 Pollution of the Lebanese marine environment by coastal 

towns. Paper presented at the 4 th Bagdad, April 20-25 

Conf. Of the Arab Cities 

Organization. 

Acra, A., S.Naaman & Z. 1981 Total mercury levels in canned and frozen fish imported Environ. Contam. & Toxicol., 27:209-212 

Raffoul. 

into Lebanon. 

Ahmad, M.I 1972 Marine pollution by oil and municipal waste along the coast 

of Lebanon. 

M.S Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Akl, Ziad. 1996 Al Saqfir newspaper. Monday, 8/7/1996. 

Al Habre, R., and M. 

Semaan El Hbre. 

1993 Le Parc Naturel des lles Palmiers. 

Al Haj, S.A 1970 Demand determinants for shipping at the port of Beirut. L’Egypte Contemporaine, 342:39-62 

Alme. 1995 L’energie au Liban 1995. Alme. 

Amadoumy, Z. 1973 Le site archeologique sub-aquatique d’el Mina Tripoli- 

Liban. 

Trans-Press, Liban. 20pp, XIV pl.


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Amadoumy Z. 1980 Traces de naufrages de la fin du premier sur le littoral de 

Deir En Nour et El Qalamoun, Liban. 

Imprimerie Camille Abdelnoor, Beyrouth. 8pp. 

Anonymous 1957 A propos de la constitution d’une flotte marchande au Economie Libanaise et Arabe, Avril, 17-20 

Liban 

Anonymous 1964a Traffic maritime du port de Beyrouth en 1963 Compagnie de Gestion D’exploitation de 

Beyrouth. 105pp 

Anonymous 1964 Code de Commerce Maritime et Legisilation Maritime. Librairie Antoine, Beyrouth. 378pp 

Anonymous 1965 L’industrie de la peche au Liban Etude Mensuelle de l’Econnomie et des 

Finances de la Syrie et des pay Arabes, 

136:101-104 

Anonymous 1972 Programme de reorganization et de developpement de Ministere du Plan, Beyrouth. 24pp. 

l’oceanographie et des peches au Liban 

Mimeographed report. 

Anonymous 1973 La peche au Liban Syrie et Moonde Arade, 230:52-53 

Anonymous 1973 Identification Sheet FAO 

Anonymous 1974 Trafic maritime 1953-1974 Compagnie du Port Beyrouth. 22pp. 

Anonymous 1980 Plant Production and protection paper26. FAO. 

Anonymous 1990 Lebanon Land Cover Map.1:50,0000. FAO. Project NECP/LEB/001/SAU. 

Anonymous 1994 Etude de Planification du Raffinage au Liban. 

Anonymous 1995 “Identification of Source Protection Works, Final Report”. Council for Development and Reconstruction. 

Anonymous 1995 Etude de faisabilite de la Collecte et du Traitement des DEMADOR, Programme MedUrbs. 

Dechets Solides dans la Communaute urbaine d’Al Fayhaa 

(Tripoli). 

Anonymous 1995 Lebanon: Assessment of the State of the Environment Ministry of the Environment and 

Mediterranean Environmental Technical 

Anonymous 1996 “New Reconstruction’s Lost Horizons” 

Assistance Program, Final Report. 

ECO.Sep.2,1996 

Anonymous 1996 A Nationwide Study of Quarries. Directorate General of Urban Planning/Dar al 

Handasah. 

Anonymous 1996 Progress Report. Council for Development and Reconstruction. 

Anonymous 1998 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Ministry of Environment/UNDP. 

Anonymous 2001 Lebanon: Environment and Sustainable Development Ministry of Environment. UNEP/MAP 

Arandorg, C. & L. 1967 Les poisons Oligocenes de l’Iran, Liban, Syrie, et bordure Musee National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Dubertret. des pays voisins. 355pp. 

Arslan, S., R. Greze & H. 1995 

Abdel-Nour. 

Les fossils du Liban: guide pratique. Imp. Meouchy et Zakaria, Beyrouth. 86pp. 

Asmar, Camille. 1995 Byblos: Rationalization and Conservation of an National Museum News, Second Issue: Fall 

Associated Consulting 1963 

Archeological Site”, 

Preliminary study for Beirut and suburbs sewerage system. Report to the Conseil Executif des Grands 

Engineers. 

Projets de la ville de Beyrouth. 53pp. 

Atallah, S. I. 1977-1978 Mammals of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Their Saugetierkund liche Mitteilungen, t. 25(4): 

Ecology, systematics, and Zoogeographical Relationships. 241-320 and t. 26(1): 1-50. 

Avolizi, R.J. & Numayhid, 1974 

M. 

Effects of crude oil and dispersants on bivalves. Mar. Poll. Bull., 5:149-153 

Awad, I. & J.C. Makemson. 1973 Nitrification potential and isolation of three unique Presented at the 4 

nitrifying bacteria from Lebanese coastal waters. 

th Science Meeting L.A.A.S., 

Beirut 14-16 Dec. 

Awad,I.A. 1972 Nitrification in Lebanese coastal waters. M.S. Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

B. E. S. T. 1995 Lebanon Fishers Harbors. Prepared for the Ministry of Transport. 

Barakat, H.A. 1967 The mineral content of some calcium carbonate depositing 

marine organisms. 

M.S. Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Barnett, R.D. 1958 Early shipping in the Near East. Antiquity, 32:220-230. 

Basson, P.W., J.T. Hardy & 1976 Ecology of marine macroalgae in relation to pollution along Acta Adriatica, 18(19): 307-325. 

V. Lakkis 

the coast of Lebanon. 

Bassous, M. 1956 Le Port de Beyrouth. Melanges Proche-Orientaux d’Economie 

Bazin, C. 1959 L’Avenir du port de Beyrouth. 

Politique, pp31-77 

Revue Franco-Libanaise, 8(30):13-21 

Beaudoux,A. 1966 Navires de recherches et d’entrainement a la peche. Presentee a l’Exposition Technique Francais de 

Beyrouth. 19 Oct 1966. Beyrouth. 

Beydoun, Z.R. 1976 Observations of geomorphology, transportation and 

Mimeographed report 

Mar. Biol., 21:311-324 

Bizri. I. 1970 

distridution of sediments in Western Lebanon and 

continental shelf and slope regions. 

Rappels de differentes etudes et rapports effectues par les Synthese de conclusion. Ministere du Plan, 

experts etrangers sur le littoral Libanais. 

Beyrouth. 25pp. 

Bonin, D.Jj., M.C. Bonin, & 1989 Mise en evidence experimentale des facteurs nutritifs Aquatic Sciences 51(2). 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


T. Berman. limitants de la production du micro-nanoplancton et de 

l’ultraplancton dans une eau cotiere de la Mediterranee 

orientale. 

Boulos, I. 1962 Carte de reconnaissance des cotes du Liban, 2 nd ed. Bassil Freres, Beyrouth, 1:150,000, 2 sheets. 

Boulos, I. 1962 Carte de reconnaissance des cotes du Liban. 1:150,000. Basssile Freres, Beyrouth. 

Boulos, I. 1967a La peche moderne: methods pratiquees au Japan: 

possibilities d’adaptation au Liban 

Ministere de l’Agriculture, Beyrouth. 260pp. 

Boulos, I. 1967b Programme de reorganization et de developpement des Ministere de l’Agriculture, Beyrouth. 27pp. 

peches maritimes au Liban. 


Boulos, I. 1968 Contribution a l’oceanographie des peches au Liban. These, Univ. Paris. 

Boulos, E.J. 1979 La pollution physico-chimique et ses effets sur les plages These, Universitite Libanaise, Faculte de 

Libanaises. 

pedagogie II. 

Boulos I. 1993 La peche au Liban (rehabilitation). 

Boulos I & Boulos N 1995 لًوﻷا ءﺰﺠﻟا – ﺔًﻴﻧﺎﻨﺒﻠﻟا ﺔًﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻻا ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔًﻳﺮﺤﺒﻟا ءﺎﻴﺣﻷا ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا . نﺎﻨﺒﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔًﻳﺮﺒﻟاو ﺔًﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟا ﺔًﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟاو ﺔًﻴﻧاﻮﻴﺤﻟا ءﺎﻴﺣﻷا 

ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ةرازو – ٤ ﺔًﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا 

Boulos I & Boulos N 1995 نﺎﻨﺒﻟ ﻲﻓ رﻮﻴًﻄﻟاو تﺎﻓﺎًﺣﺰﻟاو تﺎًﻴﻋﺪﻔﻀﻟا ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا . نﺎﻨﺒﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔًﻳﺮﺒﻟاو ﺔًﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟا 

ﺔًﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟاو ﺔًﻴﻧاﻮﻴﺤﻟا ءﺎﻴﺣﻷا 

ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ةرازو – ٣ ﺔًﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا 

Boulos I & Boulos N 1995 ﺔًﻴﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﺎﻨهﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﻓ تﺎﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟاو كﺎﻤﺳﻷا . ﺔًﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا . نﺎﻨﺒﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔًﻳﺮﺒﻟاو ﺔًﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟا ﺔًﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟاو ﺔًﻴﻧاﻮﻴﺤﻟا ءﺎﻴﺣﻷا 

ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ةرازو – ٢ ﺔًﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا 

Boulos I & Boulos N 1995 ﺐﻟا ﺔًﻴﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎًﻳرﺎﻘﻓﻹا ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا . نﺎﻨﺒﻟ ﻲﻓ ﺔًﻳﺮﺒﻟاو ﺔًﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟا ﺔًﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟاو ﺔًﻴﻧاﻮﻴﺤﻟا ءﺎﻴﺣﻷا 

ﺔﻋارﺰﻟا ةرازو – ١ ﺔًﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا 

Bourari, N.E. 1974 The fishing industry and “Proteine SAL”. Arab Economist, 60(6):9-12. 

British Admiralty Charts 1954/76 London 

BUTEC. 1968 Dossier preliminaire sur les ports libanais de Tripoli, Ministere du Plan, Beyrouth. 

Byblos, Lsaida, Tyr. Beyrouth. 

Carlisle, D.H. 1965 A continuous seismic profiling survey off the coast of M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Inst. Technology, 

Lebanon. 

U.S.A. 

Chaaban, F and G. Ayoub. 1996 Database of Air and Noise Pollution in Lebanon. Final Report. American Unversity of Beirut. 

Chaidan, C. 1965 Causes legales d’exoneration du transporteur maritime dans Etude en droit Libanaise, francais et anglo- 

le transport des merchandises. 

saxon. Librairie Generale de Droit et de 

Jurisprudence, Paris. 

Charles, H. 1970 Les populations maritime de la cote Syro-Libanaise et leur Extract from: Mediterraneo e Oceano Indiano. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


vocabulaire arabe nautique. Atti del VI Colloquio Internazionale di storia 

Maritima. Venezia 20-29 Septemdre 1962. 

Firenze: Olschki. 5p. 

Charouk, S. 1982 Contribution a l’etude bryologique du Liban. Mousses et These 3eme cycle. Universite de Droit, 

hepatiques de la vallee de Nahr Ibrahim. 

d’Economie et des Sciences, Aix- Marseille III. 

Collos, Y., Slawyk, G., 1985 Biomasse phytoplanctonique en termes d'azote et de ? 


Peneda, M. -C 

carbone: aspects méthodologiques. 

Conseil Municipal de 1973 Charte de Beyrouth (Principes fondamentaux). Proceeding: Conference Mondiale 

Beyrouth. 

Intercommunale pour la Protection de la Mer 

Mediterrannee contre la pollution. Beyrouth, 4- 

6 juin.229pp. 

Dalongeville, R. 1971 Les niveaux marins quaternaries de la region Ras 

Chekka_Bahsas (Liban). 

Memoire, ESL., Beyrouth. 

Dalongeville,R. 1975 Les flagues a salinite variable du littoral actuel libanais. These 3e Cycle, ESL., Beyrouth. 

Dames & Moore. 1994 “ Environmental and Geotechnical Assesment, Normandy Council for Development and Reconstruction. 

Landfill, Final Report”. 

Dardas, M. 

2001 "Floristic assessment of selected communities along the Thesis, AUB. 

Lebanese littoral zone". 

Day, A.E. 1930 Geology of Lebanon American University of Beirut 

Demirayak, F., R. Sadek, S. 2002 UNEP: Marine Turtles nesting activities assasment on the RACSPA 

Hrawi-Bloquet and M. 

Lebanese coast phase I: survey to identify nesting sites and 

Khalil 

fishery interaction 

Depley, G 1939 Les gasteropodes mesozoiques de la region Libanaise These, Unv. Paris 

Dock and Harbor Authority. 1955 The port of Beirut: The resurgence of an ancient maritime ? 36(1995). p.171-174. 

London. 

tradition. 

Dubertret, L. 1937 Contribution a l’etude geologique de la cote Libano- 

Syrienne. 

Macon: Imp. Portat 262pp. 

Edde, H 1968 Littoral de Byblos . Ministere des Traveaux publics Beyrouth. 

33p, 17 pl. 

El-Kareh, G. 1970 Some sedimentological aspects of St. Georges Bay and a M.S. Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

study of theoretical and empirical evaluation of setting 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Author Date Title of Article 

times. 

Journal/ Book/ Bulletin 

El-Kareh, G. 1976 Contributions du Nil et de l’arriere-pays aux sediments Rapp. Comm. Int Mer . Medit. 23. 

cotiers de la Mediterranee sud-orientale et du liban 

El-Kareh, G. 1984 Contribution a l’etude des sediments cotieres du Liban. Thesis, INPL, ENSG, France. 

Emery, K.O & C. J Gorge. 1963 The Shores of Lebanon. American University of Beirut, Miscellaneous 

Papers in the Natural Sciences, No. 1. 

(Contribution No. 1385, Wood Hole 

Emery, K.O. and C.J. 1963 The Shore of Lebanon. 

Oceanographic Institution). 

American University of Beirut, Miscellaneous 

George 

Papers in natural Sciences, No.1. 

Emery, K.O. B.C. Heezen, 1966 

and T. D. Allan. 

Bathymetry of the Eastern Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Research, Vol 13. 

Fadlallah, Y.H. 1975 Systematic and ecology of benthic macroinvertebrates in M.S Thesis Thesis, American University of 

the eastern Mediterranean. 

Beirut 

Fawaz, Mohammad. 1996 “Le Reseau d’Autoroutes: Chiffres, Dates, et Traces”. Le Commerce du Levant, May 23, 1996- No 

5385. 

Fevert, M. & P. Sanlaville. 1965 Contribution a l’etude du littoral Litanies. Mediterranee, 2: 113-134. 

Fevrier, J.G 1950 L’ancienne marine phenicienne et les decouvertes recentes. Les Nouveaux cahiers, 3:128-143. 

Fleiesch, H. 1950 Un ancien rivage+50 m a Ras Beyrouth. Comptes Rendus de la Societe de Geologie de 

France: 274-277. 

Flisch, H.& M. Gigout 1966 Revue du quaternaire marin Libanais. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 8 

(1): 10-16 

Fouda, M.M., Abboud-Abi 1987 An extensive study of plankton in the Bardawill Lagoon, Leb. Sci. Bull, 3 (2): 5-23. 

Saab, M. & Saleh, M.A 

Egypt 

Fraisse, B 1962 La cote Libanaise du Sud (entre Beyrouth et Saida). Memoire, ESL., Beyrouth. 

Frank, G. 1971 Port de Beyrouth. Ministrere des Travaux publics, Beyrouth. 

G. El Zein 1998 Development actuel de la peche et l’aquaculture au Liban Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques 

Pb 1256 

G. El Zein 2001 La productivite des stations trutticoles Libanaises après la 

repartition de l’alevinage sur plusieurs bandes. 

Lebanese Science Journal. Vol. 2, No. 1, p: 45. 

G. Ramadan –Jaradi and 2001 The avifauna of Palm Islands Reserve Lebanon 1893 to Lebanese Science Journal. Vol. 2, No. 1, P: 17. 

M.Ramadan – Jaradi. 

2000. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Gaudilliere, .J 1958 Rapport au Gouvernment du Liban sur la peche FAO. Report, No 780. Programme Elargi d 

Assistance Technique. 

George, C.J &V.A. 1965 On the occurrence of scomberomorus commersoni Doriana, 4(157): 1-4. 

Athanassiou. 

(Lacepede ) in St.George Bay, Lebanon. 

George, C.J &V.A. 1966 Additions to the checklist of the fishes of the coastal waters Miscellaneous Paper in the Natural Sciences, 

Athanassiou. 

of Lebanon. 

No. 5:6-8. American university Press. 

George, C.J. 1964 Fishes of the coastal waters of Lebanon. Khayats, Beirut. 

George, C.J.,.V.A. 1964 The fishes of the coastal water of Lebanon Miscellaneous papers in Natural Sciences, No 

Athanassiou &i. Boulos. 

4: 1-27. American University Press. 

George, C.J &V.A. 1966 Observations on Upeneus assymmetricus Lachner, 1954 Annali del Museo Civico de Storia Naturale di 

Athanassiou. 

(Pisces) in St. George Bay Lebanon. 

Genoa, 72: 68-74. 

George, C.J. 1966 The use of beached valves of lamellibranch mollusks DORIANA, 4(164): 1-8. 

Glycimeris glycimeris (L), Donax semistriatus poli and 

Donax trunculus (L) for the determination of percentage 

mortality of Natica spp mm 

George, C.J &V.A. 1967 A two-year study of the fishes appearing in the seine fishery Ann.Mus.Storia Nat. Genoa, 76:237-294. 

Athanassiou. 

of St. George, Lebanon. 

George, C.J &V.A. 1971 The presence of a third species of the genus Sphyraena Ann. Mus. Storia Nat. Genoa, 78:256-263. 

Athanassiou. 

E.Tortonese. 

& 

(Pisces) in the marine waters of Lebanon. 

Gigout, M. 1966 Le quaternaire de la cote Libanaise compare a celui du Bulletin de Societe Geologique de France, 8 ( 

Maroc atlantique. 

1966) 1:17-20. 

Goedicke, T.R. 1969 Instruction and research in marine science at the American The 6 

University of Beirut. 

th .Annual Conference, Marine 

Technology Society, June 29, Washington D.C. 

Goedicke, T.R. 1972 Submarine canyous in the central continental shelf of The Mediterranean Sea: a Natural 

Lebanon. 

Sedimentation Laboratory. Ed. By D.J. Stanley. 

Down, Hutchingon Ross, Stroudsburg, Penn, 

800 pp. 

Goedicke, 

Sagebiel. 

T.R. and S. 1973 Submarie canyons of the Eastern Mediterranean. Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece, 10 (1): 18. 

Goedicke, T.R 1974a Study of the distribution of surface currents and drift along Report to C.N.R.S., Beyrouth, 3pp. 

the central continental shelf of Lebanon as related to Mimeographed. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


pollution 


Goedicke, T.R. 1974b Ocean currents and pollution off central Lebanon. Proc. Lebanese Association for the 

Goedicke, T.R. 1976 Ocean currents and pollution off central Lebanon. 

Advancement of Science. 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 25. 

Goedicke, 

Sagebiel. 

T.R. and S. 1976 Sediment movement in Lebanese submarine canyons. Acta Adriaticia, 8:115-128. 

Gowing, M.M. 1972 A spatial study of the meiofauna on a sewage polluted M.S.Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Lebanese sandy beach. 

Goy, J.S. Lakkis & 1991 Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. Ann.Inst.Oceanogr., paris Paris, 189:111-112. 

R.Zeidane 

Growing, M.M., & N.C. 1976 A spatial study of the meiofauna on a sewage polluted Acta Adriatica, 18(21): 341-362. 

Hulings. 

Lebanese sand beach. 

Gruvel, A. 1929 De quelques particularites oceanographiques observees sur 

les cotes de Syrie. 

Comptes Rendus.Acad.Sci. Paris, 189:111-112. 

Gruvel, A. 1930 De quelques sources marines observees sur les cotes Comptes Rendus. Acad.Sci.Paris, 191:111-112. 

Libano-Syriennes. 

Gruvel, A. 1931 Les Etats de Syrie. Richesses marines et pluviales. Societe d’Editions Geographiques, Paris. 456 

pp. 

Guerrel, A. & P. Sanlaville. 1970 Sur les hauts niveaux marins quaternaries du Liban. Hannoun, 5: 21-27. 

Guibout, P 1987 Atlas hydrogique de la Mediterranee. IFREMER-SHOM, France 

Hakim, S. 1947 Le Commerce Maritime. Beyrouth.34 pp. 

Haller, J. & R. Wetzel. 1948 Le quaternaire cotier de la region de Tripoli –Liban Dubertret, L: Notes et Memories.Beyrouth 

Vol. IV: 1-48. 

Harakeh, M., A.Acra, M. 1985 Mercury levels in some species of fish from the coast of Marine Environ. Research, 16: 13-22. 

Jurdi & Y. Karahagopian. 

Lebanon. 

Harakeh, M.M. 1978 Mercury content of fish and seawater in Lebanon. M.S. Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Hornell, J. 1936 Report on the fisheries of Palestine. His Majesty’s Stationery Office. U.K. 106 PP 

Hulings, N.C 1973 Comparison of the meiofauna of a sewage-polluted and Paper presented at the 4 

nonpolluted beach in Lebanon. 

th Science Meeting 

L.A.A.S., 14-16 Dec. 

Hulings, N.C 1974 A temporal study of Lebanese sand beach meiofauna. Cah.Biol.Mar., 15:319-335. 

I.R.F.E.D. 1963a Port de Beyrouth. Ministere de plan, Liban. 

I.R.F.E.D. 1963b Les programmes d’orientation et d’incitation. Chapitre 2, peches. Ministere du plan, Liban. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


18pp. Mimeographed report. 

I.R.F.E.D. 1964 Project quinquennal pour le development des peches et des Ministere de l Agriculture, Beyrouth, 24 pp. 

chasses. 1964-1968. 

Mimiographed report. 

Jaradi G, Sadek R. & Abi 2000 Al-Shouf Cedar – Hoesh Ehden – Palm Island Nature Protected Areas Project – Lebanon; Ministry of 

Said M. 

Reserves: Fauna Monitoring Manual, Part II 

Environment 

Jubayli, Z. 1974 Phytoplankton standing crop and sewage nutrient M.S.Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Karam, S. 1978 

enrichment along the central coast of Lebanon. 

Ports, revival activity and development projects. The Arab Economist (Beirut), 104: 30-34. 

Kareh, R. 1967 Les sources sous-marines de Chekka. Hannon, 2:35-59. 

Kareh, R. 1968 Les sources sous-marines de Chekka Hannon, 3:93-121.. 

Kareh, R.P. 1970 The submarine springs of Chekka: exploitation of a 

confined karstic aquifer discharging in the sea. 

M.S.Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Kassis, G. 1967 Marine Sponges of Lebanon M.S. Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Kayal, S.I. 1981 Cadmium levels in seawater, sediments, limpets and 

shrimps, along the cost of Lebanon. 

M.S.Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Kayal, S.I. & A. Acra & 1983 Certain trace metals in Ulva Lactuca (Linnaeus) from the 

L.Squires. 

coast of Lebanon. 

Keleshis, A. & J. Wood. 1982,1985. Rehabilitation de la peche au Liban. FAO/TCP/LEB/4401. Mimeographed mission 

report. 

Kerhaw, M. 1966 Sewerage and sewage disposal and refuse collection and Assignment Report EM/ES/87. 

disposal in Lebanon. W.H.O. Regional Office for the 

Eastern Mediterranean. 

Khalaf. G. et Tachet. H. 1977 La dynamique de colonization des substrats artificials pour 

les macro-invertebres benthiques d’un cours d’eau. 

Annales. De Limnologie, 13, 169-190. 

Khalaf. G. Tachet. H. 1978 Un probleme d’actualite: Revue de travaux en matiere Bull. Ecol., t.9, 1,p.29-38. 

d’utilisation des substrats artificiels pour l’echantillonnage 

des macro-invertebres des eaux courantes 

Khalaf. G. et Tachet. H. 1980 Colonization of Artificial substrate by macro-invertebrates 

in a stream and variations according to stone size. 

Freshwater Biology 10;475. 

Khalaf. G. et Lahoud. M. 1983 Contribution a l’etude ecologique des fleuves cotiers du Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 52: 21-32. 

Liban. Le Nahr-el-Kalb. 

Khalaf. G. 1984 Contribution a l’etude des fleuves cotiers du liban. 2- cours Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. 53:9020. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


moyen et inferieur du Nahr –Ibrahim. 


Khalaf. G. 1985 Etude de quelques aspects du regime alimentaire de Verh. Internet. Verein. Limnol, 2:2631-2635. 

Capoeta damascina (Cyprinidae) dans les cours d’eau 

Libanais. 

Khalaf. G. 1987 Le cycle sexual du Capoeta damascina (Cyprinidae) dans Cybium 11(4): 395-401. 

les cours d’eau Libanais. 

Khalaf. G., Slim. K. 2000 La zoocenose des macroinvertebres benthiques dans Nahr- 

Beyrouth. 

En redaction. 

Khalif. G. 1986 Contribution a l’etude physio-chimique des eaux du fleuve 

Nahr-Elkalb, Liban. 

Leb. Sciences, Bull. 2,1,73-80. 

Khalif. G. 1997 Etude physio-chimique et biocenotique du cours d’eau Leb. Sciences, Research. Rep Vol. 2 no 1. 

Antelias (Liban). 

Khalif. G., Slim. K 2001 Etude Zoocenotique et qualite eaux du Nahr Beyrouth. IEEE no 00EX 493, page 133-139. 

Khayrallah. N 1974/75 A survey of the Tay Estuary. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 

(B), 75, 7. 

Khayrallah. N.H. Jones. A. 1980 The ecology of Bathyporeia pilosa (Amphipoda: Proceeding of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 

M. 

Haustoriidae) in the Tay Estuary. II. Factors affecting the 

micro-distribution. 

s121-s130. 

Khayrallah. N.H. 1985 The Tolerance of Bathyporeia Pilosa Lindstrom Marine Environmental Research 15,137 –151. 

Khayrallah. N.H. 1985 

(Amphipoda: Haustoriidae) to Organic and Inorganic Salts 

of Mercury. 

Raptor Migration over Bhamdoun, Lebanon; Autumn 1981 Lebanese Science Bulletin, Volume 1, Number 

1, 1985. 

Khiyami, H.M. 1972 Bacterial populations of a Lebanese sand beach. M.S. Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Khiyami, 

Makenson 

H. & J.C. 1973 Sand beach bacteria: enumeration and characterization. Applied Microbiol., 26:293-297 

Kibar, N. & C.Cokolov 1988 Temporal and spatial variability of current speeds in the Okeanologiya, 28(4): 561-570 

Mediterranean Sea near the Lebanese coast. 

Kittanah, N. 1974 Attempts at characterizing the hatching enzyme of the sea 

urchin Arbacia lixula. 


Kouyoumjian, H.H. 1970 Factors of bacterial pollution of Beirut coastal waters. M.S. Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Kouyoumjian, H.H. 1972 A preliminary study of bacterial pollution and physiography Rev.Intern.Oceanogr.Med., 26:5-26 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


of Beirut coastal waters. 


Kouyoumjian, H.H. 1978 Keys to several groups of algae from Lebanese coastal Mimeographed Report to MRC/NCSRwaters. 

Lebanon. 

Kouyoumjian, H.H. & J. 1985 

Belian 

Recreational water quality in Jounieh Bay, Lebanon. Lebanese Sci. Bull., 1(1): 59-64. 

Kouyoumjian, H.H 1986 Monitoring of heavy metals in fish from Lebanon. UNEP/MAP Technical Series, No 2:141-143 

Kouyoumjian, H.H. 1986 Monitoring of tar ball along the Lebanese beaches. UNEP/MAP Technical Series, No. 1:55-56 

Kouyoumjian, H.H., 1986 Levels of mercury, cadmium and copper in fish from Lebanese Sci. Bull., 2(2): 57-63 

Movsessian & E.Najjar. 

Lebanon. 

Kouyoumjian, H.H. 1994 Samples from the Challenger Expedition-1872. Lebanese Sci. Bull., 7(1): 93-95 

Kouyoumjian, H.H. 1994 Industrial coastal pollution in Lebanon. Paper presented at the ICS-UNIDO Workshop 

on Industrial Pollution in the Mediterranean. 

10-16 Oct., Trieste, Italy. 

Kouyoumjian H.H & 1995 Review of Marine Research in Lebanon Lebanese Science Bulletin. Vol. 8, No.1 pp.77- 

Nuwayhid M. 

107 

Kouyoumjian H.H, Tilbian 2001 Exposure of the Lebanese population to mercury through Lebanese Science Journal. Vol. 2, No. 1, p: 37. 

M., Najjar. E. 

fishery products and a proposal for a screening standard. 

Lacombe, H. & Tchernia. 1959 Stations hydrologiques effectuees a bord de la “Calypso” – 

1955-56. 

Cahiers Oceanogr. XII, 8: 5-27. 

Lakkis S . Le plankton marin du Liban et du Bassin Levantin Le Zooplancton Biodiversite, Biologie 

Lakkis S. Flore Marine du Liban et du basin Levantin: Microalgues 

Ecologie, 350p+75 pls. (Under press). 

Biodiversite, Biologie, Ecologie, 250p+ 50pls 

Planctoniques (Le Phytoplankton): 

(under press, Editions Universite Libanaise). 

Lakkis, S., 1955b Biogeography of the plankton in Lebanese water: Species 2 

of Indo-Pacific origin in the Levantine Basin 

nd Int. Conf. On pelagic Biogeography ICPB, 

Leeuwenhorst, Netherlands,9-14 July 1995 

Lakkis, S. 1971a Contribution a l’etude du zooplankton des eaux Libanaises. Mar. Biol.., 11(2): 138-148. 

Lakkis, S. 1971b Variation saisonnieres en abondance des Copepodes 

pelagiques dans le Bassin Levantin a Beyrout. 

Yhalassia Jugoslavica, 7(1), 159-170. 

Lakkis, S. 1972 Situation actuelle de la pollution le long des cotes Journees d’Etudes Pollutions, CIESM: 53-54, 

Libanaises 

Athens. 

Lakkis, S. 1973 Note preliminaire sur presence et la repartition des 

Copepodes dans les eaux Libanaises. 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 21(8): 459-464. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Lakkis, S 1974 Distributions saisonieres du zooplankton dans les eaux Rapp. Comm.int Mer. Medit., 22(9): 117-118. 

Libanaises. 

Lakkis, S. & H. 1974 Observations sur la composition et l’abondance du Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 22(9): 107-108. 

H.Kouyoumjian. 

zooplankton aux embouchures d’effluents urbains des eaux 

de Beyrouth. 

Lakkis, S 1976a Considerations on the distribution of pelagic copepods in Acta Adriatica, 18(3): 41-52. 

the eastern Mediterranean off the coast of Lebanon. 

Lakkis, S. 1976b Sur la presence dans les eaux Libanaises de quelques Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 23(9): 83-85 

Copepodes d’origine indo-pacifique. 

Lakkis, S. & M. Abboud 1976 Zooplankton et pollution du secteur Libanais en Rapp. Comm. Int Mer Medit., 23(9): 79-81 

Lakkis, S. 1977 

Mediterranee Orientale. 

Les Chaetognathes des eaux Libanaises: observations Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 24(10): 137faunistiques 

et ecologiques. 

138. 

Lakkis, S. 1979 Dix ans d’observation sur le plancton neritique des eaux Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 25/26(8): 79-80 

Libanaises. 

Lakkis, S.& V. Novel- 1979 Le phytoplankton des eaux cotieres Libanaises: Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 25/26(8): 77-78. 

Lakkis. 

observations floristiques et ecologique. 

Lakkis, S. 1980a A comparative study of the plankton in the Red Sea and Proceeding of the Symposium on the Coastal 

Lebanese waters 

and Marine Environment of the Red Sea, Gulf 

of Aden and tropical western Indian Ocean. 

Vol.II: 541-559. UNESCO, RSC, Khartoum 

Lakkis, S. 1980b Le plankton des eaux Libanaises: caracteristiques Journee Etud. System. Et Biogeogr. Medit. 

biogeographiques. 

CIESM: 59-63. Cagliari. 

Lakkis, S. 1981 Les Cladoceres des eaux Libanaises: observations Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 27(7): 155-157. 

Lakkis, S. & V. Novel- 1981 

faunistiques et ecologiques 

Composition, annual cycle and species diversity of the J. Plankton research, 3(1): 123-136. 

Lakkis. 

phytoplankton in Lebanese coastal water. 

Lakkis, S., M. Abboud & R. 1981 Conditions hydrologiques et plankton dans le secteur Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 27(7): 115-116. 

Zeidane. 

libanais en 1979-1980. 

Lakkis, S. 1982 Contribution a l’etude de l’ecosysteme neritique des eaux These Doct. d’Etat, Univ. Paris 6. 

Libanaises. Ecologie descriptive des peuplements 

planctoniques avec reference particuliere aux Copepodes. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1983a Diversite specifique, dominance et successions ecologique 

chez les Copepodes des eaux Libanaises. 


Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1983b Caracteristiques ecologique et dynamiques du zooplankton 

des eaux cotieres Libanaises. 


Lakkis, S. 1984 On the presence of some rare copepods in the Levantine Proc.First Int. Conference on Copepoda, 

Basin. 

Amsterdam. Crustaceana, Suppl. 7:286-304. 

Lakkis, S. & V. Novel- 1985b Considerations sur la repartition des Tintinnides au large de Rapp. Comm. Int Mer Medit., 29(9): 171-172. 

Lakkis. 

la cote Libanaise. 

Lakkis, S. & V.Novel- 1985a Les Tintinnides (Tintinnina) des eaux cotieres Libanaises: Libanese Sci. Bull., 1(1): 43-58. 

Lakkis. 

Composition, distribution et cycle annuel. 

Lakkis, S. 1987 Invasion of the scyphomedusa Rhizostoma pulmo to the Proc. 2 

Lebanese coastal water during the summer of 1986. 

nd Workshop on Jellyfish in the 

Mediterranean Sea, Trieste. 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1987a Les Corycaeidae (copepoda, cyclopoidea) des eaux 

Libanaises: Observations faunistiques et ecologique. 

J. Plankton Research, 9(1): 15-25 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1987b Modifications de l’ecosysteme planctonique par la pollution FAO Fisheries Report No. 352, Suppl: 123des 

eaux cotieres Libanaises. 

158. 

Lakkis, S & R. Zeidane. 1988c Larves de Crustaces Decapodes des eaux cotieres 

Libanaises: composition, diversite et cycle annuel. 

Lebanese Sci. Bull, 4(2): 5-33. 

Lakkis, S. 1988 Phytoplankton bloom in Lebanese neritic waters (Eastern 5 

Mediterranean) Levantine Basin. 

th ABDMAP Workshop on Detection and 

Monitoring of bloom using remote sensing, 

Heraklion, Crete, Greece: 23-24 Sep.1998. 

Lakkis, S. 1988 Vingt ans d’observations sur le plankton des eaux 

Libanaises: comparison avec le plankton de la Mer Rouge. 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 31(2): 299. 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1988a L’Ichtyoplancton des eaux cotieres Libanaises: oeufs et Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 31(2): 320. 

larves de Teleosteens. 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1988b Le Mesoplancton des eaux Libanaises: larves de Crustaces 

Decapodes 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 31(2): 238 

Lakkis S. & Zeidane R. 1989 L’ichtyoplancton des eaux cotieres Libanaises: structure et 

differenciation ecologique 

Lebanese Science Bulletin. Vol. 5, No. 2 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1989 L’Ichtyoplancton des eaux cotieres Libanaises: structure et 

differenciation ecologique. 

Lebanese Sci. Bull., 5(2): 17-42 

Lakkis, S. 1990a Vingt ans d’observations sur le plankton des eaux Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, No. Special, 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Libanaises; structure et fluctuations interannuelles. 7:51-66. 

Lakkis, S. 1990b Composition, diversite et succession des copepodes Oceanologica Acta, 13(4): 489-501. 

planctoniques 

Orientale). 

des eaux Libanaises (Mediterranee 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1990a Calcul et mesure de la diversite chez quelques groupes Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 32(1): 219. 

planctoniques des eaux cotieres Libanaises. 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane. 1990b Associations congeneriques d’Acartia (Copepoda, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 32(1): 223 

Lakkis, S. M. Avian, P. Del 1990c 

Calanoidea) dans les eaux cotieres Libanaises: calcul des 

indices “overlap” et “niche hypervolume”. 

Les Scyphomeduses du basin Levantin (Beyrouth) et de Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 32(1): 220. 

Negro & L. Rottini- 

l’Adriatique du nord (golfe de Trieste): comparaison 

Sandrini 

faunistique et ecologique. 

Lakkis, S. 1991a Phytoplankton assemblages from the marine Lebanese Abstracta Botanicia, 15:1-18. 

water: a multivariate analysis. 

Lakkis, S. 1991b Les Dinoflagelles des eaux cotieres Libanaises: aspects Rev. Intern. Oceanogr. Med., 101/104:115-123. 

ecologiques. 

Lakkis, S. 1991c Aggregations of Scyphomedusa Rhizostoma pulmo in the UNEP/MAP Technical Reports Series, No. 

Lebanese coastal waters during the summer of 1986. 47:119-127. 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidan 1992b Variations biometriques annuelles chez Sagitta enflata et S. 

friderici des eaux cotieres Libanaises. 

Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 33:258. 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane 1992a Les Amphipodes hyperiens des eaux Libanaises: Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 33:258. 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane 1993 

composition et distribution. 

L”ichtyoplancton des eaux cotieres Libanaises: composition UNEP/MAP Technical Reports. Series, No 

et distribution des oeufs et larves de teleosteens. 

73:81-100. Athens. 

Lakkis, S. 1994a Communaute planctonique des eaux neritiques Libanaises: 

Structure et dynamiques des populations. 

Lebanese Sci. Bull., 7(1): 69-91. 

Lakkis, S. 1994b Coexistence and competion within Acarita (Copepoda, Hydrobiologia, 292/293:481-490. 

Calanodia) congeners from Lebanese: niche overlap 

measurements. 

Lakkis, S., 1995a Cycle annuel du plankton cotier du Liban: succession et Rapp.Comm.int.Mer Medit., 34 

variation saisonnieres des peuplements 

Lakkis, S.et R.Zeidane 1995 Le genre Dinophysis Ehren b. des eaux cotieres Libanaises: Rapp.Com.int.MerMedit., 34:212. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Composition et distribution spatio-temporelle. 


Lakkis, S., Bitar, G., Novel- 1996 Etude de la Diversite Biologique du Liban. Flore et Faune PNUE &Min. Agric Beyrouth, Liban. Pubi. No 

Lakkis, V. & R.Zeidane 

Marines. 

6:123p 

Lakkis, S 1997b Long –Time Series of Hydrological and Plankton Data from NOAA Washington, D.C Technical Report 

Lebanese waters (the Eastern Mediterranean). 

NESDIS 87: 185-203. 

Lakkis, S. 1997a Biogeography of the plankton in Lebanese water: Species Pelagic Biogeography IIIcoPB II Proceedings 

of Indo-Pacific origin in the Levantine Basin. 

of the 2 nd Int.Conference – IOC (Unesco) 

Workshop Report No.142: 233-238. 

Lakkis, S. & R. Zeidane 1997 On the presence of some Toxic Phytoplankton in Lebanese VIII. Int.Conf.on Harmful Algea, Vigo (Spain), 

coastal water (Eastern Mediterranean). 

25-29 June 1997. 

Lakkis, S. & R.Zeidane 1997 On the presence of Toxic Phytoplankton species in VIIIth Int. Conf. On Harmful Algea, Vigo, 

Lebanese coastal water. 

Spain. 

Lakkis, S. & R.Zeidane 1997 Distribution of Siphonophora in Lebanese waters,. (East Proc.6 

Mediterranean). 

th Int.Conf Coelenterate Biology 1995: 

301-306. 

Lakkis, S. 1998 International and seasonal changes of temperature and Int. Conf on Expeditionary Research of the 

salinity profiles in neritic Lebanese waters (Levantine World Ocean and Oceanographic Information 

Basin, Eastern Mediterranean) 

Resource (OIR), 26-30 October 1998, Obninsk, 

Russia. 

Lakkis S. 1999 Biodiversity of Plankton in the Lebanese open seawater 34 

(Levantine Basin, Eastern Mediterranean). 

th European Marine Biology Symposium, 

Ponta Delgada, 13-17 Sep. 1999. Abstract: 25. 

Lakkis S. 1999 Long –time series of Hydrological data from offshore Proceedings of the International GODAR 

Lebanese waters (Eastern Mediterranean). 

Review Meeting: Abstract: 22.IOC, NOAA, 

EC, July 12-15,1999, Silver Spring, MD USA. 

Lakkis S. & Novel-Lakkis. 1999 Importance des Caulerpes dans les peuplements algaux de 4 

la cote Libanaise le long de la cote (Bassin Levantin, 

Mediterrannee orientale). 

th Int. Workshop on Caulerpa taxifolia. Lerici, 

Italy, 1-3 February 1999. (Under Press). 

Lakkis, S. 1999 Techniques for fish aquaculture in Lebanon. Int. Conf. on Technology Transfer in 

Lakis S. 2000 

Biotechnologies as a Catalyst for National 

Development COASTED –ARABN, Coral 

Beach Hotel, Beirut –Lebanon, 4-6 Oct. 1999- 

29. 

Prediction, Detection and Monitoring of Algal Bloom by Workshop on “Remote Sensing and Ocean 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Remote Sensing Techniques along the coast of Lebanon. Color Techniques” 11-22 Sep.2000 METU, 

Erdemly, Turkey. 

Lakkis S. 2000 Archiving and Rescue of oceanographic data since 1965 in MEDAR/MEDATLAS II, CD ROM. (under 

the Lebanese water. 

preparation) Lakkis, S., zodiatis G., Jonsson, 

L.- Remote Sensing Data Analysis of Eastern 

Mediterranean: SSTand ChlorophyII- 

Lakkis S. 2000 

adistribution.( submitted). 

Biotechnologies in Marine aquaculture case for sea bass Arab World and the New Millennium: Science 

and Sea bream fish farming. Scientific Research Outlook and Technology, University of Sharjah, UAE, 

April 24-26, 2000. Book of Abstract: 259. 

Lakkis S. & V.Novel- 2000 Distribution of the Phytobenthos along the coast of Mediterranean marine Science, ½; 143-146. 

Lakkis, 2000 

Lebanon (Levantine Basin, East. Mediterr.) 

Lakkis S. 2001 Biodiversity of Plankton Community in the Lebanese 36eme Congres CIESM, Monaco. Rapp. 

Seawater. 

Comm. Int. Mer. Medit. 

Lakkis S. & V.Novel- 2001 Macrophytes of the Lebanese coast (Levantin Basin): Rapp. Com. Int. Mer Medit., 36: 292 

Lakkis. 

Biodiversity and Distribution. 

Lakkis S. & V.Novel- 2001 Macrophyte Algea of the Lebanese coast (Levantine Basin): 36eme Congres- Assemblee. Pleinere, CIESM, 

Lakkis. 

Biodiversity and distribution 

Monaco.Rapp.Comm.Int.Mer Medit. 

Lakkis, S. 2001 Biodiversity of the Marine Plankton in Lebanese Waters Rapp.Com. Int. Mer Medit., 36: 292. 

and Levantine basin (Eastern Mediterranean). 

Lakkis S, Jonssson L., 2002 Remote Sensing Data Analysis in the Levantine Basin: SST Ind Int. Conference on “Oceanography of the 

Zodiatis G., and 

and ChlorophyIIa Distribution. 

Eastern Mediterranean and Black sea: 

D.Soloviev. 

Similarities and Differences of Two 

Interconnected 

October.2002. 

Basins, Ankara, 14-18 

Lapdu-Hargues, P. 1941 Sur la structure de la cote Libanaise au nord de Beyrouth Comptes Rendus de l’ Academie de Sciences, 

218:800-802. 

Laubier, L. 1966 Sur quelques annelides polychetes de la region de Miscellaneous papers in the Natural Sciences, 

Beyrouth. 

No. 5: 9-23., American University of Beirut. 

Laugenice, J. 1956 Le Port de Beyrouth. Revue de Geographie de Lyon, 31:271-293. 

Libanais, G, Y. 1961 Le port de Beyrouth-porte de l Asie.Revue de la Societe Belge d Etudes et d Expansion, 

194-195:110-114. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Makemson, J.C. 1972 An interstitial water sample for sandy beaches. Limnol. and Oceanogr.,17:626-628. 

Makemson, J.C. 1973a Control of in vivo luminescence psychrophilic marine Arch. Mikrobiol., 93:347-358. 

photobacterium . 

Makemson, J.C. 1973b Oxygen and carbon dioxide in interstitial water of two Netherlands J. Sea Res., 7:223-232. 

Lebanese sand beaches. 

Makemson, J.C. R. J. 1973 Nutrient analysis of polluted and unpolluted seawater Proc. Of the 4 

Avolizi, M.M. Growing, M. 

Ferro & M. Nuwayhid. 

around Beirut. 

th Science Meeting L.A.A.S. 

Beirut, 14-16 DEC. 

Mallet, A. 1966 Rapport sur la peche au Liban. Ministere de l Agriculture, Beyrouth.58pp. 

Malt, S.J., S. Lakkis & R. 1989 The copepod genus Oncaea (Poecilostomatoidea) from the J. Plankton Res., 11(5); 949-969. 

Zeidane. 

Lebanon: taxonomic and ecological observation. 

Mardirossian, Z.I. 1965 Survey of Sidon refinery wastes and water problems. M.E Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Matossian, A.M & G.A 

Garabedian. 

1967 Virucidal action of sea water Amer. J.Epidemiol., 85(1): 1-8. 

Minas, M., Abboud, M. & 1982 Production primaire et relation entre certains paramètres de Rapp. p. -V. Reun. Com. Int. Explor. Mer, 180: 

Slawyk, G. 

la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans le dôme de Guinée 214-218. 

Ministere de l’Agriculture, 1964 Programme de modernization et de development des peches Beyrouth. 32pp. 

Service Des Peches. 

maritimes et fluviales. 

Morcos, S., D. Medio & 1993 

H.H. Kouyoumijian. 

The rehabilitation of the Marine Research Center- Lebanon. UNESCO report SC-93/WS/22. 

Mouneimme, N. 1977 Liste des poissons de la cote du Liban (Mediterranee Cybium, 3 eme Serie, 1:37-66. 

orientale). 

Mouneimme, N. 1978 Possons des cotes du Liban (Mediterranee orientale). These Doc.Es.ci, Paris VI. 498P. 

Biologie et peche). 

Mouneimme, N. 1979 Poissons nouveaux pour les cotes Libanaises (Mediterranee 

orientale). 

Cybium, 3 eme Serie (6): 105-110. 

Mouneimme, N. 1981 Remarques sur la relation longueur/poids et le facteur de Cybium, 3 eme Serie 5 (6): 77-85. 

condition chez les poissons. 

Mousalli, E. I. 1973 A survey of pesticide residues in selected marine fishes of 

Lebanon. 


Nabbout, N.H & F. 1972 Survival of Salmonella typhi in seawater. J. Hyg. Camb., 70:223-228. 

Kurayiyyah. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Nafpatitis, B.G. 1963 A Taxonomic study of genus Blennius (L) of Lebanon. M.S. Thesis. American University of Beirut. 

Nahhas, R. 1976 Preliminary experiments on the controlled production of M.S. Thesis. American University of Beirut. 

marine food organisms using recycled nutrients. 

120pp. 

Nielson, J.N. 1912 Hydrography of the Mediterranean and adjacent waters. Danish Oceanogr. Exped. I: 77-192. 

Nuwayhid, M.A. 1973 The effect of Arabian light crude oil and Coresait 7664 on 

the respiration of the bivalved mollusk Brachiodontes 

variables and Donax truncates. 


Nuwayhid, M. A., Spaqncer 

Davies, P. & Elyder, H.Y. 

1978 Gill Structure in the common limpet Patella Vulgata. F. mar. boil. Ass. U.K. 58, 817-823. 

Nuwayhid M., p. Spencer 1980 Changes in the Ultastructure of the gill epithelium of F. mar. boil. Ass. U.K. 60, 439-448. Printed in 

Davies. 

Patella Vulgata after exposure to north sea crude oil and Great Britain. 

dispersants. 

Nuwayhid, M., D.L.Evans 1983 Defensive behaviour in two littoral snails in Lebanon. Abstract presented at the English International 

& L.G.L. Young. 

Malacological Congress. Budapest, Hungary. 

Aug. 29-Sep. 3. 

Nuwayhid, M.A. & 1985 Defensive behaviour in two littoral snails in Lebanon. Malacological Review, 18:9-14. 

D.L.Evans 

Young. 

& L.G.L. 

Nuwayhid, M.A. & L.G.L. 1985 Biochemical composition and starvation effects of the Lebanese Sci. Bull., 1:33-41. 

Young. 

shrimp penaeus semisulcatus Dettaan 1844, found off the 

Lebanese coast. 

Pallary, P. 1938 Les mollusques marins de la Syrie. J. Conchyol., Paris 82(I):5-58. 

Peltekian, A. A 1980 Groundwater quality of greater Beirut in relation to 

geological structure and extent of seawater intrusion. 

M.S. Thesis. American University of Beirut. 

Philibert, P. 1964 Propositions en vue de l’adoption d’un programme de Ministere du plan, Beyrouth. Mimeographed 

modernization et de development des peches maritimes au 

Liban. 

report. 

Ramadan-Jaradi, G. and M. 2001 The avifauna of Palm Islands nature reserve in Lebanon, Lebanese Science Journal. 2(1):17-35. 

Ramadan-Jaradi 

1893-2000 

Republique Francaise 1929 Arrete 2775 (peche maritime) et 2776 (peche des eponges). IMP Khaliefe, Beyrouth. 

Aupres des Etats de Syrie, 

du Liban, des Alaouites et 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Author 

du Djbel Druze. 

Date Title of Article Journal/ Book/ Bulletin 

Roger, J. 1929 Resultats scientifiques de la mission CARAMBOURG en Etude paleobiologique des gisements. Macon, 

Syrie et en Iran 1938-1939. 

Paris. 92pp. 

Rouch, J. 1945 Temprature et salinite de la mer a Beyrouth. l.Les 

invertebres des couches a poisons du cretace superieur au 

Liban. 

Bull. Inst. Oceangor., Monaco, No. 884: 6pp. 

Rousset, J. 1945 Avant-project du code de commerce maritime Libanais. Revue Judiciare Libanaise, pp53-65. 

Rousset, J, B. Tabbah & 1947 Expose des motifs du project de code de commerce Annales de la Faculte de Droit de Beyrouth, 2- 

P.Timal. 

maritime libanais. 

3: 35-72. 

Russell, R.S. 1936 Fishery research in the Eastern Mediterranean. Nature (London). 137-1080D 

S.O.G.R.E.A.H. 1965 (Societe Grenobloise d Etudes et d Applications Campagne de mesures. Conseil Executif des 

Hydrauliques). Etude du debouche en mer des egouts de Grands Projets de la ville de Beyrouth. Rapp. 

Beyrouth. 

No.9086. 

Saad-Fares, A. 1985 Trematodes de poissons des cotes du Liban. Specificite, These Universite de Sciences et Techniques du 

transmission et approche populationelle. 

Languedog. Academie de Montpellier. 

Saad-Fares, A. and 1986 Trematodes des poisssons des cotes du Liban. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp., 61(3):303-309. 

C.Maillard. 

I.Pseudopycnadena fischthali.n.g.n.sp. (Trematoda 

Saetre, R., T. Kvinge, S. 1974 

Opistholebetidae). Parasite des Diplodus (Teleostei) des 

cotes du Liban. 

Training and research in marine sciences in Lebanon. UNESCO. UNDP Project LEB/74/004. 

Fonselius & S. Lockwood. 


Safa, P. 1964 Absence d’emballage et defaut d’emballage en droit Droit Maritime Francais. Pp.55-59 and pp 119- 

Maritime Libanais. 

124. 

Sagebiel, S.R. 1973 Abundance and distribution of a benthic colonial M.S.Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

Sandwith T. 2000 

dinoflagellate within the Eastern Mediterranean. 

A funding strategy for three protected areas in Lebanon: Al- Protected Areas Project – Lebanon; Ministry of 

Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve; Horsh Ehden Nature Reserve 

& Palm Islands nature Reserve 

Environment 

Sanlaville, p. and M.Fevret. 1965 Contribution a l’etude du littoral Libanais. Mediterranee, 6(2): 113-132. 

Sanlaville, p. 1967a Sur les niveaux marins quaternaires de la region de Tabarja, Comptes Rendus de la Societe de Geologiee de 

Liban. 

France, 5:157-158. 

Sanlaville, p. 1967b Le calcaire dans le morphologie littorale du Liban. Hannon. 2:17-24. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Sanlaville, p. 1969 Les bas niveaux marins pleistocenes du Liban. Mediterranee, 10(3): 257-292. 

Sanlaville, p. 1970 Les variations holocenes du niveau de la mer au Liban. Revue de Geographie de Lyon, 45 (1970) 

3:279-304. 

Sanlaville, p. 1977 Etudes geomorphologiques de la region littorale du Liban. Publications du 1UL. 2 vols. 407+452 pp. 

Sattout E., Talhouk S. N., 1999 Monitoring Biological Diversity: Flora of the Natural Protected Areas Project – Lebanon; Ministry of 

Knio K. 

Reserve of Palm Island 

Environment 

Seeden, H. 1969 Coastal Lebanon. In: Salwa Nassar Foundation (Ed): Cultural 

Resources of Lebanon. Lib. Du Liban 

Shiber, J.G. and B.Ramsay. 1972 Lead concentrations in Beirut waters. 

Beyrouth.pp 56-70. 

Mar. Poll. Bull., 3 (11): 169-171. 

Shiber, J. and E. Washburn. 1978 Lead, mercury and certain nutrient elements in Ulva 

Lactuca (Linnaeus) from Ras Beirut, Lebanon. 

Hydrobilogia, 61:187-192. 

Shiber, J. E. Washburn & 1978 Lead and mercury concentrations in the coastal waters of Mar. Poll. Bull., 9:109-111. 

A. Salih. 

north and south Lebanon. 

Shiber, J.G. & T.A. Shatila. 1978 Lead cadmium, copper, nickel and iron in limpets, mussels 

and snails from the coast of Ras Beirut, Lebanon. 

Marine Environ. Res ., 1:125-134. 

Shiber, J.G & T.A. Shatila. 1979 Certain Metals in three coastal algae from Ras Beirut water. Hydrobilogia, 63: 105-112. 

Shiber, J.G. 1979a. Heavy meals in Ras Beirut prawns and sea urchin eggs. J. Environ.Sci.Health, B14, 1:73-79. 

Shiber, J.G. 1979b. Plastic pellets on the coast of Lebanon. Mar.pollut.Bull., 10:28-30. 

Shiber, J.G. 1980 Trace metals with seasonal consideration in coastal algae Hydrobilogia, 69:147-162. 

and mollusks from Beirut, Lebanon. 

Skewer, A. 1938 A preliminary report on Mackerel of Palestine. Rapp. Comm. Explor. Medit, Paris, II: 475- 

491. 

Slim. K, Saad. Z et Kalaf. 2000 Estimation de la qualite des eaux du Nahr Beyrouth. Volume 5- no 1-2000 p. 39 - 47 

G. 

Utilization de l’indice diatomique de polluo-sensibilite 

(IPS). 

Staytiyyah, F. 1975 Nutritional study and cell envelope protein analysis of M.S. Thesis. American University of Beirut. 

Sphaerotilus and Pseudomonas. 

Stein, W. 1963 L instruction de capitaines et officiers marins au long Beyrouth: Ecole de Navigation Maritime au 

course, emplacement, importance et installation d une ecole 

de navigation maritime a construire a cet effet les 

instructions necessaries. 

Liban. 45p. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Steinitz, H. 1952.1955. Fishes caught on the eastern coast of Palestine. Bull. Res. Council, Haifa, 5,B(1):127. 

Steyaert, M. 1968 Organization d’une unite oceanographique au Liban. Mission UNESCO, 10-21 Decembre. 

Steyaert, M. 1969 Politique Scientifique nationale et organization des 

recherches oceanographiques. 

UNESCO: 1152/BMS. RD/SP. 

Tamim, M., S.Hajj, 1985 Evaluation of salinity stress by atomic ratio of oxygen (Abstract). American Zoologist, 25 (4): 143. 

M.Nuwahid 

Young. 

and L.G.L. 

consumed to nitrogen excreted. 

Taslakian, M. J. 1974 Abundance and taxonomic diversity of phytoplankton in Mar. Biol., 38:315-325. 

relation to sewage nutrient enrichment along the coast of 

Lebanon. 

Techint-Italconsult. 1962 Amenagements des cotes Libanaises. Ministere du Plan, Beyrouth. 166pp. 

Tejirian, h,g. 1970 A preliminary study of submarine topography and 

sediments of Jounieh Bay, central Lebanon. 

M.S.Thesis. American University of Beirut. 

The Lebanese Association 1984 

for the Advancement of 

science 

Eight Science Meeting Abstracts 

Toda, T. 1961 On an interim report about Lebanese fisheries. Report to the Ministry of Agriculture and 

Forestry, Lebanon. 12pp. 

Tohme, M.G., S. Lakkis & 1973 Project d’etablissement d”une zone de protection Voir Conseil Municipal de Beyrouth, 1973. 

J. Neushwander. 

biologique dans l’Ile de Palmes, Tripoli, Liban. 

Tohme G. et Tohme H. 2001 Recherches sur le statut actuel de la flore du Liban. Lebanese Science Journal. Vol. 2, No, P: 3. 

Tortonese, E. 1946 On some fishes from the Eastern Mediterranean. Arch. Zool. Ital., 36, suppl.: 207-251. 

Tortonese, E. 1966 Echinoderms from the coast of Lebanon. Miscellaneous Papers in the Natural Sciences, 

No.5: 2-5. 

Toussaint, J.F. 1966 Complexes industriels de peche. Etude et realization. Presentee a Exposition Technique Francaise de 

Beyrouth. 19 Oct. 1966. Beyrouth.11pp. 

Toussaint, J.F. 1966 An integrated fishing industry and implementation. Paper presented at the French Technical 

Exhibition, Beirut, and 19 Oct. 1966. 

Townsend, C.E.C. 1971 Coastal pollution in the Republic of Lebanon. 

Beyrouth.11pp. 

22pp. Draft IMO mimeographed report. 

UNDP 1974 Formation et recherché en sciences marines. UNDP. LEB/74/004/A/OI/13. 

UNDP 1980 State of the Environment Report –1980. Regional Office for Western Asia. Beirut – 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Lebanon. 109 pp 

UNDP/FAO 1980 Etude de reconstruction et de development de l Agriculture 

au Liban. Situation et perspectives du development des 

peches. 

Annexe Technique 13. AG DP /LEB/79/013. 

UNDP 1993 Environmental management for sustainable development. UNDP Beirut. Positon paper. Mimeographed. 

Universite Saint –Esprit, 1991 Les incidences de la pollution du milieu marin 

Kaslik (USEK), Faculte de 

Droit. 

Mediterraneen sur le droit maritime. 

Vaumas, Etienne de. 1946 Sur les terrasses d’abrasion marine du littoral Libanais et Comptes Rendus des Seances de l Academie 

leur deformation. 

des Sciences, 223:160-162. 

Vaumas, Etienne de. 1947 Les terrasses d’abrasion marine de la cote Libanaise. Bulletin de la Societe de Geogaphie d Eygept, 

22(1-2): 21-85. 

Vaumas, Etienne de 1963c Sur la nappe alluviale pre-risienne du Levant et l’age de la Comptes Rendus des Séances de l Academie 

terasse. 

des Sciences, 256:1132-1135. 

Vaumas, Etienne de. 1963a Phenomenes cryogeniques et systemes en Mediterranee Revue de Geographie Physique et du Geologie 

Orientale. 

Dynamique, 6(4). 

Vaumas, Etienne de. 1963b La nappe alluviale pre-risienne du Levant et l’age de la Revue de Geographie Physique et du Geologie 

terasse d’abrasion marine de 60 m. 

Dynamique, 5(3): 161-173. 

Wacrenier, P. 1965 Liban. Development de la recherché Scientique et Project plan quinquennal. 

technique. 

UNESCO/PEAT/LEB/SP. 

Wetzel, R. and J. Haller. 1944 Sur le quaternaire cotier de la region de Triopli – Liban. Notes Diverses. Publications de l Ecole 

Francaise d’Ingenieurs de Beyrouth. Pp34-39. 

Wright, H. E. 1962 Late Pleistocene geology of coastal Lebanon. Quaternaria, pp525-540. 

Wright, H.E. 1947 Marine terraces of the coast of Lebanon. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 

Washington. 58(12): 12-42. 

Yazbeck, J. 1990 Nutrient inputs and cycles on the coast of Jounieh Bay, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Wales. 

Lebanon. 

Young, L., M. Nuwayhid, 1984 Respiratory responses of some Lebanese intertidal Paper presented at the First Congress- 

S.Hajj, H.Munaymineh, M. 

invertebrates to changes in salinity. 

Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, 

Tamin, M.Zaydan and H. 

section of the International Union of Biological 

Kouyoumjian. 

Sciences. Liege, Belgium, Aug. 27-31. 

Zaynun, B. 1973 Purification, molecular weights and substrate specificity of M.S. Thesis, American University of Beirut. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


sea urchin chorionaise. 


Zeidane, R.et Lakkis, S. 1995 Periodes de ponte des principales especes de poissons Leb.Sci.Bull., 8,1:27-50 

Teleosteens des eaux neritiques Libanaises. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 



¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 

Appendix II. List of Participants 

The SAP-BIO Workshop was held on March 6, 2002 at the Ministry of Environment, Antelias, Lebanon. 

I - Government 

Name Institution Tel/Fax E-mail Address 

Sanaa Sairawan Ministry of Environment Tel: +961 4 522222 

Ext: 450 

Fax: +961 4 525080 

Sawsan Mehdi Ministry of Environment Tel: +961 4 522222 

Ext: 475 

Fax: +961 4 418910 

Lina Yamout Ministry of Environment Tel: +961 4 522222 

Ext: 443 

Fax: +961 4 525080 

Lara Samaha Ministry of Environment Tel: +961 4 522222 

Ext: 455 

Fax: +961 4 525080 

Rami Abou-Salman Ministry of Environment Tel: +961 4 522222 

Ext: 428 

Fax: +961 4 525080 

Charbel Rizk Ministry of Environment Tel: +961 4 522222 

Ext: 445 

Fax: +961 4 525080 

Mohamad Nahlé Ministry of Transport Tel/Fax: +961 1 

372767 

Tel: +961 3 783350 

Chady Mhanna Ministry of Agriculture Tel: +961 3 456794 

Moufid Dhaini Ministry of Energy and 

Water 

Fax: +961 6 742673 

Tel:+961 3 288743 

Fax:+961 1 565 072 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


s.sairawan@moe.gov.lb P.O.Box: 70-1091 Antelias- 

Lebanon 

smehdi@moe.gov.lb P.O.Box: 70-1091 Antelias- 

Lebanon 

l.yamout@moe.gov.lb P.O.Box: 70-1091 Antelias- 

Lebanon 

l.samaha@moe.gov.lb P.O.Box: 70-1091 Antelias- 

Lebanon 

rsalman@moe.gov.lb P.O.Box: 70-1091 Antelias- 

Lebanon 

crizk@moe.gov.lb P.O.Box: 70-1091 Antelias- 

Lebanon 

ministry@transportation.gov.lb Starco-Beirut 

iopgov@cyberia.net.lb Batroun


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


Jawdat Abou-Jaoudé Council of Development and Tel: +961 3 346890 jawdata@cdr.gov.lb Beirut 

Reconstruction 

Fax: +961 1 981252/3 

Ghaby Khalaf Marine Research Center Tel: + 961 6 741582/3 

Fax: +961 6 741584 

bihar@cnrs.edu.lb 534 Batroun- Lebanon 

Marie Abi-Saab Marine Research Center Tel: + 961 6 741582/3 

Fax: +961 6 741584 

mabisaab@cnrs.edu.lb 534 Batroun- Lebanon 

II- Scientists 


Salma Talhouk American University of Tel:+961 1 340460 ntsalma@aub.edu.lb 

Beirut 

Ext:4508 

Fax:+961 1 

Manal Nader Balamand University Tel/Fax: +961 1 

566897 

Manal.nader@balamand.edu.lb 

Souad Hraoui Lebanese University Tel: +961 3 508479 

Fax: +961 1 680250 

sbloquet@ul.edu.lb 

Ghazi Bitar Lebanese University Tel: +961 3 315162 

Fax: +961 5 465562 

ghbitar@ul.edu.lb 

III- NGOs 


Farhat Farhat Tyre coast Nature Reserve Tel: + 961 3 551513 

Nour Ghalayini Environment Protection 

Committee/ Palm Island 

Nature Reserve 

Fax: +961 7 760162 

Tel: +961 3 408422 

Fax: +961 6 615938 

Elsa Sattout Green Line (NGO) Tel:+961 3 601767 

Fax:+961 1 746215 

___________________________________________________________________________________________ 


epc@cyberia.net.lb P.O.Box: 341 OR 2545 

Tripoli-Lebanon 

greenline@greenline.org.lb Yamout Building Spears 

street Sanayeh-Beirut, Third


¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 


floor 

Andrea Mounla Environment Information Tel:+961 1 801577 info@spnl.org Sadat Street-Sadat 

Center 

Ext: 131, 130 

Tower 5 

Fax:+961 1 801576 

th floor, 

Hamra-Lebanon 

Hafez Jreij Friends of the Sea 

Committee 

Tel/Fax:+961 6 541561 jreijhafez@hotmail.com Enfa-Koura 

IV_ Syndicates 


Abdo Farah Syndicate of Fishermen in Tel: +961 3 825486 

Beirut 

Fax:+961 1 351414 

Salem Deknach Syndicate of Fishermen in 

Beirut 

Tel: +961 3 506181 

V- Private Sector 


Hisham Abou- Association of Industrialists Tel: +961 3 412267 ali@ali.org.lb 

Jaoudé 

Fax: +961 1 350280 

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Project for the preparation of a Strategic Action Plan for the ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?