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SAP-BIO-Lebanon National Report Page 34 of 95 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Cephalopoda No studies have been performed on Cephalopoda. Six or seven species are commonly recognized and these are: Sepia officinalis (Seiche), Octopus vulgaris (pieuvre), O. macropus (poulpe) and these are commonly exploited by local fishermen. In contrast Loligo vulgaris, Allotheutis subulata, Eledone moschata, and Ocythoe tuberculata which have a higher economic value are rarely found in local markets. Fish A list of 44 species of Chondrichthyens and 313 Osteichthyens have been reported in Lebanese waters. Mammalia Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises), whales with pennon was mentioned by Gruvel in 1931. The dented whales includes Delphinidae with three species reported in Lebanon (Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, and Tursiops truncatus ) and Physeteridae represented in Lebanon by one species reported in Lebanon (Physeter macrocephalus) Order Pinnipedia Although there existed a small colony of Monachus monachus South of Beirut this species has been long extinct in Lebanon and the last individuals were reported (by Gruvel) in 1968. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By M. Nader & S. Talhouk June, 2002
SAP-BIO-Lebanon National Report Page 35 of 95 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Table 9. The zoobenthos (Lakkis, S. et al., 1996.) Microzoobenthos Research on microzoobenthos on the Lebanese coast is almost nonexistent. The only study reported the presence of 12 taxa of which gasteropods, archiannelids, nematodes and harpacticoids are the most abundant (Gowing and Hulings, 1976). Their density being proportional to the intensity of urban pollution. Protodrilus similis is an example of an indicator of organic pollution whereby the species is more abundant in highly polluted beaches. Macrozoobenthos The macrozoobenthos on the Lebanese coast counts actually 662 species: Spongiaires (33), Cindaires(9), Turbellariés (1), Nemertes (1), Polychètes (136), Sipunculiens (2), Mollusques (298), Brachiopodes (1); Crustacés (104); Echinodermes (16); Ascidies (26); Bryozoaires (33) and Nematodes (2). These species belong in general to the Mediterranean and Atlantic Fauna and include 37 introduced species: lessepsiennes (31); Indopacifique (1) and Exotiques (5) (Bitar and Kouli-Bitar, 2001). The five exotiques species need warm sea water: Oculina patagonica (Cindaire), Hydroides dirampha (polychetes) and Microcosmus exasperatus, Rhodosoma turcicum, Symplegma brakenhielmi (Ascides). The 31 species of Indopacific origin called " lessepsiennes" are: Lytocarpus philippinus (hydraire), Paleonotus chrysolepis, Bhawania goodi, Pseudonereis anomala, Lysidice ntatlensis, Pseudoeurythoe cf.acarunculata, Cirriformia semicincta, Branchioma cingulata, Hydroides grubei, H. heterocera, H. minax, h. operculata, Spirobranchus giganteus (polychetes), Scrupocellaria jolloisi, Thalamoporella indica (bryozoaires), Trochus erythraeus, Cerithium scabridum, Purpuradusta gracilis, Brachidontes pharaonis, Pinctada radiata, Malleus regulus, Gafrarium pectinatum, Mactra olorina (mollusks), Myra fugax, Portunus pelagicus, Atergatis roseus, Ixa monody, Penaeus semisulcatus (Crustaceae), Synaptula reciprocans (echinoderm), Phallusia nigra, Herdmania momus (ascidia). One indopacific species: Strombus decorus. This mollask does not belong to the lessepsiennes species because it is absent in the Suez Canal. Among the indopacific species, many are well established on the Lebanese coast and seems that they are well adapted to the region: - Ceritium scabridum, very abundant in the shallow basins and mainly where these gasteropodes are on the surface. - Brachidontes pharaonis, are present abundantly on the plateau that characterize the Levantine coast. In the occidental Mediterranean, their presence is dominated by the edible muscle Mytilus galloprovincialis. The later, which was reported in Lebanon by Gruvel in 1931, is totally abscent these days (it is present in Turkey), was not replaced by B. pharaonis. - Pinctada rediata, edible species present on the Lebanese coast, form sometimes-true layers. Unfortunately, this species is becoming rare because of pollution. For example in Beirut, and this species is exploited in Sarafand. - Strombus decorus, a species well established in Lebanon, and it is very abundant with Cymodocea nodosa. Sometimes we find it in hundreds on the beaches. - Phallusia nigra, present in places with a lot of organic matters and on the ports. Other species are becoming abundant (example: Synaptula reciprocans) forming Facies places (example: Oculina patagonica and Lytocarpus philippinus which stingy upon touch. It is worth to look after these species by time and space because they risk replacing the local ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By M. Nader & S. Talhouk June, 2002
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