Annual Report 2009/2010 - JUWEL - Forschungszentrum Jülich

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5.21. Use of TerraSAR-X Imagery for Geological Repositories Monitoring I. Niemeyer 1 , T. Engel 2 1 Institute of Energy and Climate Research – (IEK-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 2 Institute of Geotechnical Engineering and Mine Surveying, TU Clausthal Corresponding author: i.niemeyer@fz-juelich.de Abstract The paper aims at investigating the potential of high-resolution SAR data for geological repositories monitoring as to the extraction of digital elevation models, 2D and 3D scene change detection. Using the ONKALO site as example, experiments for radargrammetry and interferometry will be presented and discussed. Introduction Olkiluoto Island in western Finland features the only spent nuclear fuel disposal site under construction today. The IAEA has been involved since the beginning of the underground construction in 2004, for instance by accompanying the inspections provided by the national authority STUK, and is currently developing a practical safeguards concept for the geological repository (W0LF) together with EURATOM, STUK and the operator POSIVA. The safeguards approach includes the use of monitoring techniques for observing preoperational, operational and post-closure phase, and for implementing IAEA safeguards respectively. Among the satellite-based remote sensing techniques, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery show some advantages compared to optical data for monitoring nuclear sites in northern climates. SAR sensors operate under almost all weather conditions and independently of the sunlight, i.e. time of the day. Such technical specifications are required both for continuous and for ad-hoc, timed surveillance tasks. With Cosmo-Skymed, TerraSAR-X and Radarsat-2, high-resolution SAR imagery with a spatial resolution up to 1 m and some technical innovations has recently become available. In practice, however, the operational value of SAR sensors for safeguards issues still has to be approved. The joint Member State Support Program (MSSP) task entitled ‘Use of Satellite Imagery Data for Geological Repositories’ was initiated by the need to identify the remote sensing technologies and techniques that will best support the needs of safeguards in monitoring geological repositories. The objective of this joint program was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of various SAR satellite imagery technologies to detect undeclared activities for diverting spent fuel from a geological repository. The Canadian, German and Japanese Support Programs evaluated various approaches to processing SAR data. The paper analyses the performance of the high-resolution TerraSAR-X sensor and its potential for geological repositories monitoring in northern areas. In detail, a case study case on the Onkalo underground laboratory using TerraSAR-X imagery was conducted to investigate the application of interferometric processing and change detection techniques for extracting digital elevation models of site buildings, facilities and surrounding area, and for detecting 3D changes between different acquisition times. The operational value of using SAR imagery strongly depends on the surface parameters (vegetation cover, topography etc.) of the area to be monitored and on the acquisition 175
parameters of the SAR system, such as the incidence angle [1,2]. That is why the investigation area proves to be challenging in two different aspects: First, the Olkiluoto Island is mainly covered by coniferous forest; second, the island’s surface is rather flat with maximum 18 meters height above sea level. However, as W0LF is expected to get into operation in 2020 as the first geological repository worldwide, possibilities and limits of SAR imagery processing are to be studied for this particular area. Site-specific Characteristics at Onkalo In 2004, Finland began underground construction of the Onkalo (Underground Rock Characterisation Facility), planned to be later licensed as a part of the Geological Repository on the Olkiluoto Island adjacent to the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in western Finland. The Olkiluoto area is flat; the highest point of the Olkiluoto Island is 18 m above present sea level. The access tunnel to the Onkalo underground facility is located at one of the local rocky hills (near the borehole KR8, Fig. 129 left) at the elevation of 9 to 10 meters above the present sea level. SAR detection exercise Onkalo GR Fig. 129: Left: The location of the entrance to the underground research premises is located near the investigation borehole KR8 (marked with triangle symbols on the right) at the distance of 2 km from the nuclear power plant shown in the grey area on the left. [3]. Right: The underground rock characterisation premises to be excavated at Olkiluoto. The planned access tunnel on the left [4] is excavated during several phases of subcontracts to the current fourth loop as shown on the right [5]. Investigations using TerraSAR-X imagery TerraSAR-X, working with the X-band (9.65 Ghz), has been realized as Public Private Partnerships (PPP) between the German Aerospace Agency (DLR) and industry (EADS Astrium). Depending on the acquisition mode, different swath widths and polarization modes are available. In the highest possible spatial resolution (High Resolution Spotlight Mode), TerraSAR-X offers single polarization (HH or VV) in 1.1 m and dual polarization (HH/VV) in 2.2 m resolution for a scene size of 10 km (cross) by 5 km (along) [6]. Two high-resolution spotlight images, acquired on May 23 and June 3, 2010 with the same parameters, were used for the study. 176
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Mitglied Mitglied der der Helmholtz
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Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Inst
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Preface .......
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6.2.2 Doctoral Thesis .............
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state of NRW. The collaborative pro
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2 Institute’s Profile Due to the
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2.2. Organization chart Reactor Saf
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3 Key Research Topics 3.1. Long Ter
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actinide co-conversion into polyact
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Fig. 7: Non-destructive analytical
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Fig. 9: Thermal treatment of an AVR
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3.8. Product Quality Control of Rad
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3.8.2 Product Quality Control of Lo
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The advantage of working at low vac
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NdPO 4 powder sample, directly rece
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4.5. Non-destructive assay testing
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5 Scientific and Technical Reports
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Results and Discussion The irradiat
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work will focus on the identificati
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Different solvents (iso-propanol an
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e & j) Aggregates of aluminium oxid
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Experimental details The corrosion
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Intensity [CPS] 500 400 300 200 100
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Fig. 24: Left: High resolution TEM
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a) MD model [10] b) Derived Lesukit
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5.4. Minor actinide(III) recovery f
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Extensive extraction studies were p
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of the extraction properties of the
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Cm(III) together with the lanthanid
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using a mixture of CyMe4BTBP and TO
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A more challenging route studied wi
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These preliminary results show that
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The 1-cycle SANEX process is intend
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Continuous counter-current tests us
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Conclusion In this work, it was sho
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shaken by a vortex mixer for 15 min
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100 100 Distribution ratio 10 1 0.1
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Tab. 15: The distribution ratios of
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5.7. Synthesis and thermal treatmen
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Acid-Deficient Uranyl-Nitrate via d
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Optical investigation showed a noti
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TG /% 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 8
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Radiolysis in the aqueous solutions
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is about 4% while the one of the rh
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Fig. 59: Compressibility curve for
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Conclusion and outlook Monazite-typ
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Fig. 63: Description of the unit ce
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agents for the synthesis of neodymi
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100 TG 785°C Exo DSC 0,2 0,0 90 -0
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After synthesis the product was cen
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process of monazite and additional
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Tab. 18: Lattice parameters determi
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Conclusions For Sm 1-x Ce x PO 4 mo
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5.11. Raman Spectra of Synthetic Ra
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The numerical values of all measure
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knowledge, these special relationsh
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Fig. 80: Raman spectra of LaPO 4 ir
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5.12. MC simulation of thermal neut
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content was replaced by hydrogen. C
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constant for hydrogen concentration
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with a 0 1 -183.88 ± 8.55 and a 2
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5.13. An Improved Method for the no
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2 2 2 d0 R ds d0 dw la( )
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Page 131 and 132: In the drum, 4 ‘hot spots’ for
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Page 137 and 138: shown in Fig. 96. In both cases the
Page 139 and 140: econstruction than the old calculat
Page 141 and 142: Neutron capture cross sections and
Page 143 and 144: Outlook The evaluated data will be
Page 145 and 146: from carbon-based HTR fuel elements
Page 147 and 148: Fig. 102: 3D volume reconstructions
Page 149 and 150: dislocate the 14 C atom from its pr
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Page 153 and 154: Acknowledgement The authors like to
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Page 159 and 160: [2] A European Roadmap for Developi
Page 161 and 162: from airborne SWIR Full Spectrum Im
Page 163 and 164: Fig. 113: Visualization of the vege
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Page 167 and 168: Acknowledgements The work presented
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Page 173 and 174: it gives a difference in segmentati
Page 175 and 176: [6] I. Niemeyer, F. Bachmann, A. Jo
Page 177 and 178: Monitoring 3 cooperated intensively
Page 179: facilities and other treaty related
Page 183 and 184: The MGD products used in the study
Page 185 and 186: Fig. 134 contains the result for th
Page 187 and 188: [2] H. Maître (ed.), Processing of
Page 189 and 190: Preparatory Committee to allocate t
Page 191 and 192: unconditional security assurances f
Page 193 and 194: safeguards was also requested. Deci
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Page 199 and 200: Hardware layer The hardware layer i
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Page 203 and 204: The ENDF-B/V and ENDF-B/VI librarie
Page 205 and 206: 5.26. Product control of waste prod
Page 207 and 208: Polysiloxane which has been investi
Page 209 and 210: acceptance requirements [3]. In the
Page 211 and 212: Fig. 145: List of description and d
Page 213 and 214: 6.1. Courses taught at universities
Page 215 and 216: Umwelt / Energy & Environment 2010;
Page 217 and 218: 6.5. Institute Seminar The IEK-6 or
Page 219 and 220: 6.5.3 Invited talks 2009 30.04.2009
Page 221 and 222: 21.09.2010 Dr. N. Evans: The Chemis
Page 223 and 224: 8 Selected R&D projects 8.1. EU pro
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Page 227 and 228: Bukaemskiy A.A., Barrier D., Modolo
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Rezniczek, A.; Richter, B.; Jussofi
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Daniels, H.: Co-conversion of actin
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11.3. Publications 2010 11.3.1 Jour
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Sypula, M.; Wilden, A.; Schreinemac
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(Partitioning) - Stabilitätsunters
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Modolo, G.; Bosbach, D.; Geist, A.;
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12 How to reach us Postal Address F
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By train: Take the train from Aache
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Schriften des Forschungszentrums J
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