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production rate and location in the project. A significant difference in the efficiency <strong>of</strong> a project can be made by making improvements in production rates and repetitive tasks (Kymmell, 2008). 3.2.3.3 5D BIM 5D BIM requires project cost to be integrated with the 3D model <strong>of</strong> the building making it possible to forecast and track the project cost throughout all the phases <strong>of</strong> construction. It is helpful in the early stages <strong>of</strong> the project to establish budget areas. With the evolvement <strong>of</strong> the model, cost estimation can be enhanced with the increased level <strong>of</strong> model detail and the cost implementations <strong>of</strong> different design alternatives can be estimated at any stage <strong>of</strong> design phase. The cost data extracted from the 5D model can also be utilized to measure the financial performance <strong>of</strong> the project during the actual construction phase (Kymmell, 2008). 3.2.4 4D Planning Construction planning involves scheduling and sequencing activities in time and space, taking in account resources, procurement, spatial constraints and other concerns in process. Traditionally, bar charts and Critical Path Method (CPM) scheduling are used to plan the construction activities. However, these methods do not consider the spatial configuration related to these activities and neither do they link these activities directly to the building model. Therefore, scheduling is an intensive manual job and it <strong>of</strong>ten does not synchronize completely with the design and makes it difficult for the project stakeholders to understand the schedule easily and its effect on the site logistics. To address these shortcomings in the planning process, 4D technology has evolved. Many commercial tools have evolved till now to facilitate the process <strong>of</strong> creating a 4D model with automatic links to 3D geometry or entities for construction activities (see Figure 0-9). BIM tools have enabled scheduler to create, evaluation, and amend 4D models more efficiently, which has resulted in the implementation <strong>of</strong> more reliable and effective schedules (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2011). 16 CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis 2012:27
Figure 0-9: Illustration <strong>of</strong> 4D model 4D <strong>modeling</strong> allows the simulation and evaluation <strong>of</strong> the planned construction schedule. Grouping <strong>of</strong> the objects in the building model should be done according to the construction phases and linked to relevant activities in the construction schedule. For example, if a concrete slab is to be poured in three steps, then the model <strong>of</strong> the slab should be divided into three sections so that the sequence can be effectively planned and illustrated. In addition, temporary activities and structures like scaffolding and tower cranes should also be included in the building model. The contractor knowledge is very significant when building a 4D model for planning process. If the model is built during the design phase <strong>of</strong> the building, then the contractor can give his valuable feedback regarding constructability, estimated construction cost and sequencing. 4D simulations for planning process acts as a communication tool for identifying potential bottlenecks and as method to improve collaboration among different project teams (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2011). CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Master’s Thesis 2012:27 17
Page 1: IMPACT OF 4D MODELING ON CONSTRUCTI
Page 4 and 5: Impact of 4D Model
Page 7 and 8: Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Backg
Page 9: Preface This master’s thesis has
Page 14 and 15: exceptional tool to solve the probl
Page 16 and 17: this technology to address the most
Page 18 and 19: or reports, then reorganizes or com
Page 20 and 21: 3.1.1 Construction planning aspects
Page 22 and 23: (Nunnally, 2007). An example <stron
Page 24 and 25: 3.2 4D BIM 3.2.1 Introduction to BI
Page 26 and 27: the project, BIM can be used by the
Page 30 and 31: 3.2.4.1 4D Modeling Processes Varie
Page 32 and 33: 3.2.4.2 4D Planning and Scheduling
Page 34 and 35: 3.3.1 Case study 1 (Kymmell, 2008)
Page 36 and 37: Figure 0-11: Percent plan complete
Page 38 and 39: information and gave precise quanti
Page 40 and 41: In this project, transformation fro
Page 42 and 43: two following processes which invol
Page 44 and 45: Figure 0-17: Hit Rate (%) Analysis
Page 46 and 47: Table 0-1: Usefulness of</s
Page 48 and 49: Figure 0-18: Three different screen
Page 50 and 51: utilization of 4D
Page 52 and 53: 4.1.1.6 Accurate quantities take<st
Page 54 and 55: separately the updating task <stron
Page 56 and 57: common problems faced in the constr
Page 58: Kymmell, W. (2008). Biliding inform

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