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. Scots KAY Scots shares the same Germanic roots as Enghsh, but the two languages developed separately during the Middle Ages when Scotland and England were independent, mutually hostile nations. Then, Scots absorbed distinctive words from French, Dutch, and Scandinavian languages, while ironically preserving its Old English roots better than the English of England in words like hame (home) and stniie (stone). Scots was spoken by every sector of Lowland society. The hegemony of Scots was eroded by important historical events such as the Reformation (i6th century), when the first vernacular Bibles were printed in Enghsh; the Union of the Crowns (1603), when Scots poets lost royal patronage; and the political union of Scotland and England in 1707, when the prestige of the language of the larger partner, England, was firmly established. Yet three centuries later, despite enormous pressures toward linguistic conformity, Scots remains a vital component of Scottish cultural life, the medium of plays, novels, poetry, and a rich and beautiful song tradition. SccitKuid lies aye bcL'n a ii' !!; Scotlniid hiis alwctys hcvn a imtlti- Imgu.il kintrao. fao the touiidiii o lingual country, front the founding of Scots in a Scottisli nuidry from an early edition of Sir Walter Scott's 1816 novel The Antiquary. die natioun wiian f-rcncli. Fleniisli. Ciaelic, an Scots ucs spoken m tin- early burghs, riclit t.ic tlie present day wi tiie C'eitic leid (iaeiu an the (Icrni.inic leids IZnglisli an Scots yet t.ie tiic tore. O tliir thne Iculs. Scots is by t.iiir the nation, when French, Flemish, GaeUc, and Scots were spoken in the early toii'ns, right to the present day when the Cchic language Gaelic and the Germanic languages Enghsh and Scots (remain preeminent j Of these three languages, Scots is by far tlu- ni.nst nogleckit an iiaiidcn the most neglected and held down A native Scots speaker from Ayrshire, Billy Kay's work promoting Scots has been a major catalyst for the language's revival in education and the media in recent years. He produced the television series "The Mother Tongue" and the radio series "The Scots Tongue," and wrote the influential book. Scots, Tlie Mithier Tongue. He has published successful plays, poetry, and short stories in Scots and also frequently visits Scottish primary and secondary schools to talk to the students about Scots. (.loiiii m offeicial terms, yet nxinicallv is spoken in ae ilialcct or •inither by the feck o tiie t'owk. Wi gev pickle status, it is niaisdy uiscd in mfonual, f.imiliar situations. Whiles 1 lonipare it t.ie an uiideigrund actix-iry pieed by conscntm adults in the pnv.uy o their am hames! Despite this lestrictit uis o the leid tor a King nine, it ties .i\'e been the niedium a a great literary an toik tradeition .it the makars o the praisent day is eident tae continue. [oppressed] in official terms, yet ironically is spoken in one dialect or another by the majority of the folk. With very little status, it is mostly used in informal, fmiiliar situations. Sometimes I compare it to an underground activity practiced by consenting adults in the privacy of their own homes! Despite this restricted use of the language for a long time, it has always been the medium of a great literary and folk tradition that the writers of the present day are keen to continue.
The makars ar also pairt o a process tae normalise Tlie writers are also part of a process to normalize Scots, tak it frae the private tae the public domain Scots, take it from the private to the public domain an gie fowk a sense o whit it wes and whit it will and give people a sense of what it was and what it will be again—a leid o mense an virr that will aye be again— a language of dignity and vigor that mil always express the smeddum o the Scots fowk an their ties tae the land an its culture. express the spirit of the Scottish people and their ties to the land and its culture. In daein this we ar takin pairt in a process that is dingin doun barriers an biggin brigs aw ower Europe, whaur aince suppressit leids an natiouns ar reassertin theirsels.They ar threapin for their veice tae be heard in a Europe o a Hunder Flags an a hunder tongues, a Europe whaur linguistic 7(1 doing this we are taking part in a process that is smashing barriers and building bridges all over Europe, where once suppressed languages and nations are reasserting themselves. Jliey are insisting for their voice to be heard in a Europe of a hundred flags and a hundred tongues, a Europe where linguistic diversity is regairdit wi pleisure raither than wi diversity is regarded with pleasure rather than with suspeicion. For the relationship atween Scots an English hes nionie parallels in a wheen European suspicion. For the relationship between Scots and English has many parallels in a number of European kintraes: Friesian an Dutch in the Laigh Kintras, countries: Friesian and Dutch in the Low Countries, Occitan an French in France. Catalan an Spanish, Occitan and French in France, Catalan and Spanish, or Galician an Spanish in Spain. Aw thay leids or Galician and Spanish in Spain. All these languages cam frae similar ruits, but gaed their ain gait through belangin separate poleitical entities. came from similar roots, but went their own path [evolved separately] through belonging to separate political entities. In maist cases it wes anely whan they got thirlit tae political unions wi mair pouerfii neebours at their mither tongues stairtit tae erode in In most cases it was only when they became bound to political unions with more powerful neighbors that their mother tongues started to erode in competeitioun wi the standard language o the competition with the standard language of the centrist states they belangit.The naiture o fowk's identity houever is sic that aw thae leids hes tholit centralized states they belonged to. The nature of a people's identity, however, is such that all these languages have borne the straiks agin thaim an bidit on in a mair the strikes against them and lived on in a more restrictit uis as the ilka-day language o the fowk. restricted use as the everyday language of the people. In monie cases this Strang fowk-feelin wi In many cases this strong [popular identification] tvith the leids gart thaim that spoke thaim aw the mair determinit tae hand on tae whit they hed. the languages made those who spoke them all determined to hold on to what they had. the more It is aw aboout heizin up the vernacular o the It is all about elevating the vernacular of the fowk tae its richtfli place in our national life. people to its rightful place in our national life. Hugh MacDiarmid (1892—1978), the faither o the Hugh MacDiarmid (iSgz—igyS), the father of the Scots Literarv' Renaissance, scrievit thir words that Scottish Literary Renaissance, wrote the words that gie hope for the future o Scots as a leivin give hope for the future of Scots as a liimg European leid o the 21st century. "For we hae European language of the 21st century. "For we have faith in Scotland's hidden poo'ers.The present's theirs, but a" the past an fiiture's oors." faith in Scotland's hidden powers. The present's theirs, but all the past and future's ours. "
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SMITHSONIAN FOLKLIFE FESTIVAL SCOTL
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The annual Smithsonian Folklife Fes
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Table of Contents The Festival: Doi
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The Festival: Doing the Public Good
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— a singular, global, mass coniii
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The 2003 Smithsonian Folklife Festi
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— Appalachia Heritage and Harmony
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Virginia, is one of the best known.
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A mural by Tim White, in Bristol, T
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string bands of note were Charlie P
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Carolina, who learned many of her s
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— 1 riate •KM ''&L'X^'Ttyi«iFi
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- 26 Appalachia, Where Tradition an
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28 and Latin America. They are addi
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Native American Traditions in Appal
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32 OF APPALACHIA of cultural histor
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^, — 34 or "Dive for the Oyster."
Page 38 and 39: 36 Pnolo by Jirri Higgins Library o
Page 40 and 41: . 2000. . ^^FORMATION Blue Ridge Mu
Page 42 and 43: Mali From Timbuktu to Washington /.
Page 44 and 45: universities in the United States,
Page 46 and 47: A woman [ in Timbuktu. Knotograpn b
Page 48 and 49: — From Golden Age Empires to Inde
Page 50 and 51: The French had hardly been welcomed
Page 52 and 53: \ constitution brought about the Th
Page 54 and 55: Burkina Faso. It is played on diffe
Page 56 and 57: Malian crafts are a legacy from the
Page 58 and 59: the garment, and ornamentation 56 s
Page 60 and 61: 4 *^ '*
Page 62 and 63: ack into the Sahara and Sahehan zon
Page 64 and 65: increasing popularity of television
Page 66 and 67: — Certain dishes are linked to pa
Page 68 and 69: ft J ncK DjeDje, Jacquehne Cogdell,
Page 70 and 71: I Scotland at the Smithsonian is pr
Page 72 and 73: — John o'Groals OUTER HEBRIDES {W
Page 75 and 76: Scottish History: The Culture and t
Page 77 and 78: Much of contemporary Scottish tradi
Page 79 and 80: — 1 Traditional Song and Music in
Page 81 and 82: . . throughout occasional dance in
Page 83 and 84: j^ ,. V ẏ 7 Traditional Scottish
Page 85 and 86: — Panto in Scotland JOYCE MCMILLA
Page 87: — 85 The prehistoric Callanish St
Page 91 and 92: have a direct connection with worki
Page 93 and 94: (Outer Hebrides) can still visit sn
Page 95 and 96: Moore, Maggie. Scottish Step Dancin
Page 97 and 98: General Festival Information FESTIV
Page 99 and 100: ^^1:30 S^ 3:00 Talking Tree 12;00 Y
Page 101 and 102: Scotland at Smithsonian the 3:00 Sc
Page 103 and 104: Scotland at Smithsonian Feis Stage
Page 105 and 106: Kora players perrorm at 6 p.m. at t
Page 107 and 108: Malian Foodways
Page 109 and 110: Scotland at Smithsonian the Feis St
Page 111 and 112: Dogon dancers at 12:30 p.m. at ttie
Page 113 and 114: Scotland at the Smithsonian Feis St
Page 115 and 116: 2:45 Growing Up m Mali 113 3:30 Bab
Page 117 and 118: Scotland at the Smithsonian Feis St
Page 119: [ ] ) \ I I i ; i 117 NATIONAL MUSE
Page 123 and 124: — Saturday, July 5 Beautiful Beyo
Page 125 and 126: Festival Participants Laura Boosing
Page 127 and 128: The New Southern Ramblers (with Ral
Page 129 and 130: N'Goussonn, Koulikoro Salif Keita,
Page 131 and 132: Pottery Shoemakiiig TRADITIONAL MED
Page 133 and 134: Fiti Moore, Diitikeld DANCE POETRY/
Page 135 and 136: Tapestry Weaving Dovecot Tapestry W
Page 137 and 138: Special Tixanks Sam Adams. Tiie Mou
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staff SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Lawre
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Tourism Task Force Special thanks t
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• III SMITHSONIAN FOLKWAYS RECORD
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Smithso >lklife Festiv,
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