English version - Convention on Biological Diversity

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The salt and temperature tolerant Avicenna marina is the dominantly occuring species in most of the mangrove habitats in Eritrea. Other mangrove species that found along the coastline but confined to certain localities are Rhizophora mucronata and Ceriops tagal. A fourth species Brughieria gymnorrhiza is reported historically to occur along the Eritrean coast, but has yet to be recorded. Despite a diverse faunal communities existing highly associated with mangroves, no complete faunal survey of the mangrove habitats has been undertaken, primarily because of the present low capacity for taxonomic identification of marine invertebrates in Eritrea. Birds are among terrestrial wildlife populations closely linked with mangrove habitats. Reports of to date surveys reveals that 45 bird species have been commonly seen in or close to mangrove habitats depending partly for feeding, roosting and/or breeding in their life. This includes inter-alia: Within mangrove: Pink-backed Pelican; Reef Heron; Goliath Heron; Purple Heron; Grey Heron; Little Egret; Greater Flamingo; Black Kite; Pale Chanting Goshawk; Osprey; Oystercatcher; Blackwinged Stilt; Crab Plover; Little-ringed Plover; Chestnut-backed Plover; Kentish Plover; Ringed Plover; Black-headed Plover; Kittlitz's Plover; Little Plover; Sanderling; Curlew Sandpiper; Common Snipe; Bar-tailed Godwit; Curlew; Whimbrel; Redshank; Common Sandpiper; Turnstone; Sacred Ibis; European spoonbill; and Mangrove Warbler. Close to mangrove: Namaqua Dove; Pink-headed Dove; Olive Bee-eater; European Beeeater; Cimmanon chested Bee-eater; Hoopoe; Palm Swift; (Red-chested) Swallow; Yellow Wagtail; Pied Wagtail; Graceful Prinia; Ruppell's Weaver; and Common Bulbu. In addition, the mangrove habitat hosts high densities of marine invertebrates (crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) as well as large concentrations of a wide range juvenile fish species for nursery and feeding services. Mangroves play important role for coastal communities by providing wood and none wood benefits to human, including timber, fuel, fodder for camels and tannin. Besides mangroves are also crucial for harnessing coastal stabilization and maintaining ecosystem integrity within the broader coastal environment that includes: wildlife habitat provision, coastal protection, soil formation, organic material production, and nursery for many marine species. In addition, mangrove A continued loss of mangrove has been witnessed in the past. Study conducted by the ECMIB Project (2005) showed a net loss of about 3.57 km 2 of mangrove forest between 1985 and 2000. The main cause for the loss has been concluded as: cutting by local communities for fuel and construction, over-browsing by camels; diminished inflows of fresh water due to reduced runoffs, and blockades resulted from uncoordinated road construction works reduced supply of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, iron and phosphorus (State of the Coast 2007). On the other hand noble initiatives are also underway campaigning in the Afforestation and rehabilitation of degrarded mangrove forests as demonstrated by the Manzanar Project in Masswa and Hirgigo Areas (Manzanra project). 10
Threats of the Forest Ecosystem The main threats of the forest ecosystem are:- • Un regulated expansion of agricultural land • Excessive collection of firewood and construction wood, • Forest fire, • Over grazing/over browsing, • Expansion of settlements, villages and towns, • Recurrent droughts, • Invasive alien specie (Opuntia ficus indica in the highland forest and Prosopis juliflora in the riverine forest) Figure-2: Mangrove forests and their prop roots a secret for adapting anoxic soil conditions (ECMIB Project 2007 1.3.1.2 Woodland Ecosystem The woodlands are scattered all over the country, although the dominant part is located in the low-lying areas. The total area of the woodlands is estimated at about 14,074 km 2 out of which 7082 km 2 (50%) is found in the western lowland (FAO, 1997). The woodlands vary from open to relatively closed canopies towards the vicinities of the rivers in the western lowlands Status and Trend Like in all ecosystems, no exhaustive biodiversity study conducted in the woodlands of the country. According to Bein et al 2006, however, there are about 47 woody plant species of 11
Page 1 and 2: The State of Eritrea Ministry of La
Page 3 and 4: 3.5 CONTRIBUTION OF MAINSTREAMING I
Page 5 and 6: IRC Impact Review Committee IWRM In
Page 7 and 8: clearing for agricultural purposes,
Page 9 and 10: of food, income and employment has
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER I. OVERVIEW OF BIODIVERSITY
Page 13 and 14: Figure:- 1. Agro ecological zones o
Page 15 and 16: finger millet, 3 for sesame and 2 f
Page 17 and 18: aboon), all the rest mammals are co
Page 19: environment as a whole. Irrigated a
Page 23 and 24: Elephantidae Loxodonta Africana Afr
Page 25 and 26: Table 7: Number of the major woody
Page 27 and 28: Acanthaceae 1 Malvaceae 2 Aizoaceae
Page 29 and 30: 1.3.2.1 Aquatic Ecosystem: The Red
Page 31 and 32: Gurgussum, Dehil, Baradu, Tio, Sahi
Page 33 and 34: Figure 6: Coastal communities heavi
Page 35 and 36: • Bryde’s whale or Tropical wha
Page 37 and 38: • Additional disturbance especial
Page 39 and 40: Figure-10: Sandy shores and mud-fla
Page 41 and 42: 5 for taff, 3 for pearl millet, 3 f
Page 43 and 44: Trend showing annaully planted area
Page 45 and 46: identified to be grown in Eritrea.
Page 47 and 48: overgrazing during dry season and u
Page 49 and 50: picture of great complexity, compri
Page 51 and 52: there are four indigenous breeds of
Page 53 and 54: Livestock contribute also to the na
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER II CURRENT STATUS OF NATION
Page 57 and 58: Information acquisition and storage
Page 59 and 60: the CBD to explore the ways in whic
Page 61 and 62: The implementation of the managemen
Page 63 and 64: • Plant quarantine proclamation N
Page 65 and 66: 5) Identification, survey and board
Page 67 and 68: Contribute to Article 7 of CBD by s
Page 69 and 70: (capacity building) Strategy 10.1 I
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2.2.2 Marine Biodiversity Objective
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Strategy 4.1 Identify, monitor and
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(8) Information acquisition and sto
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5) Develop a suitable mechanism for
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2.2.3 Agricultural Biodiversity Obj
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Strategy 3.1 Improve knowledge and
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3) Develop and adopt complementary
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2) Study biodiversity system of cro
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CHAPTER III SECTORAL AND CROSS-SECT
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conducted at all levels to sensitiz
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• Potable Water Regulations in Fi
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investors are engaged in exploring
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compromising the sustainability of
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production systems; and 5) Moderniz
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• Application of land tenure syst
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To integrate environmental issues i
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which is believed to be declining i
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upon biodiversity, reduced. Target
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this alien invasive species. Plant
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In Eritrea the NWFP still continue
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Eritrea is from the recipient end o
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Goal 2: Parties have improved finan
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4.2 Every Party to the Cartagena Pr
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situ conservation, research and tra
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B. Process of preparation of nation
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Appendix II - Further Sources of In
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SOS Sahel International -----. Asse
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English version - Convention on Biological Diversity

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