Gulph Creek Stone Arch Bridge - Delaware Department of ...

Chapter 3—Historic Context for Common Historic Bridge Types
demolished, have been documented across the Little Wabash River at Carmi, Illinois
(1917); and across the Cannonball River at Mott, North Dakota (1921). The greatest
number of extant Marsh Arch Bridges, however, may be found in Kansas, Iowa and
Ohio.
The Marsh arch design covered by his 1912 patent is not a tied arch because the
floor system did not serve as a tie between the ends of the arch ribs. According to
Hippen (21, p. 7), the Marsh patented design allowed the floor to slide independently of
the arches so that longitudinal expansion and contraction would be transmitted between
the floor system and the arches only through the hangers, which were flexible enough to
bend slightly. This was achieved through use of a slip joint between the deck and the
arch where they intersect (20, p. 27). Marsh secured another patent in 1921 (#1,388,584)
for a supposedly flexible short hanger to be used as a modification of the 1912 design,
and this modification assumes a continuance of the sliding deck concept. Marsh was
known to have produced both a fixed arch design and a tied arch design, and his company
built both types. Apparently, he did not have a patent for the fixed arch design (21, p. 9).
Many tied arch spans are called “rainbow” arches, but a clear distinction should
be made between those spans based on the 1912 Marsh patent and true tied-arch designs.
Occasionally, confusion has arisen in the literature of bridge history due to the tendency
to characterize both Marsh patented designs and non-Marsh designs as “rainbow arches.”
As an example, in Historic Highway Bridges in Pennsylvania, the Second Street Bridge
in Delaware County is referred to as a “bowstring arch,” and it is stated that concrete
bowstring arch bridges are sometimes known as “Rainbow” and “Marsh” arches.
However, a bowstring span, whether expressed as a metal truss or a reinforced concrete
arch, is by definition a tied-arch design, whereas the Marsh arch, as covered by the 1912
patent, is not. Care should be taken in identification and evaluation of reinforced
concrete through “rainbow” arches to differentiate between fixed and tied arch designs.
Significance Assessment: The Marsh arch is another example of the early
proprietary patented reinforced concrete arch form built during the first few decades of
the 20th century (1910-1920). A technological characteristic of the Marsh arch was its
ability to be fabricated without the use of falsework. All concrete arches need a
temporary wooden scaffolding to support the formwork until the concrete is cured and
structurally stable. March arches essentially are a steel armature around which concrete is
formed – a steel framework incased in concrete. Hence, the formwork for the concrete
could be hung from the reinforcing armature without the need for scaffolding in the bed
of the river.
March arches are an aesthetic and pleasing form contributing to the cultural
landscape, especially in the Midwest. Bridges documented to have been built by Marsh
or under his patent are significant within the context of this study if they retain their
character-defining features, which include the arch (from below to above the deck) end
posts, suspenders (vertical ties), lower chord, floor beams, railing and piers or abutments.
Documentation might be found in the form of a bridge plaque or local government
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