Internet Security - Dang Thanh Binh's Page

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NETWORK LAYER SECURITY 253 multiple of 32-bit words. It may include explicit padding. This padding is included to ensure that the length of AH is an integral multiple of 32 bits (IPv4) or 64 bits (IPv6). 7.2.2 AH Location Either AH or ESP is employed in two ways: transport mode or tunnel mode. The transport mode is applicable only to host implementations and provides protection for upper-layer protocols. In the transport mode, AH is inserted after the IP header and before an upperlayer protocol (TCP, UDP or ICMP), or before any other IPsec header that may have already been inserted. In the IPv4 context, AH is placed after the original IP header and before the upper-layer protocol TCP or UDP. Note that an ICMP message may be sent using either the transport mode or the tunnel mode. Authentication covers the entire packet, excluding mutable fields in the IPv4 header that are set to zero for MAC computation. The positioning of AH transport mode for an IPv4 packet is illustrated in Figure 7.5(a). In the IPv6 context, AH should appear after hop-to-hop, routing and fragmentation extension headers. The destination options extension header(s) could appear either before or after AH, depending on the semantics desired. Authentication again covers the entire packet, excluding mutable fields that are set to zero for MAC computation. The positioning of AH transport mode for an IPv6 packet is illustrated in Figure 7.5(b). Tunnel mode AH can be employed in either hosts or security gateways. When AH is implemented in a security gateway to protect transit traffic, tunnel mode must be used. In tunnel mode, the inner IP header carries the ultimate source and destination addresses, while an outer IP header may contain different IP addresses (i.e. addresses of firewalls or other security gateways). In tunnel mode, AH protects the entire inner IP packet, including the entire inner IP header. The position of AH in tunnel mode, relative to the outer IP header, is the same as for AH in transport mode. Figure 7.5(c) illustrates AH tunnel mode positioning for typical IPv4 and IPv6 packets. 7.3 IP ESP The ESP header is designed to provide security services in IPv4 and IPv6. ESP can be applied alone, in combination with the IP AH or through the use of tunnel mode. <strong>Security</strong> services are provided between a pair of hosts, between a pair of security gateways or between a security gateway and a host. The ESP header is inserted after the IP header and before the upper-layer protocol header (transport mode) or before an encapsulated IP header (tunnel mode). ESP is used to provide confidentiality (encryption), data authentication, integrity and anti-replay service, and limited traffic flow confidentiality. Confidentiality could be selected independent of all other services. However, use of confidentiality without integrity/ authentication may subject traffic to certain forms of active attacks that undermine the confidentiality service. Data authentication and integrity are joint services offered as an option with confidentiality. The anti-replay service is chosen only if data origin authentication
254 INTERNET SECURITY IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 orig IP hdr (any options) Before applying AH orig IP hdr TCP Data Authenticated except for mutable fields orig IP hdr (any options) After applying AH (a) AH transport mode for an IPv4 packet ext hdrs (if any) Before applying AH After applying AH TCP Data Authenticated except for mutable fields (b) AH transport mode for an IPv6 packet Authenticated except for mutable fields in the new IP hdr Authenticated except for mutable fields in the new IP hdr and its extension headers new IP hdr AH ext hdrs TCP Data hop-by-hop, dest, orig IP hdr routing, fragment AH dest TCP Data new IP hdr AH orig IP hdr TCP Data AH orig IP header (c) AH tunnel mode for typical IPv4 and IPv6 packets ext headers Figure 7.5 Transport mode and tunnel mode for AH authentication. TCP Data is selected and the service is effective only if the receiver checks the sequence number. The current key management options required for both AH and ESP are manual keying and automated keying via IKE. 7.3.1 ESP Packet Format Figure 7.6 shows the format of an ESP packet and the fields in the header format are defined in the following.
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TEAMFLY
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Internet Security
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Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons
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vi CONTENTS 2.3 World Wide Web 47 2
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viii CONTENTS 5.6 The Elliptic Curv
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x CONTENTS 10.2.5 De-militarised Zo
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Preface The Internet is global in s
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PREFACE xv Policy Approval Authorit
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PREFACE xvii classified into three
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1 Internetworking and Layered Model
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INTERNETWORKING AND LAYERED MODELS
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Layer No. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 OSI Layer A
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2 TCP/IP Suite and Internet Stack P
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TCP/IP SUITE AND INTERNET STACK PRO
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Class A Class B Class C Class D Cla
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H Host H TCP/IP SUITE AND INTERNET
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Bits IP header TCP/IP SUITE AND INT
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3 Symmetric Block Ciphers This chap
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S-boxes L i−1 S 1 L i SYMMETRIC B
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K 1 48 bits K 2 48 bits K 16 48 bit
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Table 3.4 Initial permutation (IP)
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 65 Table 3.
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 67 This 48-
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 69 The 48-b
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 71 Thus, th
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 73 Round K1
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 75 Example
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64-bit plaintext X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Ro
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 81 The outp
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 83 the corr
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 87 of S and
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Step 3 i = j = 0; A = B = 0; SYMMET
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3.3.3 Encryption SYMMETRIC BLOCK CI
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A SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 93 A B
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3.4 RC6 Algorithm SYMMETRIC BLOCK C
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Mixing in the secret key S A = B =
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Magic constants: Pw = b7e15163 Qw =
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A = ((A − S[2i]) >>> u) ⊕ t } D
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Converting the secret key from byte
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The final decrypted plaintext is: b
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Thus, the final decrypted plaintext
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Multiplication SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPH
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where c0 = a0b0 c1 = a1b0 ⊕ a0b1
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Rcon[2] = [x 1 , {00}, {00}, {00}]
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Table 3.16 AES key expansion i Temp
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 117 ShiftRo
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Start of round After SubByte SYMMET
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 121 Figure
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4 Hash Function, Message Digest and
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M = 64 bits C 0 = 28 bits D 0 = 28
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HASH FUNCTION, MESSAGE DIGEST AND H
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⊕ : Bit-by-bit XORing of 16-bit s
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P(Ω 1 )
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K r : Concatenation IP : Initial pe
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a b c d HASH FUNCTION, MESSAGE DIGE
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H2 = 98badcfe H3 = 10325476 H4 = c3
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opad 160 bits (SHA-1) 128 bits (MD5
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5 Asymmetric Public-key Cryptosyste
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User A Generate secret random integ
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ASYMMETRIC PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
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Message m −1 E p q ASYMMETRIC PUB
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Message m −1 User A A′ private
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To decipher the message m, first co
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a q ≡ 1(modp) a ASYMMETRIC PUBLIC
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Receiver: (verifying) Compute: w
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� y2 − y1 x3 = ASYMMETRIC PUBLI
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The square of the integers in Z ∗
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and y3 = x2 1 + � x1 + y1 = α 12
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6 Public-key Infrastructure This ch
Page 224 and 225: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 203 LDAP
Page 226 and 227: Session key DES Plaintext m One-way
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Page 230 and 231: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 209 sent
Page 232 and 233: Publication of PAA’s public key G
Page 234 and 235: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 213 • P
Page 236 and 237: Carry out identification and authen
Page 238 and 239: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 217 With
Page 240 and 241: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 219 The s
Page 242 and 243: 6.4.4 X.500 Distinguished Naming PU
Page 244 and 245: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 223 certi
Page 246 and 247: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 225 • I
Page 248 and 249: Certificate fields v1 = v2 = v3 (fo
Page 250 and 251: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 229 CRL s
Page 252 and 253: Subject directory attributes extens
Page 254 and 255: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 233 the s
Page 256 and 257: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 235 • S
Page 258 and 259: PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 237 not h
Page 260 and 261: 6.7.1 Basic Path Validation PUBLIC-
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Page 265 and 266: 244 INTERNET SECURITY The set of se
Page 267 and 268: 246 INTERNET SECURITY • Key manag
Page 269 and 270: 248 INTERNET SECURITY 7.1.3 Hashed
Page 271 and 272: 250 INTERNET SECURITY A B C D IV 67
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Page 277 and 278: 256 INTERNET SECURITY within a 32-b
Page 279 and 280: 258 INTERNET SECURITY addresses, wh
Page 281 and 282: 260 INTERNET SECURITY If authentica
Page 283 and 284: 262 INTERNET SECURITY 1 bit Next pa
Page 285 and 286: 264 INTERNET SECURITY The Situation
Page 287 and 288: 266 INTERNET SECURITY The Identific
Page 289 and 290: 268 INTERNET SECURITY The Hash Data
Page 291 and 292: 270 INTERNET SECURITY The Domain of
Page 293 and 294: 272 INTERNET SECURITY to the exchan
Page 295 and 296: 274 INTERNET SECURITY When a Key Ex
Page 297 and 298: 276 INTERNET SECURITY When a Notifi
Page 299 and 300: 278 INTERNET SECURITY SSL Handshake
Page 301 and 302: 280 INTERNET SECURITY SSL record he
Page 303 and 304: 282 INTERNET SECURITY SSLCompressed
Page 305 and 306: 284 INTERNET SECURITY • bad-certi
Page 307 and 308: 286 INTERNET SECURITY - Random: Thi
Page 309 and 310: 288 INTERNET SECURITY Note that Dis
Page 311 and 312: 290 INTERNET SECURITY The finished
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Page 317 and 318: 296 INTERNET SECURITY - A B C D IV
Page 319 and 320: 298 INTERNET SECURITY The PRF is th
Page 321 and 322: 300 INTERNET SECURITY HMAC SHA1(S2,
Page 323 and 324: 302 INTERNET SECURITY 8.3.4 Certifi
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9 Electronic Mail Security: PGP, S/
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ELECTRONIC MAIL SECURITY: PGP, S/MI
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Message packet M T FN H(M) ELECTRON
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Definition of multipart/encrypted:
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From: myrhee@tsp.snu.ac.kr To: kiis
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SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier ELECTR
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340 INTERNET SECURITY conform to a
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342 INTERNET SECURITY existing on a
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344 INTERNET SECURITY 10.2.7 VPN So
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346 INTERNET SECURITY Table 10.1 Te
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348 INTERNET SECURITY Table 10.3 SM
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350 INTERNET SECURITY Outside host
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352 INTERNET SECURITY Internet Pack
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11 SET for E-commerce Transactions
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11.2 SET System Participants SET FO
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SET FOR E-COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS 359
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Example 11.2 Message Integrity Chec
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User A 0x135af247c613e815 Message d
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E KSC (CAC) + E KSC (MD) D CAC MD V
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H MD D CRs K pg M’s cert E K#5 (C
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380 INTERNET SECURITY DS Dual Signa
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382 INTERNET SECURITY SA Security A
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384 INTERNET SECURITY 17. Borman, D
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386 INTERNET SECURITY 60. Harkins,
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388 INTERNET SECURITY 106. Metzger,
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390 INTERNET SECURITY 163. Wijnen,
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392 INDEX Authentication Header 243
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394 INDEX delete payload 269, 275,
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396 INDEX HTML tag 49 ending tag 49
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398 INDEX Java 48, 49 Joint Photogr
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400 INDEX packet filter 339, 341, 3
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402 INDEX secure payment processing
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404 INDEX transform # field 264, 27
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