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S-boxes L i−1 S 1 L i SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 59 f(R i−1 , K i ) R i−1 Figure 3.1 The ith round of DES algorithm. R i−1 (32 bits) E(R i−1) Γ i = E(R i−1 ) + K i (48 bits) (48 bits) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Σ || = Ωi (32 bits) P(Ω i ) f(R i−1, K i) (32 bits) Figure 3.2 Computation of the f-function. R i K i K i
60 INTERNET SECURITY the 32-bit swap of the output of the 16th round encryption process. The output of the first round decryption is L15||R15, which is the 32-bit swap of the input to the 16th round of encryption. 3.1.2 Key Schedule The 64-bit input key is initially reduced to a 56-bit key by ignoring every eighth bit. This is described in Table 3.1. These ignored 8 bits, k8,k16,k24,k32,k40,k48,k56,k64 are used as a parity check to ensure that each byte is of old parity and no errors have entered the key. After the 56-bit key was extracted, they are divided into two 28-bit halves and loaded into two working registers. The halves in registers are shifted left either one or two positions, depending on the round. The number of bits shifted is given in Table 3.2. After being shifted, the halves of 56 bits (Ci, Di), 1 ≤ i ≤ 16, are used as the key input to the next iteration. These halves are concatenated in the ordered set and serve as input to the Permuted Choice 2 (see Table 3.3), which produces a 48-biy key output. Thus, a different 48-bit key is generated for each round of DES. These 48-bit keys, K1, K2, ..., K16, are used for encryption at each round in the order from K1 through K16. The key schedule for DES is illustrated in Figure 3.3. With a key length of 56 bits, these are 2 56 = 7.2 × 10 16 possible keys. Assuming that, on average, half the key space has to be searched, a single machine performing one DES encryption per µs would take more than 1000 years to break the cipher. Therefore, a brute-force attack on DES appears to be impractical. Table 3.1 Permuted choice 1 (PC-1) 57 49 41 33 25 17 9 1 58 50 42 34 26 18 10 2 59 51 43 35 27 19 11 3 60 52 44 36 63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 62 54 46 38 30 22 14 6 61 53 45 37 29 21 13 5 28 20 12 4 Table 3.2 Schedule for key shifts Round number Number of left shifts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 Table 3.3 Permuted choice 2 (PC-2) TEAMFLY 14 17 11 24 1 5 3 28 15 6 21 10 23 19 12 4 26 8 16 7 27 20 13 2 41 52 31 37 47 55 30 40 51 45 33 48 44 49 39 56 34 53 46 42 50 36 29 32 Team-Fly ®
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TEAMFLY
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Internet Security
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Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons
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vi CONTENTS 2.3 World Wide Web 47 2
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viii CONTENTS 5.6 The Elliptic Curv
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x CONTENTS 10.2.5 De-militarised Zo
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Preface The Internet is global in s
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PREFACE xv Policy Approval Authorit
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PREFACE xvii classified into three
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1 Internetworking and Layered Model
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INTERNETWORKING AND LAYERED MODELS
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Page 30 and 31: Layer No. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 OSI Layer A
Page 32 and 33: INTERNETWORKING AND LAYERED MODELS
Page 34 and 35: INTERNETWORKING AND LAYERED MODELS
Page 36 and 37: 2 TCP/IP Suite and Internet Stack P
Page 38 and 39: TCP/IP SUITE AND INTERNET STACK PRO
Page 46 and 47: Class A Class B Class C Class D Cla
Page 50 and 51: H Host H TCP/IP SUITE AND INTERNET
Page 64 and 65: Bits IP header TCP/IP SUITE AND INT
Page 78 and 79: 3 Symmetric Block Ciphers This chap
Page 82 and 83: K 1 48 bits K 2 48 bits K 16 48 bit
Page 84 and 85: Table 3.4 Initial permutation (IP)
Page 86 and 87: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 65 Table 3.
Page 88 and 89: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 67 This 48-
Page 90 and 91: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 69 The 48-b
Page 92 and 93: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 71 Thus, th
Page 94 and 95: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 73 Round K1
Page 96 and 97: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 75 Example
Page 98 and 99: 64-bit plaintext X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Ro
Page 102 and 103: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 81 The outp
Page 104 and 105: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 83 the corr
Page 108 and 109: SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 87 of S and
Page 110 and 111: Step 3 i = j = 0; A = B = 0; SYMMET
Page 112 and 113: 3.3.3 Encryption SYMMETRIC BLOCK CI
Page 114 and 115: A SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 93 A B
Page 116 and 117: 3.4 RC6 Algorithm SYMMETRIC BLOCK C
Page 118 and 119: Mixing in the secret key S A = B =
Page 120 and 121: Magic constants: Pw = b7e15163 Qw =
Page 122 and 123: A = ((A − S[2i]) >>> u) ⊕ t } D
Page 124 and 125: Converting the secret key from byte
Page 126 and 127: The final decrypted plaintext is: b
Page 128 and 129: Thus, the final decrypted plaintext
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Multiplication SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPH
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where c0 = a0b0 c1 = a1b0 ⊕ a0b1
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Rcon[2] = [x 1 , {00}, {00}, {00}]
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Table 3.16 AES key expansion i Temp
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 117 ShiftRo
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Start of round After SubByte SYMMET
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 121 Figure
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4 Hash Function, Message Digest and
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M = 64 bits C 0 = 28 bits D 0 = 28
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HASH FUNCTION, MESSAGE DIGEST AND H
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⊕ : Bit-by-bit XORing of 16-bit s
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P(Ω 1 )
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K r : Concatenation IP : Initial pe
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a b c d HASH FUNCTION, MESSAGE DIGE
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H2 = 98badcfe H3 = 10325476 H4 = c3
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opad 160 bits (SHA-1) 128 bits (MD5
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5 Asymmetric Public-key Cryptosyste
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User A Generate secret random integ
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ASYMMETRIC PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
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Message m −1 E p q ASYMMETRIC PUB
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Message m −1 User A A′ private
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To decipher the message m, first co
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a q ≡ 1(modp) a ASYMMETRIC PUBLIC
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Receiver: (verifying) Compute: w
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� y2 − y1 x3 = ASYMMETRIC PUBLI
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The square of the integers in Z ∗
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and y3 = x2 1 + � x1 + y1 = α 12
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6 Public-key Infrastructure This ch
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 203 LDAP
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Session key DES Plaintext m One-way
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 207 Let u
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 209 sent
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Publication of PAA’s public key G
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 213 • P
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Carry out identification and authen
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 217 With
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 219 The s
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6.4.4 X.500 Distinguished Naming PU
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 223 certi
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 225 • I
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Certificate fields v1 = v2 = v3 (fo
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 229 CRL s
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Subject directory attributes extens
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 233 the s
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 235 • S
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 237 not h
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6.7.1 Basic Path Validation PUBLIC-
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 241 It is
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244 INTERNET SECURITY The set of se
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246 INTERNET SECURITY • Key manag
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248 INTERNET SECURITY 7.1.3 Hashed
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250 INTERNET SECURITY A B C D IV 67
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252 INTERNET SECURITY Next header (
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254 INTERNET SECURITY IPv4 IPv4 IPv
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256 INTERNET SECURITY within a 32-b
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258 INTERNET SECURITY addresses, wh
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260 INTERNET SECURITY If authentica
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262 INTERNET SECURITY 1 bit Next pa
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264 INTERNET SECURITY The Situation
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266 INTERNET SECURITY The Identific
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268 INTERNET SECURITY The Hash Data
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270 INTERNET SECURITY The Domain of
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272 INTERNET SECURITY to the exchan
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274 INTERNET SECURITY When a Key Ex
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276 INTERNET SECURITY When a Notifi
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278 INTERNET SECURITY SSL Handshake
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280 INTERNET SECURITY SSL record he
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282 INTERNET SECURITY SSLCompressed
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284 INTERNET SECURITY • bad-certi
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286 INTERNET SECURITY - Random: Thi
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288 INTERNET SECURITY Note that Dis
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290 INTERNET SECURITY The finished
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292 INTERNET SECURITY key_block = M
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294 INTERNET SECURITY opad 160 bits
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296 INTERNET SECURITY - A B C D IV
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298 INTERNET SECURITY The PRF is th
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300 INTERNET SECURITY HMAC SHA1(S2,
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302 INTERNET SECURITY 8.3.4 Certifi
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9 Electronic Mail Security: PGP, S/
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ELECTRONIC MAIL SECURITY: PGP, S/MI
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Message packet M T FN H(M) ELECTRON
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Definition of multipart/encrypted:
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From: myrhee@tsp.snu.ac.kr To: kiis
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SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier ELECTR
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340 INTERNET SECURITY conform to a
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342 INTERNET SECURITY existing on a
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344 INTERNET SECURITY 10.2.7 VPN So
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346 INTERNET SECURITY Table 10.1 Te
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348 INTERNET SECURITY Table 10.3 SM
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350 INTERNET SECURITY Outside host
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352 INTERNET SECURITY Internet Pack
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11 SET for E-commerce Transactions
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11.2 SET System Participants SET FO
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SET FOR E-COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS 359
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Example 11.2 Message Integrity Chec
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User A 0x135af247c613e815 Message d
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E KSC (CAC) + E KSC (MD) D CAC MD V
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H MD D CRs K pg M’s cert E K#5 (C
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380 INTERNET SECURITY DS Dual Signa
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382 INTERNET SECURITY SA Security A
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384 INTERNET SECURITY 17. Borman, D
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386 INTERNET SECURITY 60. Harkins,
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388 INTERNET SECURITY 106. Metzger,
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390 INTERNET SECURITY 163. Wijnen,
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392 INDEX Authentication Header 243
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394 INDEX delete payload 269, 275,
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396 INDEX HTML tag 49 ending tag 49
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398 INDEX Java 48, 49 Joint Photogr
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400 INDEX packet filter 339, 341, 3
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402 INDEX secure payment processing
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404 INDEX transform # field 264, 27
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