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SET FOR E-COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS 361 Padded PM (512 bits): 1325f475 68800000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000028 Referring to Figure 11.3, H(OM) = ho and H(PM) = hp each are obtained as follows: ho: c4511d95 4556f627 fa491c85 a5a8cf0c 6af4f62c (160 bits) hp: 6e94de9c ab3cb005 35d792ca 05aac971 76a17d65 (160 bits) Concatenating these two hash codes and appending pads yields (ho||hp): c4511d95 4556f627 fa491c85 a5a8cf0c 6af4f62c 6e94de9c ab3cb005 35d792ca 05aac971 76a17d65 80000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000140 Taking the hash (SHA-1) of this concatenated message digests results in: H(ho||hp) = h = ee3e 9a3d ba2d da59 c663 1a58 1c7c dd9e 1bec 3e99 (hexadecimal) Customer Order message Payment message order message: 31 5a 46 e5 12 83 f7 c6 47 payment message: 13 25 f4 75 68 OM PM H SHA-1 | | H SHA-1 H SHA-1 H SHA-1 H ho | | hp | | Merchant Result C4511D95 4556f627 FA491C85 A5A8CF0C 6AF4F62C H Result 6E94DE9C AB3CB005 35D792CA 05AAC971 76A17D65 H Bank 1360134486714001519823723727533031546268859252377 h 1360134486714001519823723727533031546268859252377 D Kpc E Ksc D Kpc DS INTEGER: 3044018001682013330813613420039503951740 0977022706040082090003630103 HEX : EE3E8A2D BA29DA59 C6631A58 1C7CDD9E 1BEC3E99 INTEGER : 1360134486714001519823723727533031546268859252377 Figure 11.3 Computational analysis for the dual signature relating to Example 11.1.
362 INTERNET SECURITY Transforming this resulting hash into decimal numbers yields: H(ho||hp) = 1360134484714001519823723727533031546268859285377 (decimal) The concatenated two hashes become the input to the SHA-1 hash function. Thus, the resulting hash code h is RSA-encrypted with the customer’s private key Ksc = dc in order to obtain the dual signature. To generate the public and private keys, choose two random primes, p and q, and compute the product n = pq. For a short example demonstration, choose p = 47 and q = 73; thenn = 3431 and φ(n) = (p − 1)(q − 1) = 3312. If the merchant has the customer’s public key ec = Kpc = 79 that is taken from the customer’s certificate, then the customer’s private key dc is computed using the extended Euclidean algorithm such that: dc ≡ e −1 c (mod φ(n)) ≡ 79 −1 (mod 3312) ≡ 2767 In the digital signature process, the roles of the public and private keys are reversed, where the private key is used to encrypt (sign) and the public key is used to decrypt for verification of the signature. To encrypt the final hash value h with dc, first divide h into numerical blocks hi and encrypt block after block such that: DS = h dc i (modn) This is the dual-signature formula. Now, the dual signature represented in RSA-encrypted decimals can be computed as: DS = 3044 0180 0168 2013 3308 1361 3420 0395 0395 1740 0977 0227 0604 0082 0900 0363 0103 • Merchant’s signature verification: Since the merchant has the customer’s public key Kpc = ec = 79, the merchant can decrypt the dual signature by making use of Kpc = ec as follows: DKpc [DS] = ˆh = 1360134484714001519823723727533031546268859285377 (decimal) = ee3e 9a3d ba2d da59 c663 1a58 1c7c dd9e 1bec 3e99 (hexadecimal) Now assume that the merchant is in possession of the order message (OM) and the message digest for the payment message hp = H(PM). Then the merchant can compute the following quantity: hM = H(H(OM)||hp) = ee3e 9a3d ba2d da59 c663 1a58 1c7c dd9e 1bec 3e99 (hexadecimal) Since hM = ˆh is proved, the merchant has received OM and verified the signature.
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TEAMFLY
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Internet Security
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Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons
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vi CONTENTS 2.3 World Wide Web 47 2
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viii CONTENTS 5.6 The Elliptic Curv
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x CONTENTS 10.2.5 De-militarised Zo
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Preface The Internet is global in s
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PREFACE xv Policy Approval Authorit
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PREFACE xvii classified into three
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1 Internetworking and Layered Model
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INTERNETWORKING AND LAYERED MODELS
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Layer No. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 OSI Layer A
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2 TCP/IP Suite and Internet Stack P
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TCP/IP SUITE AND INTERNET STACK PRO
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Class A Class B Class C Class D Cla
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H Host H TCP/IP SUITE AND INTERNET
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Bits IP header TCP/IP SUITE AND INT
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3 Symmetric Block Ciphers This chap
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S-boxes L i−1 S 1 L i SYMMETRIC B
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K 1 48 bits K 2 48 bits K 16 48 bit
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Table 3.4 Initial permutation (IP)
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 65 Table 3.
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 67 This 48-
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 69 The 48-b
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 71 Thus, th
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 73 Round K1
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 75 Example
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64-bit plaintext X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Ro
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 81 The outp
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 83 the corr
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 87 of S and
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Step 3 i = j = 0; A = B = 0; SYMMET
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3.3.3 Encryption SYMMETRIC BLOCK CI
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A SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 93 A B
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3.4 RC6 Algorithm SYMMETRIC BLOCK C
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Mixing in the secret key S A = B =
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Magic constants: Pw = b7e15163 Qw =
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A = ((A − S[2i]) >>> u) ⊕ t } D
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Converting the secret key from byte
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The final decrypted plaintext is: b
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Thus, the final decrypted plaintext
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Multiplication SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPH
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where c0 = a0b0 c1 = a1b0 ⊕ a0b1
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Rcon[2] = [x 1 , {00}, {00}, {00}]
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Table 3.16 AES key expansion i Temp
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 117 ShiftRo
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Start of round After SubByte SYMMET
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SYMMETRIC BLOCK CIPHERS 121 Figure
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4 Hash Function, Message Digest and
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M = 64 bits C 0 = 28 bits D 0 = 28
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HASH FUNCTION, MESSAGE DIGEST AND H
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⊕ : Bit-by-bit XORing of 16-bit s
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P(Ω 1 )
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K r : Concatenation IP : Initial pe
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a b c d HASH FUNCTION, MESSAGE DIGE
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H2 = 98badcfe H3 = 10325476 H4 = c3
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opad 160 bits (SHA-1) 128 bits (MD5
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5 Asymmetric Public-key Cryptosyste
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User A Generate secret random integ
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ASYMMETRIC PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
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Message m −1 E p q ASYMMETRIC PUB
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Message m −1 User A A′ private
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To decipher the message m, first co
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a q ≡ 1(modp) a ASYMMETRIC PUBLIC
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Receiver: (verifying) Compute: w
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� y2 − y1 x3 = ASYMMETRIC PUBLI
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The square of the integers in Z ∗
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and y3 = x2 1 + � x1 + y1 = α 12
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6 Public-key Infrastructure This ch
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 203 LDAP
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Session key DES Plaintext m One-way
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 207 Let u
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 209 sent
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Publication of PAA’s public key G
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 213 • P
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Carry out identification and authen
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 217 With
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 219 The s
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6.4.4 X.500 Distinguished Naming PU
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 223 certi
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 225 • I
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Certificate fields v1 = v2 = v3 (fo
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 229 CRL s
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Subject directory attributes extens
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 233 the s
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 235 • S
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 237 not h
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6.7.1 Basic Path Validation PUBLIC-
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PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE 241 It is
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244 INTERNET SECURITY The set of se
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246 INTERNET SECURITY • Key manag
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248 INTERNET SECURITY 7.1.3 Hashed
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250 INTERNET SECURITY A B C D IV 67
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252 INTERNET SECURITY Next header (
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254 INTERNET SECURITY IPv4 IPv4 IPv
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256 INTERNET SECURITY within a 32-b
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258 INTERNET SECURITY addresses, wh
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260 INTERNET SECURITY If authentica
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262 INTERNET SECURITY 1 bit Next pa
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264 INTERNET SECURITY The Situation
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266 INTERNET SECURITY The Identific
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268 INTERNET SECURITY The Hash Data
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270 INTERNET SECURITY The Domain of
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272 INTERNET SECURITY to the exchan
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274 INTERNET SECURITY When a Key Ex
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276 INTERNET SECURITY When a Notifi
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278 INTERNET SECURITY SSL Handshake
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280 INTERNET SECURITY SSL record he
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282 INTERNET SECURITY SSLCompressed
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284 INTERNET SECURITY • bad-certi
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286 INTERNET SECURITY - Random: Thi
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288 INTERNET SECURITY Note that Dis
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290 INTERNET SECURITY The finished
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292 INTERNET SECURITY key_block = M
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294 INTERNET SECURITY opad 160 bits
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296 INTERNET SECURITY - A B C D IV
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298 INTERNET SECURITY The PRF is th
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300 INTERNET SECURITY HMAC SHA1(S2,
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302 INTERNET SECURITY 8.3.4 Certifi
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9 Electronic Mail Security: PGP, S/
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ELECTRONIC MAIL SECURITY: PGP, S/MI
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ELECTRONIC MAIL SECURITY: PGP, S/MI
Page 332 and 333: ELECTRONIC MAIL SECURITY: PGP, S/MI
Page 340 and 341: Message packet M T FN H(M) ELECTRON
Page 348 and 349: Definition of multipart/encrypted:
Page 350 and 351: From: myrhee@tsp.snu.ac.kr To: kiis
Page 354 and 355: SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier ELECTR
Page 358: ELECTRONIC MAIL SECURITY: PGP, S/MI
Page 361 and 362: 340 INTERNET SECURITY conform to a
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Page 365 and 366: 344 INTERNET SECURITY 10.2.7 VPN So
Page 367 and 368: 346 INTERNET SECURITY Table 10.1 Te
Page 369 and 370: 348 INTERNET SECURITY Table 10.3 SM
Page 371 and 372: 350 INTERNET SECURITY Outside host
Page 373 and 374: 352 INTERNET SECURITY Internet Pack
Page 376 and 377: 11 SET for E-commerce Transactions
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Page 380 and 381: SET FOR E-COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS 359
Page 386 and 387: Example 11.2 Message Integrity Chec
Page 388 and 389: User A 0x135af247c613e815 Message d
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Page 398: H MD D CRs K pg M’s cert E K#5 (C
Page 401 and 402: 380 INTERNET SECURITY DS Dual Signa
Page 403 and 404: 382 INTERNET SECURITY SA Security A
Page 405 and 406: 384 INTERNET SECURITY 17. Borman, D
Page 407 and 408: 386 INTERNET SECURITY 60. Harkins,
Page 409 and 410: 388 INTERNET SECURITY 106. Metzger,
Page 411 and 412: 390 INTERNET SECURITY 163. Wijnen,
Page 413 and 414: 392 INDEX Authentication Header 243
Page 415 and 416: 394 INDEX delete payload 269, 275,
Page 417 and 418: 396 INDEX HTML tag 49 ending tag 49
Page 419 and 420: 398 INDEX Java 48, 49 Joint Photogr
Page 421 and 422: 400 INDEX packet filter 339, 341, 3
Page 423 and 424: 402 INDEX secure payment processing
Page 425 and 426: 404 INDEX transform # field 264, 27
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