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Kandyan homegardens: A promising land management system in Sri Lanka factors affect human health. Kandyan homegardens around homes in highly populated areas create healthy, comfortable, attractive and pleasant micro climate conditions. This is very important since the Kandyan homegarden is a place where children play and people meet. Plants, mainly ornamental species create an atmosphere appropriate for the relaxation of household members. Pollution is minimized in Kandyan homegardens due to the application of low level of chemical fertilizer and avoiding the use of pesticides, which in turn, increases the amenity and aesthetic value of the system. Thus, spending a few hours per day in a Kandyan homegarden can add more years to one’s life and help in overcoming stress. Therefore, it is a very important site for tranquillity of the human mind, since it does not have the hot humid climate and the polluted air associated with urban areas. Hot humid climate and pollution have been identified as some of the salient factors for over exertion, fatigue and depression (Pilapitiya, 1994). Thus, the management of homegardens is a cost-effective strategy to improve human health. Further, interconnected Kandyan homegardens which occupy a large area increase the aesthetic value of the landscape. Further, many Kandyan homegardens are attractive places for tourists. This aspect is exploited in Tourist Kandyan homegardens and Spice Gardens where the owners introduce tourists to plants and their products which include species, local herbal drinks, medicinal plants and related treatments which are popular among visitors (Nanayakkara, 1994) (figure 3). This is an example of the ability of local people to respond to business opportunities by using traditional tree growing customs. Soil erosion and land degradation are widespread in Sri Lanka and occur in all climatic zones at different intensities. However, soil erosion is more acute in many parts of the wet zone, especially in the mid and upper country where slopes are often very steep with high population density (NEAP, 1999). Soil erosion in the hilly watersheds not only harms local crops and leads to abandoned land, costly investments in fertilizer application, but also reduces power generation and irrigation capacities by reducing water storage capacity through the deposition of silt. The major causes of soil erosion in the wet zone, mid and up country are the cultivation of crops on steep slopes without any conservation measures, inappropriate land use systems and soil and water management practices, deforestation and mining activities. The process of degradation is further aggravated due to increasing human and livestock population which reduce the land to man ratio. Thus, to reduce figure 4. Spice gardens – commercial Kandyan homegardens the soil erosion in the area, proper land use planning and policy decision with desirable land management systems are required. Studies for specific sites indicate that soil erosion is minimal (only 0.05 tonnes per hectare) in Kandyan homegardens under deferent slopes and comparable to the value obtained for natural forests (FSMP, 1995; Krishnarjah, 1982). This suggests that Kandyan homegarden is one of the best land management systems to minimize soil erosion. The multi-strata canopy of Kandyan homegardens protects the soil from the direct impact of the rain. Their dense mixed vegetation, ground cover and accumulated litter layer reduce water runoff and control soil erosion. It is also reported that practicing of Kandyan homegardens leads to improvement of soil physical and chemical properties with rehabilitation of degraded sites (Nissanka et al., 2000). The presence of Kandyan homegardens has a significant advantage because the Kandy district is one of the most important water catchments in Sri Lanka. 4. future implications and link to Satoyama initiative Substantial threats exist to the biodiversity, both wild and cultivated, of Kandyan homegardens. Urbanization and population increase, coupled with development strategies that do not internalize the economic value of the biodiversity they contain or the ecosystem services they provide, have had a significant impact on homegardens. Additionally, unplanned land use, pollution and fragmentation contribute to loss of agricultural biodiversity. A growing number of medicinal plants are becoming increasingly rare and under threat of extinction; currently around 80 wild plant species with medicinal properties are considered threatened, largely as a result of the growing demand. The traditional homegardens have been a repository for agricultural biodiversity for thousands of years. Climate change consideration is also important because it not only represents a © Pushpakumara 107
Sustainable use of biological diversity in socio-ecological production landscapes significant additional threat to the landscapes which the homegardens occupy but, it will also require a substantially increased use of agricultural biodiversity to maintain resilience and adaptability in agro-ecosystems. Strengthening and enhancing the Kandyan homegarden systems in the coming years so that they continue to provide quality ecological habitats and other social and economic functions, and connect wild and other cultivated habitats, will be important for the future adaptation of this globally important landscape. references FSMP, 1995. Sri Lanka forestry sector master plan. Forestry Planning Unit. Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Forestry, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Gunathilake, H.M., 1994. An assessment of the role of non forest lands in future wood supply of Sri Lanka. In: Gunasena, H.P.M. (ed) Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop on Multipurpose Trees: MPTS for Natural Resource Management, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 1-3 April, 1994., pp. 136-152. Gunawardena, J.A.R., 1998. Biological diversity of Kandyan forest gardens established in different eras. Unpublished B.Sc. Thesis. University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Hittinayake, H.M.G.S.B., de Costa, W.A.J.M. and Jayaweera, K.G.D., 1996. Food trees in multi-layered homegardens in different agroecological zones of Kandy district. In: Gunasena, H.P.M. (ed). Proceedings of the Seventh National Workshop on Multipurpose Trees: Multipurpose Trees for Food Security, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 5 November 1999. pp. 252-264. Hittinayake, H.M.G.S.B. and Ekanayaka, U. 1999. Utilisation of underutilized fruit tree species grown in Kandyan homegardens. In: Gunasena, H.P.M. (ed). Proceedings of the Tenth National Workshop on Multipurpose Trees: Fruit for the Future, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 5 November 1999. pp. 186-212. IUCN, 2007. The 2007 red list of threatened fauna and flora of Sri Lanka. IUCN and Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Jacob, V.J. and Alles, W.S., 1987. The Kandyan gardens of Sri Lanka. Agroforestry Systems, 5: 123-137. Jayawardena, L.N.A.C. and Jayathilake, M.W.A.P. 1998. Role of gender in the optimum use of Kandyan forest gardens as a source to food to meet food security requirements. In. In. Gunasena, H.P.M., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., Marambe, B., Nissanka, S.P. and Wickramasinghe, I.P. (eds). Proceedings of the Ninth National Workshop on Multipurpose Trees: Fuelwood Enery and Gender Issues, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 3-5 December 1998. pp. 47-60. Krishnarajah, P., 1982. Soil erosion and conservation in the upper Mahaweli watershed, Joachim memorial lecture. Annual Session of the Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka, 13 November 1982. McConnell, D.J. and Dharmapala, K.A.E., 1973. The economic structure of Kandyan forest garden farms. UNDP/SF/FAO Diversification Project, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. MFE, 1999. Biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka: a framework for action. Ministry of forestry and Environment, Sampathpaya, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka. Nanayakkara, V.R., 1993. Agroforestry systems and their practices in Sri Lanka. In. Gunasena, H.P.M. (ed). Proceedings of the Forth National Workshop on Multipurpose Trees: Research and Development, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 12-14 March 1993. pp. 1-34. NARESA, 1991. Natural resources of Sri Lanka: conditions and trends. NARESA, Colombo, Sri Lanka. NEAP, 1999. National environmental action plan 1998-2001. Ministry of Forestry and Environment, Sampathpaya, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka. Nissanka, S.P., Mapa, R.B. and Sellahewa, S.K., 2002. Vegetation and soil properties of Kandyan forest gardens established on degraded lands under settlements Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions (PURSE), Sri Lanka held on 30 October 2002. Volume 7 (1): 24-25. Perera, A.H. and Rajapaksha, R.M.N., 1991. A baseline study of Kandyan forest gardens of Sri Lanka: structure, composition and utilisation. Forest Ecology and Management 45: 269-280. Perera, A.N.F. and Perera, E.R.K., 2000. Kandyan forest gardens: an agroforestry system with high potential for livestock production. Third Annual Forestry Symposium, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka (in press). Perera, M.B.A., 1989. Planned land use for the tea country, Sri Lankan Journal of Tea Science 58: 92-103. Pilapitiya, U., 1994. Home Remedies for Homegardens. In: Gunasena, H.P.M. (ed). Proceedings of the Fifth National Workshop on Multipurpose Trees: MPTS for Natural Resources Management, Kandy, Sri Lanka. 1-3 April, 1994. pp. 99-104. Pushpakumara, G. and Silva, P., 2008. Agrobiodiversity in Sri Lanka. Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka. Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., 2000. Kandyan homegardens: promising land management system for food security, biodiversity and environmental conservation. In: Gawande, S.P., Bali, J.S., Das, D.C., Sarker, T.K., Das, D.K. and Narayanaswamy, G. (eds) Advances in Land Resources Management for 21st Century. Proceedings of the International Conference on Land Resources Management for Food, Employment, and Environmental Security held from 9-13 November 2000 at New Delhi, India. Soil Conservation Society of India. pp. 433-445. Senanayake, F.R. 1987., Analog forestry as Conservation tool. Tiger Paper 15: 25-28. 108
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