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Fig. 67. A set of LP/ms and LP/p LOM controlled miniprobes inserted through a 2.75 mm thick wall of a sampling steel cylinder, having height of 100 mm and 55 mm inner diameter. The wall of the cylinder is provided with tapped holes equally distributed along the cylinder height in order to monitor independent layers of the soil. The holes are aligned spirally to minimize mutual shadowing in the vertical. ....................................................................................134 Fig. 68. LP/t - Laboratory Probe for soil temperature measurement ..............135 Fig. 69. LP/p - Laboratory miniProbe for soil water capillary pressure .........136 Fig. 70. Reading instantaneous profiles of soil water capillary pressure, water content and salinity from arrays of the LP/p and LP/ms miniprobes.........................................................................................137 149
15. INDEX OF TABLES Table 1. Selected properties of the investigated grain.......................................20 Table 2. Chosen properties of the investigated woods and parameters of n(θ ) relation ........................................................................................20 Table 3. Salinity indices for various soils (after Malicki et al. [62]), EC s [dSm -1 ] is the electrical conductivity of a solution used to moisten soil samples............................................................................24 Table 4. The parameters of the soils used for the preparation of soil mixtures...............................................................................................30 Table 5. The results of multiple regression method (22) Syx is the standard error of estimate...................................................................................31 Table 6. Selected properties of the investigated mineral soils, where ρ [gcm -3 ] is the soil bulk density, ρ s [gcm -3 ] is the soil particle density .................................................................................................36 Table 7. Selected physical parameters of the tested soils.................................57 Table 8. Corrected and non-corrected temperature errors of the measurement of the refractive index, n, for water and the TDR measured values of its content, θ TDR ....................................................59 Table 9. Regression coefficients in the relation n(T )=a 0 +a 1 T for the tested mineral soils without and after the application of correction (43).......60 Table 10. The squared values of the correlation coefficient, R, between the selected parameters of the analyzed set of data, no of cases 663. .......71 Table 11. Regression parameters n(θ) for the tested soils (R 2 – squared value of the correlation coefficient, S yx – standard error of estimation)...........................................................................................72 Table 12. The results of multiple regression analysis for all analyzed soil samples (no of cases - 663) .................................................................73 Table 13. The results of multiple regression analysis for individual groups of soil 74 Table 14. Statistical parameters of the absolute errors for the models under investigation ........................................................................................80 Table 15. Statistical parameters of ∆θ rel for the set of data with all soil samples under test and the subset of data with soil samples of water contents θ >0.1..........................................................................81 Table 16. Localization and selected physical parameters of tested soil samples ................................................................................................90 150
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TDR METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF W
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PREFACE The importance of water for
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CONTENTS 1. Status of water as an s
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12.2. New prototype version of FOM/
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that stimulate the phenomena and pr
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The solution to the problem of elec
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3. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS METHODS
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v = c 1 2L = = ( θ ) n ∆t ε (2)
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The TDR probe consists of two waveg
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ε a =1 and φ=0.5 the Eq. (10) has
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The experiment description is given
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Results obtained with the discussed
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Notice that at C s = 0, ie when dis
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water orientation polarization [s],
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Fig. 8. Frequency dispersion of the
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The measurements were performed in
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5. EVALUATION OF DIELECTRIC MIXING
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ε α = ∑V α iε i (29) i where
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where SAND and CLAY are percents of
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Below the transition value, the soi
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To verify the observations concerni
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6. TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON SOIL DIELE
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chamber and the freezer, only one w
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The user interface on the main comp
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soil sample volumetric water conten
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close vicinity of the analyzed obje
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process of measurement is non-destr
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dielectric permittivity change caus
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The values of the refractive index
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The relative, ∆n/∆T, and absolu
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Fig. 25. The temperature effect on
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The temperature effect of TDR soil
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The purpose of the above discussion
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( ,25 + T )( 45 + T ) 49 9 f rel =
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8. THE ACCURACY OF SOIL WATER CONTE
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gravimetric method and the soil ref
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where: a 0 ÷ a 6 are coefficients
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values of p F calculated for the re
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eason of this is the fact that wate
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9 ∆θ = 0,2 ⋅10 ⋅ ∆t = 0.00
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values of θ rel for lower values o
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9. COMPARISON OF OPEN-ENDED COAX AN
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ε" = EC ε d " + (82) 2π fε wher
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dielectric permittivity, the dielec
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The applied lumped capacitance mode
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stainless steel wires soldered to t
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ε’ Open Coax and ε b-TDR , exce
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− − The difference of the imagi
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Integrated Circuit) recently introd
Page 100 and 101: 10.2. Electromechanical microwave s
Page 102 and 103: RF1. Two PIN diodes in series in ea
Page 104 and 105: The significant aspect of the proto
Page 106 and 107: visible for lower values of soil el
Page 108 and 109: In the TDR method the signal propag
Page 110 and 111: description of functional and techn
Page 112 and 113: MASTER modules are wireless transce
Page 114 and 115: time the Real Time Clock module wak
Page 116 and 117: ase station distinguishes A SLAVE d
Page 118 and 119: sensor, format the data received fr
Page 120 and 121: 12. SOIL WATER STATUS MONITORING DE
Page 122 and 123: D-LOG/mpts is a moisture/pressure/t
Page 124 and 125: For compatibility reasons it uses t
Page 126 and 127: D-LOG/mts (Fig. 59) is a TDR (Time-
Page 128 and 129: 12.4. FP/m, FP/mts - Field Probe fo
Page 130 and 131: inside of a separate polyethylene b
Page 132 and 133: differential water capacity and the
Page 134 and 135: − maximum number of LP/p probes t
Page 136 and 137: 12.7. LP/t - Laboratory Probe for s
Page 138 and 139: From the collected data set, after
Page 140 and 141: 25. de Loor G.P.: Dielectric proper
Page 142 and 143: TDR. Symposium on Time Domain Refle
Page 144 and 145: 100. Whalley W.R.: Considerations o
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17.
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 38. The three-rod TDR probe -
Page 152: Table 17. An example of the executa
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