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I believe in these times, with respect to saddles and stirrups not used<br />
by the ancients, one stays more securely on the horse than at that time. I<br />
believe we arm more securely: so that today one squadron <strong>of</strong> very heavily<br />
(armed) men-at-arms comes to be sustained with much more difficulty<br />
than was the ancient cavalry. With all <strong>of</strong> this, I judge, none the less,<br />
that no more account ought to be taken <strong>of</strong> the cavalry than was taken anciently;<br />
for ((as has been said above)) they have <strong>of</strong>ten in our times been<br />
subjected to disgrace by the infantry armed (armored) and organized as<br />
(described) above. Tigranus, King <strong>of</strong> Armenia, came against the Roman<br />
army <strong>of</strong> which Lucullus was Captain, with (an army) <strong>of</strong> one hundred<br />
fifty thousand cavalry, among whom were many armed as our men-atarms,<br />
whom they called Catafratti, while on the other side the Romans<br />
did not total more than six thousand (cavalry) and fifteen thousand infantry;<br />
so that Tigranus, when he saw the army <strong>of</strong> the enemy, said:<br />
"<strong>The</strong>se are just about enough horsemen for an embassy". None the less,<br />
when they came to battle, he was routed; and he who writes <strong>of</strong> that<br />
battle blames those Catafratti, showing them to be useless, because, he<br />
says, that having their faces covered, their vision was impaired and they<br />
were little adept at seeing and attacking the enemy, and as they were<br />
heavily burdened by the armor, they could not regain their feet when<br />
they fell, nor in any way make use <strong>of</strong> their persons. I say, therefore, that<br />
those People or Kingdoms which esteem the cavalry more than the infantry,<br />
are always weaker and more exposed to complete ruin, as has<br />
been observed in Italy in our times, which has been plundered, ruined,<br />
and overrun by foreigners, not for any other fault than because they had<br />
paid little attention to the foot soldiers and had mounted all their soldiers<br />
on horses. Cavalry ought to be used, but as a second and not the<br />
first reliance <strong>of</strong> an army; for they are necessary and most useful in undertaking<br />
reconnaissance, in overrunning and despoiling the enemy country,<br />
and to keep harassing and troubling the enemy army so as to keep it<br />
continually under arms, and to impede its provisions; but as to engagements<br />
and battles in the field, which are the important things in war and<br />
the object for which armies are organized, they are more useful in pursuing<br />
than in routing the enemy, and are much more inferior to the foot<br />
soldier in accomplishing the things necessary in accomplishing such<br />
(defeats).<br />
COSIMO<br />
But two doubts occur to me: the one, that I know that the Parthians did<br />
not engage in war except with cavalry, yet they divided the world with<br />
the Romans: the other, that I would like you to tell me how the (attack<br />
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