Ground-Water Hydrology of the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and ...

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Creek 24 Ground-Water Hydrology of the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California 43°15' 43°00' 45' 30' 15' 42°00' 45' 41°30' OR19-0048_fig07 122°30' 15' Camp Cr Scotch Cr Dry Cr 138 D O U G L A S 62 Butte Falls 66 11516530 Prospect 85 Shasta River 5 J A C K S O N Mt McLoughlin Mill Cr Jenny Cr Little 84 Fall Cr Copco Lake Iron 11512000 Gate Res Klamath Pinehurst Shasta Diamond Lake Whitney Creek 230 Crater Lake 11503000 83 Lake of the Woods Spencer Edge Cr River Crater Lake Creek River 122°00' Sun Butte Creek Agency Lake 138 Keno 11509500 11510700 Klamath Strait 66 97 Lenz 45' Chemult Silver Lake Fort 11493500 52 Kirk Klamath 59 11504000 Solomon Crane Butte Creek 62 51 47 55 56 Mares Klamath11494000 Whitehorse Egg Spring Agency Spring 11504100 Cherry 58 50 21 11501000 McReady Creek 62 Chiloquin Spring 63 20 Narrows Pelican Chiloquin Kamkaun Spring Butte 11502500 Rocky Point Modoc Upper Point 11505600 Klamath 65 (345 ft 3 /s net inflow) 140 Lake Fourmile Cr 64 Spencer 53 Shovel Cr Annie Mount Thielsen Sevenmile Creek Scott Creek Sand Creek Cr Fourmile Creek Wood River Spring Creek 11510000 John C. Boyle Keno Reservoir Dam 85 82 EXPLANATION Miller Creek Sink Creek Dorris Hot Creek Larkin Creek Cottonwood Creek Big Springs Creek Average annual rate of ground-water discharge to shaded stream reaches— In cubic feet per second per mile. See table 6 for reach number name. 0.05-2.5 2.5-5.0 5.0-10.0 10.0-25.0 25.0-75.0 75.0-200.0 97 End point between adjacent reaches with the same shade color USGS streamflow gaging station with number 11510700 See table of contents for mapping sources 45 54 81 42 43 44 41 Jack Merrill Trout Cr Lower Klamath Lake Willow Creek Creek 40 Wildhorse Ridge (50 ft/s net inflow) Klamath Valley Klamath Hills Klamath Marsh Lost River 30' Williamson Williamson Sprague River Tule Lake Sump River Road K L A M AT H Sprague Yonna Valley Sheepy Ridge S I S K I Y O U Sheep Creek River Taylor Butte Swan Lake Valley Dairy Klamath Falls Lake Ewauna The 75Gap Olene Lost River 74 Diversion Channel Stukel Mountain 79 Sheepy Creek 80 78 77 38 39 11491400 Poe Valley Jackson Creek Rocky Ford Wickiup Spring River Whisky Creek Bly Mt 15' Medicine 139 Lake Volcano Scale 1:1,000,000 5 0 5 10 15 20 MILES 70 Lost Malin River Tulelake Long Sycan Knot Tableland 15 73 37 32-35 Brown Spring 16 72 Bonanza Yamsay Mountain Study Torrent Spring 70 Spodue Mountain 71 28 31 5 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS 11499100 Beatty Brown Creek 14 24 Bryant Mountain Lorella Langell Valley Creek River 11497000 11 Yainax Butte Miller Cr 69 Silver Lake Fivemile 11497500 area Sycan Marsh Creek Meryl Bly Ridge 76 67 8 Clear Lake Res 66 (40 ft 3 /s net inflow) 121°00' Fork N 11496500 Bly Gerber Reservoir Willow Upper Klamath Basin 31 Summer Lake boundary L A K E 7 Creek Fritz Creek 10 S Fork 68 (10 ft 3 /s net inflow) Willow M O D O C River 6 Sprague 25 3 Deming Creek 11495500 Cr Cr OREGON Winter Ridge 2 5 River Sprague 1 CALIFORNIA 120° 45' Summer Lake Barns Rim 140 OREGON Modoc Plateau Gearhart Mountain Brownsworth Creek Coleman Rim CALIFORNIA Figure 7. Principal areas of ground-water discharge to streams and major springs in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and California, and selected stream-gaging stations. Shading along main stem reaches represents ground-water discharge (in cubic feet per second per mile) averaged along the entire shaded reach. The actual location of ground-water discharge may be localized. Shading along headwater streams represents the ground-water discharge averaged over the shaded reach and includes ground-water discharge to tributaries. See table 6 for detailed descriptions of measurement locations. 299 Pit River
Ground-Water Hydrology 25 TOTAL WATER-YEAR PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES 120 100 80 60 40 20 Average annual precipitation 66.7 inches Values estimated from other sites Total water-year precipitation at Crater Lake Cumulative departure from average precipitation (1932-2005) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 CUMULATIVE DEPARTURE FROM AVERAGE, IN INCHES 0 1932 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 -40 2005 WATER YEAR Figure 8. Annual precipitation at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, and the cumulative departure from average precipitation from 1932 to 2005. (Data from Western Regional Climate Center, 2006.) The Sprague River responds relatively quickly to precipitation and snowmelt events, with peaks commonly exceeding 2,500 ft 3 /s in April or May at the gaging station near Chiloquin (station 11501000). Mean monthly discharge at this location averages 1,300 ft 3 /s during April and 300 ft 3 /s during October. Major hydrologic features of the subbasin include the North and South Forks of the Sprague River, the Sycan River and Marsh, and Kamkaun Springs. The Sprague River originates along the flanks of Gearheart Mountain and Coleman Rim in the highlands along the central-eastern edge of the upper Klamath Basin. From these highlands, the North and South Forks gain water from numerous tributaries as they flow down mountain canyons to the upper Sprague River Valley, above Beatty Gap. The hydrologic regimes of the North and South Forks have a pronounced runoff component and similar hydrographs near the uplands, with peaks occurring during snowmelt in the spring. However, above the Sprague River Valley, the North Fork gains significant ground water, whereas the South Fork does not. From the confluence of the North and South Forks, the Sprague River meanders downstream through the narrowing upper Sprague River Valley, until it passes through Beatty Gap into the lower valley. Gains due to ground-water inflow occur in the upper valley, which contains both drained and un-drained wetlands. More ground-water discharge occurs to a spring complex (locally known as Medicine Springs) just downstream of Beatty Gap. From here, the Sprague River meanders through the lower Sprague River Valley for 75 mi, to its confluence with the Williamson River. OR19-0048_fig08 Aside from the runoff-driven Sycan River, tributaries north of the river and downstream of Beatty Gap are limited to a few unnamed ephemeral creeks draining the Knot Tableland and a few small springs near the mouth of the Sycan River. South of the river are four perennial and several ephemeral creeks. Three of the perennial creeks (Spring, Brown, and Whisky Creeks) are largely ground-water fed and lack a significant runoff component (fig. 7). (Note: The Spring Creek that is tributary to the Sprague River is too small to show at the scale of figures in this report. It enters the Sprague River just east of Brown Creek. The other Spring Creek mentioned in this report is tributary to the Williamson River.) An additional, but smaller amount of ground water discharges to Trout Creek as well as a few small springs near the mouth of Whisky Creek. Two large, isolated spring complexes, Kamkaun- McReady and Whitehorse, farther downstream, are the only other ground-water discharge areas in the lower valley. Ground-water discharge to the North and South Forks of the Sprague River (above the valley) was estimated using data from gaging stations with short periods of record and miscellaneous measurements made from 1992 to 2002. The spatial distribution of gains is relatively well known in the reaches and main tributaries of the North and South Forks (fig 7). However, the locations of specific springs have not been identified in either subbasin. Continuous and miscellaneous streamflow measurements were analyzed using index regression techniques on the North and South Forks to improve understanding of the temporal variability of groundwater discharge. Gains to the South Fork above the valley are
Page 1 and 2: Prepared in cooperation with the Or
Page 3 and 4: Ground-Water Hydrology of the Upper
Page 5 and 6: iii Contents Abstract..............
Page 7 and 8: Figures Figure 1. Map showing the u
Page 9 and 10: vii Figures—Continued Figure 30.
Page 11 and 12: ix Location System The system used
Page 13 and 14: Ground-Water Hydrology of the Upper
Page 15 and 16: Creek Introduction 43°15' 43°00'
Page 17 and 18: Introduction MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPIT
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 122°00' 45' 30' 121
Page 21 and 22: Geologic Framework basins separate
Page 23 and 24: Creek Creek Geologic Framework 11 4
Page 25 and 26: Geologic Framework 13 Hydraulic con
Page 27 and 28: Geologic Framework 15 Table 2. Summ
Page 29 and 30: Ground-Water Hydrology 17 100 90 80
Page 31 and 32: Ground-Water Hydrology 19 The sourc
Page 33 and 34: Ground-Water Hydrology 21 determine
Page 35: Ground-Water Hydrology 23 Geographi
Page 39 and 40: Ground-Water Hydrology 27 DISCHARGE
Page 41 and 42: Ground-Water Hydrology 29 SEPTEMBER
Page 43 and 44: Ground-Water Hydrology 31 Upper Kla
Page 45 and 46: Ground-Water Hydrology 33 The Lost
Page 47 and 48: Ground-Water Hydrology 35 Most grou
Page 49 and 50: Ground-Water Hydrology 37 INFLOW, I
Page 51 and 52: Ground-Water Hydrology 39 example,
Page 53 and 54: Ground-Water Hydrology 41 Recent In
Page 55 and 56: Ground-Water Hydrology 43 122°00'
Page 57 and 58: Creek Ground-Water Hydrology 45 43
Page 59 and 60: Ground-Water Hydrology 47 5 ft/mi.
Page 61 and 62: Creek Ground-Water Hydrology 49 43
Page 63 and 64: Ground-Water Hydrology 51 DEPTH TO
Page 65 and 66: Ground-Water Hydrology 53 35 37 Dep
Page 67 and 68: Ground-Water Hydrology 55 4144 4143
Page 69 and 70: Ground-Water Hydrology 57 Water lev
Page 71 and 72: Ground-Water Hydrology 59 Long-term
Page 77 and 78: Acknowledgments 65 Hydraulic head i
Page 79 and 80: References Cited 67 Cooper, R.M., 2
Page 81 and 82: References Cited 69 Theis, C.V., 19
Page 83 and 84: Appendix A. 71 Appendix A. Landsat
Page 85 and 86: Table 6 73 Table 6. Estimated groun
Page 87 and 88:
Table 6 75 Table 6. Estimated groun
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Manuscript approved for publication
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Ground-Water Hydrology of the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon and ...

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