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ENERGY ADVISOR Willard L.Warren, PE, LC, FIESNA THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005 became law in August after a five-year legislative process that ended in a compromise between the House and Senate versions resulting in an appropriation of $12.3 billion. The editor of LD+A, Paul Tarricone, asked me to devote this month’s column to the Act and its possible impact on the lighting industry and energy conservation. Act 1 There are only a few specific references to lighting in the Act,but it does heavily favor research and development (R&D) of solid-state devices, namely LEDs. In the years 2007 to 2009, $50 million is allocated in each year for R&D in this area.“The DOE is betting on accelerating the development of solid state lighting because it is highly likely that LEDs will yield the greatest benefits in lighting energy conservation in commercial, and residential applications,” says Russell P. Leslie, associate director of the Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Also in the law is a co-funding by the Department of Energy (DOE) in the various states’ R&D initiatives, called the State Technical Advancement Collaborative (STAC), where the DOE has made a commitment to the states to provide matching funds for energy-saving programs that have the promise of increasing energy conservation.Two states, California, with its California Energy Commission (CEC), and New York, with the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), have been the most active in this area, but others like Vermont and an alliance of states in the Pacific Northwest have responded to the requests for proposals from STAC. Hopefully, STAC, with increased funding, will encourage more states to sponsor independent research. Lighting though, is only one of the many environmental issues that DOE is concerned with. Scene II, the Feds The Energy Policy Act has some regulatory provisions affecting lighting, which for instance, require less energy use in federal buildings. By the year 2015, federal properties, including congressional office buildings, must reduce their energy use to 20 percent below the use in 2003, and they must use Energy Star, or equivalent, products.And, the Feds will allow a shared savings program with private companies (ESCOs) to finance these improvements and encourage selfamortizing retrofits. All new federal buildings from now on must be designed to use 30 percent less energy than the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) or the ANSI/ASH- RAE/IESNA standard 90.1-2004. After the year 2006, CFLs, traffic lights and exit signs must conform to Energy Star Standards, and after 2008, mercury vapor ballasts will be phased out. The DOE did not get a blank check for $12.3 billion to spend as it wishes; every expenditure must be budgeted and the funds spent as indicated by Congress. There is no allocation for R&D funds for research in “conventional lighting” that has energy-saving potential. There are studies ongoing at some research facilities that examine “human factors” in lighting and in “core technologies,” such as improving the efficiency of luminaires, visual perception,more efficient street lighting, lighting trespass, sky glare, etc., so it is up to the states and other entities to lobby the Congress to devote specific funds to further those ends. Unfortunately, the IESNA is forbidden by its charter to engage in political lobbying, and the R&D done by our major luminaire and lamp manufacturers is largely devoted to cutting manufacturing costs to improve their “bottom line.” In the past, those “core technology” issues and others, such as research and establishing the standards for limiting the glare from lighting units (VCP), were funded by the industry and utilities. Since the deregulation of the generation of power, the utilities have reduced their investment in R&D in lighting and consolidation in the lighting industry has resulted in $5 billion conglomerates who compete fiercely for market share and show little interest in As the cost of energy increases, following the rapid rise in the cost of fuel, some luminaire and lamp and ballast manufacturers have developed super-efficient products that justify their increased cost by virtue of their energy savings investing, either individually or collectively, in R&D in those “core technology” areas. The exception is in improvements in luminaire efficiency and source efficacy.As the cost of energy increases, following the rapid rise in the cost of fuel,some luminaire and lamp and ballast manufacturers have developed super-efficient products that justify their increased cost by virtue of their energy savings. This is analogous to the hybrid cars that justify their higher first cost with fuel savings, and their use is being encouraged in the new “Transportation Act of 2005” with federal tax breaks and rebates. It would certainly be welcome if the Congress would encourage energy savings in lighting by giving similar tax breaks to those individuals and companies that use lighting products and controls that conserve energy. Willard L. Warren, PE, LC, FIESNA is the orincipal of Willard L. Warren Associates, a consulting firm serving industry, government and utility clients in lighting and energy conservation. 10 www.iesna.org
RESEARCH MATTERS How Do SCFLs Measure Up? Conan O’Rourke SCREWBASE COMPACT FLU- ORESCENT LAMPS (SCFLs) were developed more than 25 years ago to replace incandescent lamps in residential applications.Since then,SCFLs have evolved greatly, becoming smaller, more efficient and less expensive. There is also a much wider selection of SCFLs in the market today. Shortterm performance of SCFLs has definitely improved over the last 25 years, but long-term performance has not been well documented, and little information in this area has been published. As a benchmark, general-service incandescent lamps have typical lifetimes of 750 to 1000 hours. They maintain 83 percent of their initial light output at rated life and about 90 percent at 40 percent of rated life. 1 So, what is expected from SCFLs? How do they perform over time with regards to life, light output and color compared with incandescent lamps? SCFLs are intended to last longer, deliver the same light output at a lower power and produce light of a similar color.Will they be the same or better than incandescent lamps, as they claim to be? Also, how does operating position affect life, maintained light output and color? The National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP) investigated the long-term performance of SCFLs in a supplement to the publication Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Products. 2 In this study, five SCFL types (A through E) from five manufacturers were chosen based on their similar performance characteristics. Twenty samples of each type of SCFL were tested in four operating conditions-base-up, base-down, horizontal and enclosed—for a total of 80 SCFLs for each manufacturer and 400 SCFLs overall.This study took four years to complete, starting in August 2000 and ending in July 2004. The goal of this testing was to see how the SCFLs’ actual performance compared to their manufacturer rated values, and to see how different operating conditions influenced their performance. Three separate comparisons were planned to evaluate SCFL life: a comparison of measured life to rated life in the base-up position; a comparison of base-down and horizontal operating position to the base-up position; and a comparison of life inside and outside of an enclosed luminaire (elevated temperature of 95 deg F) in the base-up position. How Long Do They Last? The rated life of a SCFL is determined when half of the SCFLs being tested have failed while operating Short-term performance of SCFLs has definitely improved over the last 25 years, but long-term performance has not been well documented under standardized conditions, such as an operating cycle of three-hours on and 20-minutes off, an operating position of base-up and an ambient temperature of 77 deg F±18 deg F. 3 So, what happens when SCFLs are operated in different positions and at a different ambient temperature? The results of the NLPIP study show that each type of SCFL met or exceeded its rated life when operated in the standard operating position (base-up). In some cases, measured SCFL life was nearly twice the rated life. However, not all SCFL types met their rated lives in all positions, with two that did not reach their rated lives in the base-down position. Figure 1 shows the life of two different SCFL types operated in the horizontal, base-down, base-up and enclosed conditions.The y-axis shows the percent of surviving SCFLs over time. The measured life (50 percent survival) for each operating condition is indicated by the horizontal dashed line. The manufacturer rated life is indicated by the vertical dashed line (10,000 hours for both types). SCFL Type A experienced similar life for all Figure 1 SCFL Life. 12 www.iesna.org
Page 1 and 2: Lighting Design + Application • O
Page 3 and 4: EDITOR’S NOTE Paul Tarricone Publ
Page 5: REGIONAL VOICES Peter Romaniello, N
Page 9 and 10: RESEARCH MATTERS Figure 2 Maintaine
Page 11 and 12: LIGHTING FOR SECURITY Ted Ake NOWHE
Page 13 and 14: LIGHTING FOR SECURITY Parking Garag
Page 15 and 16: Allscape 1/2 V SUSTAINING MEMBERS T
Page 17 and 18: INDUSTRY UPDATES New Study Reveals
Page 19 and 20: New Standard, Publications Issued b
Page 21 and 22: • applications & solutions The Sh
Page 23 and 24: Philips Lighting has introduced thi
Page 25 and 26: Day-Brite Lighting introduced, FBF,
Page 27 and 28: The first IP66 rated bollard has be
Page 29 and 30: OSRAM SYLVANIA introduced QUICKTRON
Page 31 and 32: Expanding its Intellivolt Multiple-
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Page 55 and 56: CALENDAR OF EVENTS October 6: The

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