Ecosystem services provided by the Baltic Sea ... - Naturvårdsverket

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SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Report 5873 • Ecosystem services provided by the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak Economic Marine Information Contents PREFACE REPORT IN BRIEF INTRODUCTION What are ecosystem services? A variety of benefits free of charge The value of ecosystem services Our marine environment Trade in ecosystem services The scope of this report 3 14 24 24 25 27 28 29 30 SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES S1: MAINTENANCE OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING Definition Related processes and services Oxygen cycle Hydrological cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles Interaction with other ecosystem services Status, threats and consequences Maintaining biogeochemical cycles Examples of knowledge gaps SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES S2: PRIMARY PRODUCTION Definition Related processes and services Status, threats and consequences Primary production and climate change How to maintain primary production Examples of knowledge gaps 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 35 36 37 37 38 38 38 38 39 39 40 SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES S3: MAINTENANCE OF FOOD WEB DYNAMICS 41 Definition 41 Related processes and services 41 5
SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Report 5873 • Ecosystem services provided by the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak Economic Marine Information Status, threats and consequences Unsustainable harvest of cod causes trophic cascades Bioaccumulation of hazardous substances Introduced species alter food web dynamics Varying response to climate change How to maintain food web dynamics Examples of knowledge gaps 43 43 45 45 46 47 48 SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES S4: MAINTENANCE OF BIODIVERSITY Definition Related processes and services Status, threats and consequences Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak Threatened species Habitat degradation Excessive exploitation & bycatch Pollution Alien species Climate change Consequences of biodiversity loss How to maintain biodiversity Examples of knowledge gaps SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES S5: MAINTENANCE OF HABITAT Definition Related processes and services Status, threats and consequences Sea-grass meadows Algal beds Mussel beds Shallow soft bottoms Offshore banks Cold-water coral reefs How to maintain habitats Examples of knowledge gaps 49 49 49 50 51 51 52 53 53 53 53 54 54 55 56 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 60 63 6
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Ecosystem services provided by the
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Ecosystem services provided by the Baltic Sea ... - Naturvårdsverket

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