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organic pollutants 4. HARKOV, R. ET AL. Comparison of selected volatile organic compounds during the summer and winter at urban sites in New Jersey. Science of the total environment, 38: 259–274 (1984). 5. WALLACE, L. ET AL. The Los Angeles TEAM Study: personal exposures, indoor–outdoor air concentrations, and breath concentrations of 25 volatile organic compounds. Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology, 1: 157–192 (1991). 6. CHAN, C. C. ET AL. Determination of organic contaminants in residential indoor air using an adsorption-thermal desorption technique. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 40: 62–67 (1990). 7. OTSON, R. ET AL. Dichloromethane levels in air after application of paint removers. American Industrial Hygiene Association journal, 42: 56–60 (1981). 8. MCGEORGE, L. ET AL. Implementation and results of a mandatory statewide program for organic contaminant analysis of delivered water. Proceedings of Water Quality Technology Conference, 15: 71–102 (1987). 9. Priority Substances List Assessment Report. Dichloromethane. Ottawa, Environment Canada and Health Canada, 1993. 10. OTSON, R. ET AL. Volatile organic compounds in water at thirty Canadian potable water treatment facilities. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 65: 1370–1374 (1982). 11. OTSON, R. Purgeable organics in Great Lakes raw and treated water. International journal of environmental analytical chemistry, 31: 41–53 (1987). 12. STAPLES, C.A. ET AL. Assessment of priority pollutant concentrations in the United States using STORET database. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 4: 131–142 (1985). 13. FERRARIO, J.B. ET AL. Volatile organic pollutants in biota and sediments of Lake Pontchartrain. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 43: 246–255 (1985). 14. HEIKES, D.L. Environmental contaminants in table-ready foods from the total diet program of the Food and Drug Administration. Advances in environmental science and technology, 23: 31–57 (1990). 15. PAGE, B.D. & CHARBONNEAU, C.F. Headspace gas chromatographic determination of residual methylene chloride in decaffeinated tea and coffee with electronic conductivity detection. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 67: 757–761 (1984). 16. NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of dichloromethane (methylene chloride) (CAS No. 75-09-2) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (inhalation studies). Research Triangle Park, NC, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1986 (Document No. NTP-TRS-306). 85
86 chapter 5 17. Some halogenated hydrocarbons and pesticide exposure. Lyons, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1986 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 41), pp. 43–85. 18. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane): human risk assessment using experimental animal data. Brussels, European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, 1988 (Technical Report No.32). 19. DANKOVIC, D.A. & BAILER, A.J. The impact of exercise and intersubject variability on dose estimates for dichloromethane derived from a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Fundamental and applied toxicology, 22: 20–25 (1994).
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World Health Organization Regional
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Air Quality Guidelines for Europe S
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World Health Organization Regional
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Contents introduction Foreword ....
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�� introducti
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Preface introduction The first edit
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PART I GENERAL
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2 chapter 1 increased rapidly since
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4 chapter 1 NATURE OF THE GUIDELINE
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6 chapter 1 exposure influence the
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8 chapter 1 In addition to the 35 p
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10 chapter 1 9. Acute effects on he
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12 chapter 2 atmospheric concentrat
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14 chapter 2 decision as to whether
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16 chapter 2 uncertainty of the dat
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18 chapter 2 uncertainty factor, be
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20 chapter 2 A similar situation oc
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22 chapter 2 Box 1. Classification
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24 chapter 2 The results of calcula
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26 chapter 2 however, several scien
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28 chapter 2 and the impact of expo
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30 chapter 2 permitted only an eval
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introduction chapter 3 Summary of t
Page 49 and 50: 34 chapter 3 guidelines for differe
Page 51 and 52: 36 chapter 3 Table 3. Rationale and
Page 53 and 54: 38 chapter 3 Table 5. Risk estimate
Page 55 and 56: 40 chapter 3 pollutants that may ad
Page 57 and 58: 42 chapter 4 DEFINITIONS Several te
Page 59 and 60: 44 chapter 4 address these economic
Page 61 and 62: 46 chapter 4 Exposure-response rela
Page 63 and 64: 48 chapter 4 uncertainties on the r
Page 65 and 66: 50 chapter 4 substantially owing to
Page 67 and 68: 52 chapter 4 use of epidemiological
Page 69 and 70: 54 chapter 4 pollution from neighbo
Page 71: PART II EVALUATION OF RISKS TO HUMA
Page 74 and 75: organic pollutants 5.1 Acrylonitril
Page 76 and 77: organic pollutants carcinogen. No s
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Page 80 and 81: organic pollutants Table 9. Model-d
Page 82 and 83: organic pollutants 5.3 Butadiene Ex
Page 84 and 85: organic pollutants Estimates of hum
Page 86 and 87: organic pollutants 5.4 Carbon disul
Page 88 and 89: organic pollutants selecting the si
Page 90 and 91: organic pollutants 5.5 Carbon monox
Page 92 and 93: organic pollutants than the non-pre
Page 94 and 95: organic pollutants 15. LONGO, L.D.
Page 96 and 97: organic pollutants giving quantitat
Page 98 and 99: organic pollutants 5.7 Dichlorometh
Page 102 and 103: organic pollutants 5.8 Formaldehyde
Page 104 and 105: organic pollutants systems (3). The
Page 106 and 107: organic pollutants 7. HANSEN, J. &
Page 108 and 109: organic pollutants airborne particl
Page 110 and 111: organic pollutants some recent anim
Page 112 and 113: organic pollutants 5.10 Polychlorin
Page 114 and 115: organic pollutants assessed using t
Page 116 and 117: organic pollutants 101 11. Levels o
Page 118 and 119: organic pollutants 103 differences
Page 120 and 121: organic pollutants 105 3. THEELEN,
Page 122 and 123: organic pollutants 107 Guidelines A
Page 124 and 125: organic pollutants 5.13 Tetrachloro
Page 126 and 127: organic pollutants On the basis of
Page 128 and 129: organic pollutants With regard to s
Page 130 and 131: organic pollutants 5.15 Trichloroet
Page 132 and 133: organic pollutants 117 5. Technical
Page 134 and 135: organic pollutants 119 standardized
Page 136 and 137: organic pollutants 121 7. BARNES, A
Page 139 and 140: inorganic pollutants 6.1 Arsenic Ex
Page 141 and 142: inorganic pollutants 127 Guidelines
Page 143 and 144: inorganic pollutants 129 from data
Page 145 and 146: inorganic pollutants The dose-respo
Page 147 and 148: inorganic pollutants This risk esti
Page 149 and 150: inorganic pollutants 20. DEMENT, J.
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inorganic pollutants 137 of subject
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inorganic pollutants 6.4 Chromium 1
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inorganic pollutants estimate, the
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inorganic pollutants 6.5 Fluoride 1
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inorganic pollutants 145 2. SARIC,
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inorganic pollutants Table 16. Hydr
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inorganic pollutants 6.7 Lead 149 E
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inorganic pollutants reported for g
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inorganic pollutants 6. SEPPÄLÄIN
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inorganic pollutants BMDL 5 values
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inorganic pollutants 6.9 Mercury 15
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inorganic pollutants 159 Since thes
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inorganic pollutants 161 5. Inorgan
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inorganic pollutants 163 In general
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inorganic pollutants 165 8. INTEGRA
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inorganic pollutants 167 In early s
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inorganic pollutants 169 While cis-
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Table 21. Respiratory effects after
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introduction chapter 7 Classical po
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176 chapter 7 Nitrogen dioxide incr
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178 chapter 7 for exaggerated respo
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180 chapter 7 2. LINN, W.S. & HACKN
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182 chapter 7 Ozone exposure has al
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184 chapter 7 Table 23. Health outc
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186 chapter 7 7.3 Particulate matte
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188 chapter 7 suggest that the publ
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190 chapter 7 Evaluation of the eff
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192 chapter 7 increase in the long-
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194 chapter 7 7.4 Sulfur dioxide Ex
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196 chapter 7 earlier years. Cohort
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198 chapter 7 17. ANDERSON, H.R. ET
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indoor air pollutants 8.1 Environme
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indoor air pollutants 203 uncertain
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indoor air pollutants 205 syndrome.
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indoor air pollutants 207 dose-rela
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indoor air pollutants 8.3 Radon 209
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Greece 73 1988 6 months Hungary 122
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indoor air pollutants Fig. 1. Estim
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indoor air pollutants 215 25 Bq/m 3
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indoor air pollutants 217 21.WRIXON
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introduction chapter 9 General appr
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general approach Table 30. Differen
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general approach 223 sulfur dioxide
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general approach 225 Programme for
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effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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effects of nitrogen-containing air
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effects of nitrogen-containing air
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effects of ozone on vegetation vege
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effects of ozone on vegetation 237
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introduction chapter 13 Indirect ef
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indirect effects of acidifying comp
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effects of airborne nitrogen pollut
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participants at who air quality gui
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