Air Quality Guidelines - World Health Organization Regional Office ...

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272 annex i WORKING GROUP ON GUIDANCE FOR SETTING AIR QUALITY STANDARDS BARCELONA, SPAIN, 12–14 MAY 1997 Temporary Advisers Dr Beat Achermann Air Pollution Control Division, Federal Office of Environment, Forests and Landscape, Berne, Switzerland (Rapporteur) Dr Alena Bartonova Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway Mr Xavier Guinart Environmental Department, Air Monitoring and Control Service, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Dr Oriol Puig I Godes Environmental Department, General Subdirectorate of Air Quality and Meteorology, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Mr Harvey Richmond Risk and Exposure Assessment, Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Professor Bernd Seifert Director, Department of Air Hygiene, Federal Environmental Agency, Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene, Berlin, Germany (Chairperson) Dr Éva Vaskövi Department of Air Hygiene, Johan Béla National Institute of Public Health, Budapest, Hungary Dr Martin L. Williams AEQ Division, Department of the Environment, London, United Kingdom Observers Dr Merce Aceves Head, Environmental Laboratory, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
participants at who air quality guideline meetings 273 Professor Guillem Massague Head, Air Monitoring and Control Service, Environmental Department, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Dr Joseph Eduard Mata General Subdirector of Health Protection, Department of Public Health and Social Security, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Dr Michal Krzyzanowski Environmental Epidemiologist, WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bilthoven, Netherlands Dr F.X. Rolaf van Leeuwen Manager, Chemical Safety, WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bilthoven, Netherlands Headquarters Dr Dieter Schwela Urban Environmental Health, Division of Operational Support in Environmental Health
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World Health Organization Regional
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Air Quality Guidelines for Europe S
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World Health Organization Regional
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Contents introduction Foreword ....
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�� introducti
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Preface introduction The first edit
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PART I GENERAL
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2 chapter 1 increased rapidly since
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4 chapter 1 NATURE OF THE GUIDELINE
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6 chapter 1 exposure influence the
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8 chapter 1 In addition to the 35 p
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10 chapter 1 9. Acute effects on he
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12 chapter 2 atmospheric concentrat
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14 chapter 2 decision as to whether
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16 chapter 2 uncertainty of the dat
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18 chapter 2 uncertainty factor, be
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20 chapter 2 A similar situation oc
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22 chapter 2 Box 1. Classification
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24 chapter 2 The results of calcula
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26 chapter 2 however, several scien
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28 chapter 2 and the impact of expo
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30 chapter 2 permitted only an eval
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introduction chapter 3 Summary of t
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34 chapter 3 guidelines for differe
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36 chapter 3 Table 3. Rationale and
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38 chapter 3 Table 5. Risk estimate
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40 chapter 3 pollutants that may ad
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42 chapter 4 DEFINITIONS Several te
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44 chapter 4 address these economic
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46 chapter 4 Exposure-response rela
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48 chapter 4 uncertainties on the r
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50 chapter 4 substantially owing to
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52 chapter 4 use of epidemiological
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54 chapter 4 pollution from neighbo
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PART II EVALUATION OF RISKS TO HUMA
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organic pollutants 5.1 Acrylonitril
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organic pollutants carcinogen. No s
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organic pollutants 63 demonstrated
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organic pollutants Table 9. Model-d
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organic pollutants 5.3 Butadiene Ex
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organic pollutants Estimates of hum
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organic pollutants 5.4 Carbon disul
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organic pollutants selecting the si
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organic pollutants 5.5 Carbon monox
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organic pollutants than the non-pre
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organic pollutants 15. LONGO, L.D.
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organic pollutants giving quantitat
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organic pollutants 5.7 Dichlorometh
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organic pollutants 4. HARKOV, R. ET
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organic pollutants 5.8 Formaldehyde
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organic pollutants systems (3). The
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organic pollutants 7. HANSEN, J. &
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organic pollutants airborne particl
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organic pollutants some recent anim
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organic pollutants 5.10 Polychlorin
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organic pollutants assessed using t
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organic pollutants 101 11. Levels o
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organic pollutants 103 differences
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organic pollutants 105 3. THEELEN,
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organic pollutants 107 Guidelines A
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organic pollutants 5.13 Tetrachloro
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organic pollutants On the basis of
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organic pollutants With regard to s
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organic pollutants 5.15 Trichloroet
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organic pollutants 117 5. Technical
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organic pollutants 119 standardized
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organic pollutants 121 7. BARNES, A
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inorganic pollutants 6.1 Arsenic Ex
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inorganic pollutants 127 Guidelines
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inorganic pollutants 129 from data
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inorganic pollutants The dose-respo
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inorganic pollutants This risk esti
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inorganic pollutants 20. DEMENT, J.
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inorganic pollutants 137 of subject
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inorganic pollutants 6.4 Chromium 1
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inorganic pollutants estimate, the
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inorganic pollutants 6.5 Fluoride 1
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inorganic pollutants 145 2. SARIC,
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inorganic pollutants Table 16. Hydr
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inorganic pollutants 6.7 Lead 149 E
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inorganic pollutants reported for g
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inorganic pollutants 6. SEPPÄLÄIN
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inorganic pollutants BMDL 5 values
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inorganic pollutants 6.9 Mercury 15
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inorganic pollutants 159 Since thes
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inorganic pollutants 161 5. Inorgan
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inorganic pollutants 163 In general
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inorganic pollutants 165 8. INTEGRA
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inorganic pollutants 167 In early s
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inorganic pollutants 169 While cis-
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Table 21. Respiratory effects after
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introduction chapter 7 Classical po
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176 chapter 7 Nitrogen dioxide incr
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178 chapter 7 for exaggerated respo
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180 chapter 7 2. LINN, W.S. & HACKN
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182 chapter 7 Ozone exposure has al
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184 chapter 7 Table 23. Health outc
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186 chapter 7 7.3 Particulate matte
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188 chapter 7 suggest that the publ
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190 chapter 7 Evaluation of the eff
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192 chapter 7 increase in the long-
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194 chapter 7 7.4 Sulfur dioxide Ex
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196 chapter 7 earlier years. Cohort
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198 chapter 7 17. ANDERSON, H.R. ET
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indoor air pollutants 8.1 Environme
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indoor air pollutants 203 uncertain
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indoor air pollutants 205 syndrome.
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indoor air pollutants 207 dose-rela
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indoor air pollutants 8.3 Radon 209
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Greece 73 1988 6 months Hungary 122
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indoor air pollutants Fig. 1. Estim
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indoor air pollutants 215 25 Bq/m 3
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indoor air pollutants 217 21.WRIXON
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introduction chapter 9 General appr
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Page 237 and 238: general approach 223 sulfur dioxide
Page 239 and 240: general approach 225 Programme for
Page 241 and 242: effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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Page 247 and 248: effects of nitrogen-containing air
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Page 253 and 254: introduction chapter 13 Indirect ef
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