Air Quality Guidelines - World Health Organization Regional Office ...

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organic pollutants 117 5. Technical report on the carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Research Triangle Park, NC, National Toxicology Program, 1990 (NTP Technical Report, No. 243). 6. MALTONI, C. ET AL. Experimental research on trichloroethylene carcinogenesis. In: Maltoni, C. & Mehlman, M.A., ed. Archives of research on industrial carcinogenesis 5. Princeton, NJ, Princeton Science Publishers, 1986. 7. Technical report on the carcinogenesis studies of trichloroethylene in four strains of rats (ACI, August, Marshall, Osborne-Mendel) (gavage studies). Research Triangle Park, NC, National Toxicology Program, 1988 (NTP Technical Report, No. 273).
118 chapter 5 5.16 Vinyl chloride Exposure evaluation Calculations based on dispersion models indicate that 24-hour average concentrations of 0.1–0.5 µg/m 3 exist as background levels in much of western Europe, but such concentrations are below the current detection limit (approximately 1.0 µg/m 3 ). In the vicinity of vinyl chloride (VC) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production facilities 24-hour concentrations can exceed 100 µg/m 3 , but are generally less than 10 µg/m 3 at distances greater than 1 km from plants. The half-time of VC in the air is calculated to be 20 hours; this figure is based on measured rates of reaction with hydroxyl radicals and their concentrations in the air (1). <strong>Health</strong> risk evaluation There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of VC in humans and experimental animals (2). Extrapolation (or rather interpolation) to lower exposure levels can be made, based on knowledge or assumptions about the dose and time-dependence of risk. As seen in the low exposure data of Maltoni et al. (3), a linear dose–response relationship accords well with the animal data for haemangiosarcoma. The finding of at least three cases of haemangiosarcoma in PVC processors as compared with about 100 in VC or PVC production workers is compatible with a linear relationship. The average exposures in the production industry were about 100 times lower than those in the polymerization industry, but the workforce was 10 times larger. Data from a cohort study (4) and an analysis of the incidence of haemangiosarcoma in the United States and western Europe (5) suggest that the risk of haemangiosarcoma increases as the second or third power of time from onset of exposure. Using a model in which the risk increases as t 3 during exposure and as t 2 subsequently, estimates of the relative risk in various exposure circumstances can be calculated and used to convert limitedduration exposure risks into lifetime exposure risks. Estimates of cancer risk can be made from the data relating to the cohort studied by Nicholson et al. (4). A group of 491 workers at two longestablished PVC production plants was studied. One plant began operations in 1936 and the other in 1946. Each cohort member had a minimum of 5 years’ employment; the average work duration was 18 years. It is estimated that the average VC exposure was 2050 mg/m 3 . The overall
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World Health Organization Regional
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Air Quality Guidelines for Europe S
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World Health Organization Regional
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Contents introduction Foreword ....
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�� introducti
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Preface introduction The first edit
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PART I GENERAL
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2 chapter 1 increased rapidly since
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4 chapter 1 NATURE OF THE GUIDELINE
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6 chapter 1 exposure influence the
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8 chapter 1 In addition to the 35 p
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10 chapter 1 9. Acute effects on he
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12 chapter 2 atmospheric concentrat
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14 chapter 2 decision as to whether
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16 chapter 2 uncertainty of the dat
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18 chapter 2 uncertainty factor, be
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20 chapter 2 A similar situation oc
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22 chapter 2 Box 1. Classification
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24 chapter 2 The results of calcula
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26 chapter 2 however, several scien
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28 chapter 2 and the impact of expo
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30 chapter 2 permitted only an eval
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introduction chapter 3 Summary of t
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34 chapter 3 guidelines for differe
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36 chapter 3 Table 3. Rationale and
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38 chapter 3 Table 5. Risk estimate
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40 chapter 3 pollutants that may ad
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42 chapter 4 DEFINITIONS Several te
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44 chapter 4 address these economic
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46 chapter 4 Exposure-response rela
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48 chapter 4 uncertainties on the r
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50 chapter 4 substantially owing to
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52 chapter 4 use of epidemiological
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54 chapter 4 pollution from neighbo
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PART II EVALUATION OF RISKS TO HUMA
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organic pollutants 5.1 Acrylonitril
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organic pollutants carcinogen. No s
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organic pollutants 63 demonstrated
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organic pollutants Table 9. Model-d
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Page 94 and 95: organic pollutants 15. LONGO, L.D.
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Page 98 and 99: organic pollutants 5.7 Dichlorometh
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Page 102 and 103: organic pollutants 5.8 Formaldehyde
Page 104 and 105: organic pollutants systems (3). The
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Page 108 and 109: organic pollutants airborne particl
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Page 112 and 113: organic pollutants 5.10 Polychlorin
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Page 116 and 117: organic pollutants 101 11. Levels o
Page 118 and 119: organic pollutants 103 differences
Page 120 and 121: organic pollutants 105 3. THEELEN,
Page 122 and 123: organic pollutants 107 Guidelines A
Page 124 and 125: organic pollutants 5.13 Tetrachloro
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Page 128 and 129: organic pollutants With regard to s
Page 130 and 131: organic pollutants 5.15 Trichloroet
Page 134 and 135: organic pollutants 119 standardized
Page 136 and 137: organic pollutants 121 7. BARNES, A
Page 139 and 140: inorganic pollutants 6.1 Arsenic Ex
Page 141 and 142: inorganic pollutants 127 Guidelines
Page 143 and 144: inorganic pollutants 129 from data
Page 145 and 146: inorganic pollutants The dose-respo
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Page 149 and 150: inorganic pollutants 20. DEMENT, J.
Page 151 and 152: inorganic pollutants 137 of subject
Page 153 and 154: inorganic pollutants 6.4 Chromium 1
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Page 157 and 158: inorganic pollutants 6.5 Fluoride 1
Page 159 and 160: inorganic pollutants 145 2. SARIC,
Page 161 and 162: inorganic pollutants Table 16. Hydr
Page 163 and 164: inorganic pollutants 6.7 Lead 149 E
Page 165 and 166: inorganic pollutants reported for g
Page 167 and 168: inorganic pollutants 6. SEPPÄLÄIN
Page 169 and 170: inorganic pollutants BMDL 5 values
Page 171 and 172: inorganic pollutants 6.9 Mercury 15
Page 173 and 174: inorganic pollutants 159 Since thes
Page 175 and 176: inorganic pollutants 161 5. Inorgan
Page 177 and 178: inorganic pollutants 163 In general
Page 179 and 180: inorganic pollutants 165 8. INTEGRA
Page 181 and 182: inorganic pollutants 167 In early s
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inorganic pollutants 169 While cis-
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Table 21. Respiratory effects after
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introduction chapter 7 Classical po
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176 chapter 7 Nitrogen dioxide incr
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178 chapter 7 for exaggerated respo
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180 chapter 7 2. LINN, W.S. & HACKN
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182 chapter 7 Ozone exposure has al
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184 chapter 7 Table 23. Health outc
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186 chapter 7 7.3 Particulate matte
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188 chapter 7 suggest that the publ
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190 chapter 7 Evaluation of the eff
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192 chapter 7 increase in the long-
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194 chapter 7 7.4 Sulfur dioxide Ex
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196 chapter 7 earlier years. Cohort
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198 chapter 7 17. ANDERSON, H.R. ET
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indoor air pollutants 8.1 Environme
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indoor air pollutants 203 uncertain
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indoor air pollutants 205 syndrome.
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indoor air pollutants 207 dose-rela
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indoor air pollutants 8.3 Radon 209
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Greece 73 1988 6 months Hungary 122
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indoor air pollutants Fig. 1. Estim
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indoor air pollutants 215 25 Bq/m 3
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indoor air pollutants 217 21.WRIXON
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introduction chapter 9 General appr
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general approach Table 30. Differen
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general approach 223 sulfur dioxide
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general approach 225 Programme for
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effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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effects of nitrogen-containing air
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effects of nitrogen-containing air
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effects of ozone on vegetation vege
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effects of ozone on vegetation 237
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introduction chapter 13 Indirect ef
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indirect effects of acidifying comp
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effects of airborne nitrogen pollut
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participants at who air quality gui
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