Air Quality Guidelines - World Health Organization Regional Office ...

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organic pollutants 107 <strong>Guidelines</strong> Although genotoxic effects in humans have been observed at relatively low concentrations, they were not considered as critical endpoints for development of a guideline, in view of the equivocal evidence for the carcinogenicity of styrene. In occupationally exposed populations, subtle effects such as reductions in visuomotor accuracy and verbal learning skills (3–5) and subclinical effects on colour vision have been observed at concentrations as low as 107–213 mg/m 3 (25–50 ppm) (6–10). Taking the lower number of this range for precautionary reasons, adjusting this to allow for conversion from an occupational to a continuous pattern of exposure (a factor of 4.2), and incorporating a factor of 10 for inter-individual variation and 10 for use of a LOAEL rather than a NOAEL results in a guideline of 0.26 mg/m 3 (weekly average). This value should also be protective for the developmental neurological effects observed in animal species. The air quality guideline could also be based on the odour threshold. In that case, the peak concentration of styrene in air should be kept below the odour detection threshold level of 70 µg/m 3 as a 30-minute average. References 1. Some industrial chemicals. Lyons, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1994, pp. 233–320 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 60). 2. KISHI, R. ET AL. Neurochemical effects in rats following gestational exposure to styrene. Toxicology letters, 63: 141–146 (1992). 3. HÄRKÖNEN, H. Exposure–response relationship between styrene exposure and central nervous function. Scandinavian journal of work, environment and health, 4: 53–59 (1978). 4. LINDSTRÖM, K. ET AL. Relationships between changes in psychological performances and styrene exposure in work with reinforced plastics. Työ ja ihminen, 6: 181–194 (1992) [Swedish]. 5. MUTTI, A. ET AL. Exposure–effect and exposure–response relationships between occupational exposure to styrene and neuropsychological functions. American journal of industrial medicine, 5: 275–286 (1984). 6. GOBBA, F. ET AL. Acquired dyschromatopsia among styrene-exposed workers. Journal of occupational medicine, 33: 761–765 (1991). 7. FALLAS, C. ET AL. Subclinical impairment of colour vision among workers exposed to styrene. British journal of industrial medicine, 49: 679–682 (1992).
108 chapter 5 8. GOBBA, F. & CAVALLERI, A. Kinetics of urinary excretion and effects on colour vision after exposure to styrene. In: Sorsa, M. et al., ed. Butadiene and styrene: assessment of health hazards. Lyons, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1993 (IARC Scientific Publication, No. 127), pp. 79–88. 9. CHIA, S.E. ET AL. Impairment of colour vision among workers exposed to low concentrations of styrene. American journal of industrial medicine, 26: 481–488 (1994). 10. EGUCHI, T. ET AL. Impaired colour discrimination among workers exposed to styrene: relevance to a urinary metabolite. Occupational and environmental medicine, 52: 534–538 (1995).
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World Health Organization Regional
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Air Quality Guidelines for Europe S
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World Health Organization Regional
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Contents introduction Foreword ....
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�� introducti
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Preface introduction The first edit
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PART I GENERAL
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2 chapter 1 increased rapidly since
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4 chapter 1 NATURE OF THE GUIDELINE
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6 chapter 1 exposure influence the
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8 chapter 1 In addition to the 35 p
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10 chapter 1 9. Acute effects on he
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12 chapter 2 atmospheric concentrat
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14 chapter 2 decision as to whether
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16 chapter 2 uncertainty of the dat
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18 chapter 2 uncertainty factor, be
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20 chapter 2 A similar situation oc
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22 chapter 2 Box 1. Classification
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24 chapter 2 The results of calcula
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26 chapter 2 however, several scien
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28 chapter 2 and the impact of expo
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30 chapter 2 permitted only an eval
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introduction chapter 3 Summary of t
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34 chapter 3 guidelines for differe
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36 chapter 3 Table 3. Rationale and
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38 chapter 3 Table 5. Risk estimate
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40 chapter 3 pollutants that may ad
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42 chapter 4 DEFINITIONS Several te
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44 chapter 4 address these economic
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46 chapter 4 Exposure-response rela
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48 chapter 4 uncertainties on the r
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50 chapter 4 substantially owing to
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52 chapter 4 use of epidemiological
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54 chapter 4 pollution from neighbo
Page 71: PART II EVALUATION OF RISKS TO HUMA
Page 74 and 75: organic pollutants 5.1 Acrylonitril
Page 76 and 77: organic pollutants carcinogen. No s
Page 78 and 79: organic pollutants 63 demonstrated
Page 80 and 81: organic pollutants Table 9. Model-d
Page 82 and 83: organic pollutants 5.3 Butadiene Ex
Page 84 and 85: organic pollutants Estimates of hum
Page 86 and 87: organic pollutants 5.4 Carbon disul
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Page 90 and 91: organic pollutants 5.5 Carbon monox
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Page 94 and 95: organic pollutants 15. LONGO, L.D.
Page 96 and 97: organic pollutants giving quantitat
Page 98 and 99: organic pollutants 5.7 Dichlorometh
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Page 102 and 103: organic pollutants 5.8 Formaldehyde
Page 104 and 105: organic pollutants systems (3). The
Page 106 and 107: organic pollutants 7. HANSEN, J. &
Page 108 and 109: organic pollutants airborne particl
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Page 112 and 113: organic pollutants 5.10 Polychlorin
Page 114 and 115: organic pollutants assessed using t
Page 116 and 117: organic pollutants 101 11. Levels o
Page 118 and 119: organic pollutants 103 differences
Page 120 and 121: organic pollutants 105 3. THEELEN,
Page 124 and 125: organic pollutants 5.13 Tetrachloro
Page 126 and 127: organic pollutants On the basis of
Page 128 and 129: organic pollutants With regard to s
Page 130 and 131: organic pollutants 5.15 Trichloroet
Page 132 and 133: organic pollutants 117 5. Technical
Page 134 and 135: organic pollutants 119 standardized
Page 136 and 137: organic pollutants 121 7. BARNES, A
Page 139 and 140: inorganic pollutants 6.1 Arsenic Ex
Page 141 and 142: inorganic pollutants 127 Guidelines
Page 143 and 144: inorganic pollutants 129 from data
Page 145 and 146: inorganic pollutants The dose-respo
Page 147 and 148: inorganic pollutants This risk esti
Page 149 and 150: inorganic pollutants 20. DEMENT, J.
Page 151 and 152: inorganic pollutants 137 of subject
Page 153 and 154: inorganic pollutants 6.4 Chromium 1
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Page 157 and 158: inorganic pollutants 6.5 Fluoride 1
Page 159 and 160: inorganic pollutants 145 2. SARIC,
Page 161 and 162: inorganic pollutants Table 16. Hydr
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Page 165 and 166: inorganic pollutants reported for g
Page 167 and 168: inorganic pollutants 6. SEPPÄLÄIN
Page 169 and 170: inorganic pollutants BMDL 5 values
Page 171 and 172: inorganic pollutants 6.9 Mercury 15
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inorganic pollutants 159 Since thes
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inorganic pollutants 161 5. Inorgan
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inorganic pollutants 163 In general
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inorganic pollutants 165 8. INTEGRA
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inorganic pollutants 167 In early s
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inorganic pollutants 169 While cis-
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Table 21. Respiratory effects after
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introduction chapter 7 Classical po
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176 chapter 7 Nitrogen dioxide incr
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178 chapter 7 for exaggerated respo
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180 chapter 7 2. LINN, W.S. & HACKN
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182 chapter 7 Ozone exposure has al
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184 chapter 7 Table 23. Health outc
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186 chapter 7 7.3 Particulate matte
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188 chapter 7 suggest that the publ
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190 chapter 7 Evaluation of the eff
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192 chapter 7 increase in the long-
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194 chapter 7 7.4 Sulfur dioxide Ex
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196 chapter 7 earlier years. Cohort
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198 chapter 7 17. ANDERSON, H.R. ET
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indoor air pollutants 8.1 Environme
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indoor air pollutants 203 uncertain
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indoor air pollutants 205 syndrome.
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indoor air pollutants 207 dose-rela
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indoor air pollutants 8.3 Radon 209
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Greece 73 1988 6 months Hungary 122
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indoor air pollutants Fig. 1. Estim
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indoor air pollutants 215 25 Bq/m 3
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indoor air pollutants 217 21.WRIXON
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introduction chapter 9 General appr
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general approach Table 30. Differen
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general approach 223 sulfur dioxide
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general approach 225 Programme for
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effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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effects of nitrogen-containing air
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effects of nitrogen-containing air
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effects of ozone on vegetation vege
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effects of ozone on vegetation 237
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introduction chapter 13 Indirect ef
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indirect effects of acidifying comp
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effects of airborne nitrogen pollut
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participants at who air quality gui
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