Air Quality Guidelines - World Health Organization Regional Office ...

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204 chapter 8 7. WELLS, A.J. Passive smoking as a cause of heart disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 24: 546–554 (1994). 8. TAYLOR, A.E. ET AL. Environmental tobacco smoke and cardiovascular disease: a position paper from the Council on Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care, American Heart Association. Circulation, 86: 1–4 (1992). 9. KRISTENSEN, T.S. Cardiovascular diseases and the work environment: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature on chemical factors. Scandinavian journal of work, environment and health, 15: 245–264 (1989). 10. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH. Posthearing Brief submitted to OSHA Docket No. H–122 (Submission #527). Washington, DC, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1995. 11. LAW, M.R. ET AL. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence. British medical journal, 315: 973–980 (1997). 12. CHILMONCZYK, B.A. ET AL. Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exacerbations of asthma in children. New England journal of medicine, 328: 1665–1669 (1993). 13. STRACHAN, D.P. ET AL. Passive smoking, salivary cotinine concentrations, and middle ear effusion in 7-year-old children. British medical journal, 298: 1549–1552 (1989). 14. RYLANDER, E. ET AL. Parental smoking, urinary cotinine, and wheezing bronchitis in children. Epidemiology, 6: 289–293 (1995). 15. The health benefits of smoking cessation. A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1990 (DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 90–8416). 16. TREDANIEL, J. ET AL. Environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of cancer in adults. European journal of cancer, 29A: 2058–2068 (1993). 17. ZHENG, W. ET AL. Risk factors for cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses among white men in the United States. American journal of epidemiology, 138: 965–972 (1994). 18. HOFFMAN, H.J. & HILLMAN, L.S. Epidemiology of the sudden infant death syndrome: maternal, neonatal, and postnatal risk factors. Clinics in perinatology, 19: 717–737 (1992). 19. SLOTKIN, T.A. ET AL. Loss of neonatal hypoxia tolerance after prenatal nicotine exposure: implications for sudden infant death syndrome. Brain research bulletin, 38: 69–75 (1995). 20. MITCHELL, E.A. ET AL. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics, 91: 893–896 (1993). 21. KLONOFF-COHEN, H.S. ET AL. The effect of passive smoking and tobacco smoke exposure through breast milk on sudden infant death
indoor air pollutants 205 syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273: 795–798 (1995). 22. SCRAGG, R. ET AL. Bed sharing, smoking, and alcohol in the sudden infant death syndrome. British medical journal, 307: 1312–1318 (1993). 23. WHO EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH. Concern for Europe’s tomorrow. Health and the environment in the WHO European Region. Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995.
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World Health Organization Regional
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Air Quality Guidelines for Europe S
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World Health Organization Regional
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Contents introduction Foreword ....
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�� introducti
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Preface introduction The first edit
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PART I GENERAL
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2 chapter 1 increased rapidly since
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4 chapter 1 NATURE OF THE GUIDELINE
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6 chapter 1 exposure influence the
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8 chapter 1 In addition to the 35 p
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10 chapter 1 9. Acute effects on he
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12 chapter 2 atmospheric concentrat
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14 chapter 2 decision as to whether
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16 chapter 2 uncertainty of the dat
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18 chapter 2 uncertainty factor, be
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20 chapter 2 A similar situation oc
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22 chapter 2 Box 1. Classification
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24 chapter 2 The results of calcula
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26 chapter 2 however, several scien
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28 chapter 2 and the impact of expo
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30 chapter 2 permitted only an eval
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introduction chapter 3 Summary of t
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34 chapter 3 guidelines for differe
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36 chapter 3 Table 3. Rationale and
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38 chapter 3 Table 5. Risk estimate
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40 chapter 3 pollutants that may ad
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42 chapter 4 DEFINITIONS Several te
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44 chapter 4 address these economic
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46 chapter 4 Exposure-response rela
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48 chapter 4 uncertainties on the r
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50 chapter 4 substantially owing to
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52 chapter 4 use of epidemiological
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54 chapter 4 pollution from neighbo
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PART II EVALUATION OF RISKS TO HUMA
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organic pollutants 5.1 Acrylonitril
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organic pollutants carcinogen. No s
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organic pollutants 63 demonstrated
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organic pollutants Table 9. Model-d
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organic pollutants 5.3 Butadiene Ex
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organic pollutants Estimates of hum
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organic pollutants 5.4 Carbon disul
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organic pollutants selecting the si
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organic pollutants 5.5 Carbon monox
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organic pollutants than the non-pre
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organic pollutants 15. LONGO, L.D.
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organic pollutants giving quantitat
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organic pollutants 5.7 Dichlorometh
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organic pollutants 4. HARKOV, R. ET
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organic pollutants 5.8 Formaldehyde
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organic pollutants systems (3). The
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organic pollutants 7. HANSEN, J. &
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organic pollutants airborne particl
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organic pollutants some recent anim
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organic pollutants 5.10 Polychlorin
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organic pollutants assessed using t
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organic pollutants 101 11. Levels o
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organic pollutants 103 differences
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organic pollutants 105 3. THEELEN,
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organic pollutants 107 Guidelines A
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organic pollutants 5.13 Tetrachloro
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organic pollutants On the basis of
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organic pollutants With regard to s
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organic pollutants 5.15 Trichloroet
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organic pollutants 117 5. Technical
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organic pollutants 119 standardized
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organic pollutants 121 7. BARNES, A
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inorganic pollutants 6.1 Arsenic Ex
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inorganic pollutants 127 Guidelines
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inorganic pollutants 129 from data
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inorganic pollutants The dose-respo
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inorganic pollutants This risk esti
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inorganic pollutants 20. DEMENT, J.
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inorganic pollutants 137 of subject
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inorganic pollutants 6.4 Chromium 1
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inorganic pollutants estimate, the
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inorganic pollutants 6.5 Fluoride 1
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inorganic pollutants 145 2. SARIC,
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inorganic pollutants Table 16. Hydr
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inorganic pollutants 6.7 Lead 149 E
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inorganic pollutants reported for g
Page 167 and 168: inorganic pollutants 6. SEPPÄLÄIN
Page 169 and 170: inorganic pollutants BMDL 5 values
Page 171 and 172: inorganic pollutants 6.9 Mercury 15
Page 173 and 174: inorganic pollutants 159 Since thes
Page 175 and 176: inorganic pollutants 161 5. Inorgan
Page 177 and 178: inorganic pollutants 163 In general
Page 179 and 180: inorganic pollutants 165 8. INTEGRA
Page 181 and 182: inorganic pollutants 167 In early s
Page 183 and 184: inorganic pollutants 169 While cis-
Page 185 and 186: Table 21. Respiratory effects after
Page 187: introduction chapter 7 Classical po
Page 190 and 191: 176 chapter 7 Nitrogen dioxide incr
Page 192 and 193: 178 chapter 7 for exaggerated respo
Page 194 and 195: 180 chapter 7 2. LINN, W.S. & HACKN
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Page 204 and 205: 190 chapter 7 Evaluation of the eff
Page 206 and 207: 192 chapter 7 increase in the long-
Page 208 and 209: 194 chapter 7 7.4 Sulfur dioxide Ex
Page 210 and 211: 196 chapter 7 earlier years. Cohort
Page 212 and 213: 198 chapter 7 17. ANDERSON, H.R. ET
Page 215 and 216: indoor air pollutants 8.1 Environme
Page 217: indoor air pollutants 203 uncertain
Page 221 and 222: indoor air pollutants 207 dose-rela
Page 223 and 224: indoor air pollutants 8.3 Radon 209
Page 225 and 226: Greece 73 1988 6 months Hungary 122
Page 227 and 228: indoor air pollutants Fig. 1. Estim
Page 229 and 230: indoor air pollutants 215 25 Bq/m 3
Page 231 and 232: indoor air pollutants 217 21.WRIXON
Page 233 and 234: introduction chapter 9 General appr
Page 235 and 236: general approach Table 30. Differen
Page 237 and 238: general approach 223 sulfur dioxide
Page 239 and 240: general approach 225 Programme for
Page 241 and 242: effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
Page 243 and 244: effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
Page 245 and 246: effects of nitrogen-containing air
Page 247 and 248: effects of nitrogen-containing air
Page 249 and 250: effects of ozone on vegetation vege
Page 251 and 252: effects of ozone on vegetation 237
Page 253 and 254: introduction chapter 13 Indirect ef
Page 255 and 256: indirect effects of acidifying comp
Page 261 and 262: effects of airborne nitrogen pollut
Page 267 and 268: participants at who air quality gui
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participants at who air quality gui
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