Air Quality Guidelines - World Health Organization Regional Office ...

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introduction As in the first edition, detailed referencing of the relevant literature has been provided with indications of the periods covered by the reviews of individual pollutants. Every effort has been made to ensure that the material provided is as up-to-date as possible, although the extended period of preparation of this second edition has inevitably meant that some sections refer to more recently published material than others. During the preparation of the second edition, the Directorate-General for Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection (DGXI) of the European Commission developed a Framework Directive and a number of daughter directives dealing with individual pollutants. It was agreed with the Commission that the final drafts of the revised WHO guideline documents would provide a starting point for discussions by the Commission’s working groups aiming at setting legally binding limit values for air quality in the European Union. REFERENCES 1. Air quality guidelines for Europe. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1987 (WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 23). 2. HEALTH21. The health for all policy framework for the WHO European Region. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1999 (European Health for All Series, No. 6). 3. Europe’s environment: the second assessment. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency, 1998. 4. Overview of the environment and health in Europe in the 1990s: Third Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, London, 16–18 June 1999. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1998 (document EUR/ICP/EHCO 02 02 05/6). 5. Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Strategies and policies for air pollution abatement. 1994 major review. New York, United Nations, 1995 (ECE/EB.AIR/44). 6. Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Major review of strategies and policies for air pollution abatement. New York, United Nations, 1998 (EB.AIR/1998/3, Add.1). 7. WHO EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH. Concern for Europe’s tomorrow. Health and the environment in the WHO European Region. Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995. 8. Constitution of the World Health Organization. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1985. 9
10 chapter 1 9. Acute effects on health of smog episodes. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1992 (WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 43). 10. Tobacco smoking. Lyons, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1986 (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 38). 11. Update and revision of the air quality guidelines for Europe. Report of a WHO planning meeting. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1994 (document EUR/ICP/CEH 230).
Page 1: World Health Organization Regional
Page 4 and 5: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe S
Page 6 and 7: World Health Organization Regional
Page 8 and 9: Contents introduction Foreword ....
Page 10 and 11: �� introducti
Page 12 and 13: Preface introduction The first edit
Page 14: PART I GENERAL
Page 17 and 18: 2 chapter 1 increased rapidly since
Page 19 and 20: 4 chapter 1 NATURE OF THE GUIDELINE
Page 21 and 22: 6 chapter 1 exposure influence the
Page 23: 8 chapter 1 In addition to the 35 p
Page 27 and 28: 12 chapter 2 atmospheric concentrat
Page 29 and 30: 14 chapter 2 decision as to whether
Page 31 and 32: 16 chapter 2 uncertainty of the dat
Page 33 and 34: 18 chapter 2 uncertainty factor, be
Page 35 and 36: 20 chapter 2 A similar situation oc
Page 37 and 38: 22 chapter 2 Box 1. Classification
Page 39 and 40: 24 chapter 2 The results of calcula
Page 41 and 42: 26 chapter 2 however, several scien
Page 43 and 44: 28 chapter 2 and the impact of expo
Page 45 and 46: 30 chapter 2 permitted only an eval
Page 47 and 48: introduction chapter 3 Summary of t
Page 49 and 50: 34 chapter 3 guidelines for differe
Page 51 and 52: 36 chapter 3 Table 3. Rationale and
Page 53 and 54: 38 chapter 3 Table 5. Risk estimate
Page 55 and 56: 40 chapter 3 pollutants that may ad
Page 57 and 58: 42 chapter 4 DEFINITIONS Several te
Page 59 and 60: 44 chapter 4 address these economic
Page 61 and 62: 46 chapter 4 Exposure-response rela
Page 63 and 64: 48 chapter 4 uncertainties on the r
Page 65 and 66: 50 chapter 4 substantially owing to
Page 67 and 68: 52 chapter 4 use of epidemiological
Page 69 and 70: 54 chapter 4 pollution from neighbo
Page 71: PART II EVALUATION OF RISKS TO HUMA
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organic pollutants 5.1 Acrylonitril
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organic pollutants carcinogen. No s
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organic pollutants 63 demonstrated
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organic pollutants Table 9. Model-d
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organic pollutants 5.3 Butadiene Ex
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organic pollutants Estimates of hum
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organic pollutants 5.4 Carbon disul
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organic pollutants selecting the si
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organic pollutants 5.5 Carbon monox
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organic pollutants than the non-pre
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organic pollutants 15. LONGO, L.D.
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organic pollutants giving quantitat
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organic pollutants 5.7 Dichlorometh
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organic pollutants 4. HARKOV, R. ET
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organic pollutants 5.8 Formaldehyde
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organic pollutants systems (3). The
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organic pollutants 7. HANSEN, J. &
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organic pollutants airborne particl
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organic pollutants some recent anim
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organic pollutants 5.10 Polychlorin
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organic pollutants assessed using t
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organic pollutants 101 11. Levels o
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organic pollutants 103 differences
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organic pollutants 105 3. THEELEN,
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organic pollutants 107 Guidelines A
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organic pollutants 5.13 Tetrachloro
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organic pollutants On the basis of
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organic pollutants With regard to s
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organic pollutants 5.15 Trichloroet
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organic pollutants 117 5. Technical
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organic pollutants 119 standardized
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organic pollutants 121 7. BARNES, A
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inorganic pollutants 6.1 Arsenic Ex
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inorganic pollutants 127 Guidelines
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inorganic pollutants 129 from data
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inorganic pollutants The dose-respo
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inorganic pollutants This risk esti
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inorganic pollutants 20. DEMENT, J.
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inorganic pollutants 137 of subject
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inorganic pollutants 6.4 Chromium 1
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inorganic pollutants estimate, the
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inorganic pollutants 6.5 Fluoride 1
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inorganic pollutants 145 2. SARIC,
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inorganic pollutants Table 16. Hydr
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inorganic pollutants 6.7 Lead 149 E
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inorganic pollutants reported for g
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inorganic pollutants 6. SEPPÄLÄIN
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inorganic pollutants BMDL 5 values
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inorganic pollutants 6.9 Mercury 15
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inorganic pollutants 159 Since thes
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inorganic pollutants 161 5. Inorgan
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inorganic pollutants 163 In general
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inorganic pollutants 165 8. INTEGRA
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inorganic pollutants 167 In early s
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inorganic pollutants 169 While cis-
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Table 21. Respiratory effects after
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introduction chapter 7 Classical po
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176 chapter 7 Nitrogen dioxide incr
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178 chapter 7 for exaggerated respo
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180 chapter 7 2. LINN, W.S. & HACKN
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182 chapter 7 Ozone exposure has al
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184 chapter 7 Table 23. Health outc
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186 chapter 7 7.3 Particulate matte
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188 chapter 7 suggest that the publ
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190 chapter 7 Evaluation of the eff
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192 chapter 7 increase in the long-
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194 chapter 7 7.4 Sulfur dioxide Ex
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196 chapter 7 earlier years. Cohort
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198 chapter 7 17. ANDERSON, H.R. ET
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indoor air pollutants 8.1 Environme
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indoor air pollutants 203 uncertain
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indoor air pollutants 205 syndrome.
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indoor air pollutants 207 dose-rela
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indoor air pollutants 8.3 Radon 209
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Greece 73 1988 6 months Hungary 122
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indoor air pollutants Fig. 1. Estim
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indoor air pollutants 215 25 Bq/m 3
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indoor air pollutants 217 21.WRIXON
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introduction chapter 9 General appr
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general approach Table 30. Differen
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general approach 223 sulfur dioxide
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general approach 225 Programme for
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effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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effects of sulfur dioxide on vegeta
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effects of nitrogen-containing air
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effects of nitrogen-containing air
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effects of ozone on vegetation vege
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effects of ozone on vegetation 237
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introduction chapter 13 Indirect ef
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indirect effects of acidifying comp
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effects of airborne nitrogen pollut
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participants at who air quality gui
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