Oil and gas production handbook - Process Control and ...

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miniature floating tension leg platforms, much like the semi submersible type, with tensioned tendons. SPAR: The SPAR consists of a single tall floating cylinder hull, supporting a fixed deck. The cylinder however does not extend all the way to the seafloor, but instead is tethered to the bottom by a series of cables and lines. The large cylinder serves to stabilize the platform in the water, and allows for movement to absorb the force of potential hurricanes. Spars can be quite large and are used for water depths from 300 and up to 3000 meters. SPAR is not an acronym, but refers to its likeness with a ship’s spar. Spars can support dry completion wells, but is more often used with subsea wells. Subsea production systems are wells located on the sea floor, as opposed to at the surface. Like in a floating production system, the petroleum is extracted at the seafloor, and then can be 'tied-back'to an already existing production platform or even an onshore facility, limited by horizontal distance or “offset”. The well is drilled by a moveable rig and the extracted oil and natural gas is transported by undersea pipeline and riser to a processing facility. This allows one strategically placed production platform to service many wells over a reasonably large area. Subsea systems are typically in use at depths of 7,000 feet or more, and do not have the ability to drill, only to extract and transport. Drilling and completeion is performed from a surface rig. Horizontal offsets up to 250 kilometers, 150 miles are currently possible. Photo:Norsk Hydro ASA 11
2.2 Main Process Sections We will go through each section in detail in the following chapters. The summary below is an introductory short overview of each section 2.2.1 Wellheads The wellhead sits on top of the actual oil or gas well leading down to the reservoir. A wellhead may also be an injection well, used to inject water or gas back into the reservoir to maintain pressure and levels to maximize production. Once a natural gas or oil well is drilled, and it has been verified that commercially viable quantities of natural gas are present for extraction, the well must be 'completed'to allow for the flow of petroleum or natural gas out of the formation and up to the surface. This process includes strengthening the well hole with casing, evaluating the pressure and temperature of the formation, and then installing the proper equipment to ensure an efficient flow of natural gas out of the well. The well flow is controlled with a choke. We differentiate between dry completion with is either onshore or on the deck of an offshore structure, and Subsea completions below the surface. The wellhead structure, often called a Christmas tree, must allow for a number of operations relating to production and well workover. Well workover refers to various technologies for maintaining the well and improving its production capacity. 2.2.2 Manifolds/gathering Onshore, the individual well streams are brought into the main production facilities over a network of gathering pipelines and manifold systems. The purpose of these is to allow set up of production “well sets” so that for a given production level, the best 12
Page 1 and 2: OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION HANDBOOK An
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS 1 Introduction............
Page 5 and 6: 1 Introduction Oil has been used fo
Page 7 and 8: 2 Process overview The following fi
Page 9 and 10: 2.1.1 Onshore Onshore production is
Page 11: Compliant towers are much like fixe
Page 15 and 16: In gravity separation the well flow
Page 17 and 18: (or another division within the com
Page 19 and 20: For crude that have undergone detai
Page 21 and 22: 100 to 200 million years ago, under
Page 23 and 24: can be hydraulic or electric. Earli
Page 25 and 26: The mud mix is a specialist brew de
Page 27 and 28: number of completions required, and
Page 29 and 30: components: the casing head, the tu
Page 31 and 32: control electronics, and operates m
Page 33 and 34: Installations down to 3.7 km with p
Page 35 and 36: perforation and various other maint
Page 37 and 38: 3.8.2 Tar sands Tar sands can be of
Page 39 and 40: origiate from organic decay. At the
Page 41: 4 The Oil and Gas Process The oil a
Page 44 and 45: 4.2 Separation As described earlier
Page 46 and 47: involve partial shutdown and shutdo
Page 48 and 49: efore discharge to sea. Often this
Page 50 and 51: picture) place tubes inside a shell
Page 52 and 53: • Screw compressors are manufactu
Page 54 and 55: The operating characteristics are d
Page 56 and 57: point, means a transfer of responsi
Page 58 and 59: LNG is often metered with massflow
Page 60 and 61: 5 Utility systems This chapter cont
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The system is operated from the Cen
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should be handled. On the left of t
Page 67 and 68:
Action is controlled by a fire and
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are logged and compared with refere
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are used for protection functions H
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• Venting from equipment operatin
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The ballasting is accomplished by w
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Hypochlorite Biocides Hypochlorite
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6 Units Some common units used in t
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7 Acronyms Acronym Description AC A
Page 83 and 84:
8 References Web on line sources an
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