Oil and gas production handbook - Process Control and ...

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5.8 Telecom The telecom system consists of variety of subsystems for human and computer wired and wireless communications, monitoring, observation and entertainment: Some of the main systems are: • Public Address & Alarm System/F&G Integration • Drillers talk back System • UHF Radio Network System • Closed Circuit TV System • Mandatory Radio System • Security Access Control • Meteorological System/Sea Wave Radar • Telecom Antenna Tower and Antennas • PABX Telephone System • Entertainment System • Marine Radar & Vessel Movement System • Office Data Network and Computer System • Personnel Paging System • Platform Personnel Registration and Tracking System • Telecom Maintenance and Monitoring System • Ship Communication System/PABX Extension • Radio Link Backup System • Mux and Fiber optical Terminal Equipment 77
6 Units Some common units used in the oil and gas industry. I have listed a representative selection of US and metric units since both are used in different parts of the oil industry. The non standard factors differ slightly between different sources. API American Petroleum Institute crude grade API = (141.5 / Specific gravity ) + 131,5 Spec gravity = 141.5/(API + 131,5) kg/l Bl Barrel (of oil) 1 Bl = 42 Gallons 1 Bl = 159 liters 1 Bl equiv. to 5487 scf = 147 scm gas Bpd Barrel per day 1 Bpd 50 tons/tonnes per year BTU British Thermal Unit 1 BTU = 0,293 Wh = 1,055 kJ CO2 CO2 emissions from hydrocarbons Typical values 1,625 Ton CO2 per Ton gas (for CH4) 1,84 Ton CO2 per Ton Crude Oil 0,94 kg per scm gas Cal Calorie 1 Cal = 4,187 J (Joules) MMscf Million Standard Cubic 1 MMscf = 23.8 TOE 174 barrels Feet psi Pounds Per Square 1 psi = 6,9 kPa = 0,069 atm Inch Scf Standard Cubic Feet (of gas) Defined by energy not a normalized volume 1 scf = 1000 BTU = 252 kcal = 293 Wh = 1,055 MJ 0.0268 scm Scm TOE kWh Standard Cubic metre (of gas, also Ncm) Defined by energy content Tons oil equivalent Range 6.6 - 8 barrels at API range 8 - 52 kiloWatthour = 1000 Joules * 3600 S 1 Scm = 39 MJ = 10.8 kWh 1 Scm 37,33 Scf (not a volume conv.) 1 Scm 1,122 kg 1 TOE = 1 kilograms = 1 Ton (metric) oil 1 TOE = 1 Tonne oil (US) 1 TOE 7,33 Barrels (at 33 API) 1 TOE 42,9 GJ =11,9 MWh 1 TOE 40,6 MMBTU 1 TOE 1,51 ton of coal 1 TOE 0,79 ton LNG 1 TOE 1125 Scm = 42000 Scf 1 kWh = 3,6 MJ = 860 kcal = 3413 BTU 78
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OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION HANDBOOK An
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CONTENTS 1 Introduction............
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1 Introduction Oil has been used fo
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2 Process overview The following fi
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2.1.1 Onshore Onshore production is
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Compliant towers are much like fixe
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2.2 Main Process Sections We will g
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In gravity separation the well flow
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(or another division within the com
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For crude that have undergone detai
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100 to 200 million years ago, under
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can be hydraulic or electric. Earli
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The mud mix is a specialist brew de
Page 27 and 28: number of completions required, and
Page 29 and 30: components: the casing head, the tu
Page 31 and 32: control electronics, and operates m
Page 33 and 34: Installations down to 3.7 km with p
Page 35 and 36: perforation and various other maint
Page 37 and 38: 3.8.2 Tar sands Tar sands can be of
Page 39 and 40: origiate from organic decay. At the
Page 41: 4 The Oil and Gas Process The oil a
Page 44 and 45: 4.2 Separation As described earlier
Page 46 and 47: involve partial shutdown and shutdo
Page 48 and 49: efore discharge to sea. Often this
Page 50 and 51: picture) place tubes inside a shell
Page 52 and 53: • Screw compressors are manufactu
Page 54 and 55: The operating characteristics are d
Page 56 and 57: point, means a transfer of responsi
Page 58 and 59: LNG is often metered with massflow
Page 60 and 61: 5 Utility systems This chapter cont
Page 62 and 63: The system is operated from the Cen
Page 64: should be handled. On the left of t
Page 67 and 68: Action is controlled by a fire and
Page 69 and 70: are logged and compared with refere
Page 71 and 72: are used for protection functions H
Page 73 and 74: • Venting from equipment operatin
Page 75 and 76: The ballasting is accomplished by w
Page 77: Hypochlorite Biocides Hypochlorite
Page 81 and 82: 7 Acronyms Acronym Description AC A
Page 83 and 84: 8 References Web on line sources an
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