Oil and gas production handbook - Process Control and ...

CONTENTS
1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 4
2 Process overview .............................................................................................. 6
2.1 Facilities .................................................................................................. 7
2.1.1 Onshore.......................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Offshore......................................................................................... 9
2.2 Main Process Sections........................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Wellheads .................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Manifolds/gathering..................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Separation .................................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Gas compression.......................................................................... 14
2.2.5 Metering, storage and export ....................................................... 15
2.3 Utility systems....................................................................................... 16
3 Reservoir and Wellheads ................................................................................ 17
3.1 Crude oil and Natural gas...................................................................... 17
3.1.1 Crude Oil ..................................................................................... 17
3.1.2 Natural Gas .................................................................................. 18
3.1.3 Condensates ................................................................................. 19
3.2 The Reservoir ........................................................................................ 19
3.3 Exploration and Drilling........................................................................ 21
3.4 The Well................................................................................................ 24
3.4.1 Well Casing ................................................................................. 25
3.4.2 Completion .................................................................................. 26
3.5 Wellhead ............................................................................................... 27
3.5.1 Subsea wells ................................................................................ 29
3.5.2 Injection....................................................................................... 30
3.6 Artificial Lift ......................................................................................... 30
3.6.1 Rod Pumps................................................................................... 31
3.6.2 Downhole Pumps......................................................................... 31
3.6.3 Gas Lift ........................................................................................ 32
3.6.4 Plunger Lift.................................................................................. 33
3.7 Well workover, intervention and stimulation. ....................................... 33
3.8 Unconventional sources of oil and gas.................................................. 35
3.8.1 Extra Heavy Crude ...................................................................... 35
3.8.2 Tar sands...................................................................................... 36
3.8.3 Oil Shale ...................................................................................... 36
3.8.4 Coal, Coal Gasification and Liquefaction.................................... 37
3.8.5 Methane Hydrates........................................................................ 37
3.8.6 Biofuels........................................................................................ 38
3.8.7 Hydrogen ..................................................................................... 38
4 The Oil and Gas Process................................................................................. 40
4.1 Manifolds and Gathering....................................................................... 42
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