Oil and gas production handbook - Process Control and ...

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1862. The oil was collected in the wooden tank in the foreground. Note the many different sized barrels in the background. At this time, barrel size was not yet standardized, which made terms like "Oil is selling at $5 per barrel" very confusing (today a barrel is 159 liters, see units at the back). But even in those days, overproduction was an issue to be avoided. When the “Empire well” was completed in September 1861, it gave 3,000 barrels per day, flooding the market, and the price of oil plummeted to 10 cents a barrel. Soon, oil had replaced most other fuels for mobile use. The automobile industry developed at the end of the 19 th century, and quickly adopted the fuel. Gasoline engines were essential for designing successful aircraft. Ships driven by oil could move up to twice as fast as their coal fired counterparts, a vital military advantage. Gas was burned off or left in the ground. Despite attempts at gas transportation as far back as 1821, it was not until after the World War II that welding techniques, pipe rolling, and metallurgical advances allowed for the construction of reliable long distance pipelines, resulting in a natural gas industry boom. At the same time the petrochemical industry with its new plastic materials quickly increased production. Even now gas production is gaining market share as LNG provides an economical way of transporting the gas from even the remotest sites. With oil prices of 50 dollars per barrel or more, even more difficult to access sources become economically interesting. Such sources include tar sands in Venezuela and Canada as well as oil shales. Synthetic diesel (syndiesel) from natural gas and biological sources (biodiesel, ethanol) have also become commercially viable. These sources may eventually more than triple the potential reserves of hydrocabon fuels. 5
2 Process overview The following figure gives a simplified overview of the typical oil and gas production process Production Wellheads Production and Test Manifolds LP Gas compressors HP Metering and storage Gas Meter Export Pig Launcher Gas Pipeline Production Separators Pig Launcher Oil Pipeline 1 stage Tanker Loading 2 stage ø Crude pump Oil Meter Water treatment Test Separator Oil Storage Drilling Utility systems (selected) Injection wells Injection manifold Power Generation Water injection pump Mud and Cementing Instrument Air Gas injection compressor Potable Water Firefighting systems HVAC Figure 1 Oil and Gas production overview 6
Page 1 and 2: OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION HANDBOOK An
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS 1 Introduction............
Page 5: 1 Introduction Oil has been used fo
Page 9 and 10: 2.1.1 Onshore Onshore production is
Page 11 and 12: Compliant towers are much like fixe
Page 13 and 14: 2.2 Main Process Sections We will g
Page 15 and 16: In gravity separation the well flow
Page 17 and 18: (or another division within the com
Page 19 and 20: For crude that have undergone detai
Page 21 and 22: 100 to 200 million years ago, under
Page 23 and 24: can be hydraulic or electric. Earli
Page 25 and 26: The mud mix is a specialist brew de
Page 27 and 28: number of completions required, and
Page 29 and 30: components: the casing head, the tu
Page 31 and 32: control electronics, and operates m
Page 33 and 34: Installations down to 3.7 km with p
Page 35 and 36: perforation and various other maint
Page 37 and 38: 3.8.2 Tar sands Tar sands can be of
Page 39 and 40: origiate from organic decay. At the
Page 41: 4 The Oil and Gas Process The oil a
Page 44 and 45: 4.2 Separation As described earlier
Page 46 and 47: involve partial shutdown and shutdo
Page 48 and 49: efore discharge to sea. Often this
Page 50 and 51: picture) place tubes inside a shell
Page 52 and 53: • Screw compressors are manufactu
Page 54 and 55: The operating characteristics are d
Page 56 and 57:
point, means a transfer of responsi
Page 58 and 59:
LNG is often metered with massflow
Page 60 and 61:
5 Utility systems This chapter cont
Page 62 and 63:
The system is operated from the Cen
Page 64:
should be handled. On the left of t
Page 67 and 68:
Action is controlled by a fire and
Page 69 and 70:
are logged and compared with refere
Page 71 and 72:
are used for protection functions H
Page 73 and 74:
• Venting from equipment operatin
Page 75 and 76:
The ballasting is accomplished by w
Page 77 and 78:
Hypochlorite Biocides Hypochlorite
Page 79 and 80:
6 Units Some common units used in t
Page 81 and 82:
7 Acronyms Acronym Description AC A
Page 83 and 84:
8 References Web on line sources an
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