BG Fernandes Department of Electrical Engineering II T - Power ...

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• If δ max ⇒ 30 - 40 o • Q se = 7- 13% of Q SL • Cost of series capacitor ? • Location of series capacitor is not very critical Application of Power Electronics in Power Systems B. G. Fernandes 246/454
Approaches to controllable series compensation Variable Z type : 1. GTO controlled series capacitor (GCSC) Objective : Vary V C • GTO is closed when v c = 0 • Open when ‘i’ charges ‘C’ • Duality between TCR & GCSC Application of Power Electronics in Power Systems B. G. Fernandes 247/454
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EE 660 Application of Power Electro
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Books for Reference • T. J. E. Mi
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• Consumption of Electricity are
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• Thermal limit (depends on ambie
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• Voltage profile along the line
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• To control V R & ↑ power tran
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• High ‘V’ & high KVar source
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• What sort of PWM technique to u
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V = V = V = m S R V It can be shown
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Provide • Series capacitive compe
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• Is it possible to change the ph
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• Injecting V in series with line
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• Definite amount of power that s
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• To control the power flow & to
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• Most of the loads are Non-linea
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Current drawn by the load fed from
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Effect of harmonics: A. In the Rota
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Conclusions • Load compensator +
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Notation of quality of supply • H
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Ideal compensator • Correct the p
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Voltage regulation • Which is the
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I L = P L − V jQ L ΔV = ( R + jX
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Vary Q S => ΔV rotates till E = V
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• Approximate relationship for vo
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• If short circuit resistance of
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I a = V R ab Vca − jX VL∠0 V∠
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I b = I c ∠120 ⎛ ⎜ ⎝ 3 2X
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Contd.. • Using passive reactive
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Comments • Branch currents of Δ
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Application of Power Electronics in
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• May not be possible • Most of
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• Can be shown that if V < C1 V S
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• M => Magnitude of sine wave (no
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Review • Linear lagging load can
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Contd.. • If space vector PWM is
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⇒ (n-1) harmonics are eliminated
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• Assume that there are 5 switchi
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• Non-linear transcendental equat
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How to calculate Ref. Var ? i = I m
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Controlled current SLCVC • Compen
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Control strategy -I Application of
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Review • In harmonic elimination
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Contd.. Controlled current SLCVC
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• i S * is in phase with v S •
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• If Inverter i S * is changed in
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• Use two compensators & connect
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• Main compensator ⇒ Voltage co
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i Cm1 = V S −VCm 1∠ −δ Z∠
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• Var calculator determines V * d
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Contd.. • For high power applicat
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[A] [v'] = [z] [A] [i'] [v'] = [A]
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Vector representation of instantane
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[ C] t = ⎡ ⎢ ⎢− ⎢ ⎣−
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⎡v ⎢ ⎢ v ⎢⎣ v a b c ⎤
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e e i i α β α β = = V V S S cos
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e . q i * = β α C 3 2 + ( 2 2 ) e
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• Frequency of e α , i α , e β
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Review Instantaneous real power P =
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Contd.. Application of Power Electr
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Change of reference frame q S d S d
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• Let us assume that v S is along
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• AC filtering ⇒ phase shift
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• Information about system freque
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* x ∫ ω xt () x y n + 1 − Δ t
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e α = e a − 1 2 e b − 1 2 e c
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e d e d = = = e e s e s α cos( θ
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Review • In synchronous rotating
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To change MI using harmonic elimina
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• 3φ sinusoids which are in phas
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• This voltage waveform can be us
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1 1 • = = Switching frequency T T
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• Assume that over one cycle V re
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Rule to be followed • A term in t
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S 4 , S 3 ON for DT S : di L = V s
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Aim • i s and V s should be in ph
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Contd.. • Generate reset pulse at
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1φ AC-DC Control technique (1 −
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Alternate Approach DC-DC Converter
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• Information regarding V s shoul
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Inverter topology for high power ap
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• Number of pulse should be high
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Switches ON V AX S1, S2 V dc S2, S3
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Review • In one cycle control ‘
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Contd.. • At any time 2-devices (
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4-level inverter • Number of swit
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S2, S3, S4 ON : ⇒ V AX = 2V dc /3
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• ‘V’ rating of D B = 2V dc /
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Voltage space vectors for 3 level i
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( NNP ) ⇒ ( 001 ) ⇒ ( PPN ) ⇒
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C B A O O N O N O N O O C B A O N N
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V q ∴V S = = 3 2 V 2 dC ⎡V ⎢
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OOP : V AO = V dC /2, V BO = V CO =
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OPO : V AO = V CO = 0, V BO = V dC
Page 195 and 196: Medium voltage vectors ONP : V AO =
Page 197 and 198: NPO : V AO = 0, V BO = V dC /2 , V
Page 199 and 200: Application of Power Electronics in
Page 201 and 202: Contd.. • No. of medium voltage v
Page 203 and 204: Voltage control • Space vector PW
Page 205 and 206: • Unbalances has no effect on loa
Page 207 and 208: • Passive elements Load compensat
Page 209 and 210: Shunt Compensation : • Inject cur
Page 211 and 212: Mid point voltage regulator • Two
Page 215 and 216: • Reactive power supplied by the
Page 217 and 218: • Shunt compensator can increase
Page 219 and 220: Review Mid-point shunt compensation
Page 221 and 222: Summary • Compensator must remain
Page 223 and 224: Variable impedance type S.V.C 1. Th
Page 225 and 226: • ‘i’ is continuous when α =
Page 227 and 228: 2. Thyristor switched capacitor (TS
Page 229 and 230: 3. Fixed Capacitor, Thyristor contr
Page 231 and 232: • At α = π/2, Q L = Q L(max)
Page 233 and 234: Control • ‘Q’ is controlled b
Page 235 and 236: Operating V-I region Application of
Page 237 and 238: Contd.. T.S.C • Thyristors are tr
Page 239 and 240: Advantages • Since voltage profil
Page 241 and 242: Series compensation • Injects vol
Page 243 and 244: X eff = ( X − X ) L C = ( 1− K
Page 245: Q Q se sh = tan ⎛ ⎜ ⎝ 2 δ ma
Page 249 and 250: • Amplitude of the fundamental V
Page 251 and 252: (b). Impedance compensation mode: V
Page 253 and 254: Review GTO controlled series capaci
Page 255 and 256: Contd.. • Control ‘i’ in ‘L
Page 257 and 258: Voltage compensating mode : • Rea
Page 259 and 260: • In FCTCR continuously varying c
Page 261 and 262: V 2 1 I1 ⎜ Sin X ⎝ π π ⎛
Page 265 and 266: • If X L (α) < X C , There are t
Page 267 and 268: • ‘V C ’ gets distorted • I
Page 269 and 270: • If X TCR = 1.5X C ⇒ Capacitiv
Page 271 and 272: Modes of operation By pass mode :
Page 273 and 274: Static Synchronous Series Compensat
Page 275 and 276: • Voltage across ‘L’ ⇒ V (
Page 277 and 278: Contd.. • For both region X L < X
Page 279 and 280: Control range: • Voltage compensa
Page 281 and 282: • Compensation for both reactive
Page 283 and 284: • If V S = V R =V Per phase power
Page 285 and 286: ⇒ Reactive VA associated with the
Page 287 and 288: Voltage & phase angle regulators Vo
Page 289 and 290: Power flow control : • Optimal lo
Page 291 and 292: • Basic idea is to keep the trans
Page 293 and 294: UPFC : • Able to control simultan
Page 295 and 296: • Independently control the react
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Case1 : Control capabilities ρ = 0
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U.P.F.C : Review • Two VSI connec
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Using UPFC • Active power flow an
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⇒ A common DC-link voltage is reg
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= Ve ⎧V ⎨ ⎩ ( Cosδ 2 − jSi
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• ‘ρ’ can vary from 0 to 2π
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⇒ Shunt current is controlled ind
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FACTS installments in India • TSC
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HVDC • Long distance transmission
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Back to Back : • Chandrapur - Ram
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• ‘P’ through link can not be
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• If alternator-2 generates 1000
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• One conductor (generally -ve)
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• Each terminal has two converter
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Components of HVDC transmission Bi-
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Smoothing Reactor : Large value of
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Reactive power support : • Both c
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• If α 1 is trigger angle for br
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⇒T 1 is turned off at ωt= 30+ (3
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At ωt = 210 o V a = Sin210 = −1
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At ωt = 330 o V a −1 2, V = 1 =
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At ωt = 300 o V − 3 2, V = 0 V =
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Vdc = 2.34V ph. Cosα =1.35V LL .Co
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Contd.. • As α 1 ↑ (AC-DC conv
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Phase relationship between phase V
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As α↑: • V dc ↓ • Displace
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Boundary conditions : At ωt = α,
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∴V 0 = V pn −V mn V = − 2 cn
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Representation of inverter mode of
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Converter α ⇒ delay angle μ ⇒
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V dco = [cos + cos γ ] − − −
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12-pulse converter • Series conne
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V d ⎛ 3 = VdoCosα − Id . B.
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• 24/36 harmonic filter ⇒ 2*80
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Direct current : • Nominal I ⇒
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Basic control : • DC voltage or I
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Basis for selection of control : Fo
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• Denominator is very small • A
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• P.F should be as high as possib
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• γ ⇒ necessary to maintain a
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I d = V dcor Cosα −V R + R + cr
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• Maintains adequate commutation
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• As taps are changed, CEA regula
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Basic control : • DC voltage or I
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Basis for selection of control : Fo
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• Rectifier control ⇒ To preven
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Control of HVDC system Application
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• Quantities forming the co-ordin
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• Rectifier characteristics can b
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• Constant current characteristic
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• After some time, tap changer ch
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• Therefore rectifier characteris
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• At normal voltage , characteris
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• In order to avoid the problem,
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• When inverter is on current con
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When does change over take place ?
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Review Rectifier characteristics Co
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• ‘e’ is -ve, ‘K’ is +ve
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• Due to line fault or during low
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Inverter side : • I d can be ↑
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Mode stabilization : • Intersecti
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• ‘V’ profile is flat • Con
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• V dcoi Cosβ remains constant
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Current limit Maximum current limit
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Voltage depend current-order limit
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• VDCOL characteristics could be
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Contd.. But I ref(R) > I ref(I) I r
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Contd.. Mode stabilization : • In
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Voltage depend current-order limit
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• VDCOL characteristics could be
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Significant aspects of basic contro
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• If there is a ↓ in AC voltage
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⇒ Achieved using by pass valve an
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• For energization of blocked bri
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• Instead use VSI • ‘I’ cou
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• ‘V’ can not reverse, but
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