BG Fernandes Department of Electrical Engineering II T - Power ...

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Load balancing (Contd..) I a = V L ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ 1 2 R − j 2 1 ⎫ ⎬ 3R ⎭ 3R ∠ − 30 ⎧ 1 1 ⎫ VL Ib = VL ⎨− − j ⎬ = ∠210 ⎩ 2R 2 3R ⎭ 3R 1 ⎫ ⎨ ⎧ V = 0 + L Ic VL j ⎬ = ∠90 ⎩ 3R ⎭ 3R • Rule: For the load connected between line a-b, capacitor should be connected between b-c, and Inductor should be connected between c-a = V L Application of Power Electronics in Power Systems B. G. Fernandes 56/454
Comments • Branch currents of Δ are unbalanced • Reactive power is balanced within Δ • Reactive power generated by C connected between line b & c = Q is absorbed by L connected between c & a • If the load is ab L ab L Y = G + jB ab L • Compensating susceptance B ab C = −B ab L Application of Power Electronics in Power Systems B. G. Fernandes 57/454
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EE 660 Application of Power Electro
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Books for Reference • T. J. E. Mi
Page 5 and 6: • Consumption of Electricity are
Page 7 and 8: • Thermal limit (depends on ambie
Page 9 and 10: • Voltage profile along the line
Page 11 and 12: • To control V R & ↑ power tran
Page 13 and 14: • High ‘V’ & high KVar source
Page 15 and 16: • What sort of PWM technique to u
Page 17 and 18: V = V = V = m S R V It can be shown
Page 19 and 20: Provide • Series capacitive compe
Page 21 and 22: • Is it possible to change the ph
Page 23 and 24: • Injecting V in series with line
Page 25 and 26: • Definite amount of power that s
Page 27 and 28: • To control the power flow & to
Page 29 and 30: • Most of the loads are Non-linea
Page 31 and 32: Current drawn by the load fed from
Page 33 and 34: Effect of harmonics: A. In the Rota
Page 35 and 36: Conclusions • Load compensator +
Page 37 and 38: Notation of quality of supply • H
Page 39 and 40: Ideal compensator • Correct the p
Page 41 and 42: Voltage regulation • Which is the
Page 43 and 44: I L = P L − V jQ L ΔV = ( R + jX
Page 45 and 46: Vary Q S => ΔV rotates till E = V
Page 47 and 48: • Approximate relationship for vo
Page 49 and 50: • If short circuit resistance of
Page 51 and 52: I a = V R ab Vca − jX VL∠0 V∠
Page 53 and 54: I b = I c ∠120 ⎛ ⎜ ⎝ 3 2X
Page 55: Contd.. • Using passive reactive
Page 59 and 60: Application of Power Electronics in
Page 61 and 62: • May not be possible • Most of
Page 63 and 64: • Can be shown that if V < C1 V S
Page 65 and 66: • M => Magnitude of sine wave (no
Page 67 and 68: Review • Linear lagging load can
Page 69 and 70: Contd.. • If space vector PWM is
Page 71 and 72: ⇒ (n-1) harmonics are eliminated
Page 73 and 74: • Assume that there are 5 switchi
Page 75 and 76: • Non-linear transcendental equat
Page 77 and 78: How to calculate Ref. Var ? i = I m
Page 79 and 80: Controlled current SLCVC • Compen
Page 81 and 82: Control strategy -I Application of
Page 83 and 84: Review • In harmonic elimination
Page 85 and 86: Contd.. Controlled current SLCVC
Page 87 and 88: • i S * is in phase with v S •
Page 89 and 90: • If Inverter i S * is changed in
Page 91 and 92: • Use two compensators & connect
Page 93 and 94: • Main compensator ⇒ Voltage co
Page 95 and 96: i Cm1 = V S −VCm 1∠ −δ Z∠
Page 97 and 98: • Var calculator determines V * d
Page 99 and 100: Contd.. • For high power applicat
Page 101 and 102: [A] [v'] = [z] [A] [i'] [v'] = [A]
Page 103 and 104: Vector representation of instantane
Page 105 and 106: [ C] t = ⎡ ⎢ ⎢− ⎢ ⎣−
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⎡v ⎢ ⎢ v ⎢⎣ v a b c ⎤
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e e i i α β α β = = V V S S cos
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Application of Power Electronics in
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e . q i * = β α C 3 2 + ( 2 2 ) e
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• Frequency of e α , i α , e β
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Review Instantaneous real power P =
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Contd.. Application of Power Electr
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Change of reference frame q S d S d
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• Let us assume that v S is along
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• AC filtering ⇒ phase shift
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• Information about system freque
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* x ∫ ω xt () x y n + 1 − Δ t
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e α = e a − 1 2 e b − 1 2 e c
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e d e d = = = e e s e s α cos( θ
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Review • In synchronous rotating
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To change MI using harmonic elimina
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• 3φ sinusoids which are in phas
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• This voltage waveform can be us
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1 1 • = = Switching frequency T T
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• Assume that over one cycle V re
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Rule to be followed • A term in t
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S 4 , S 3 ON for DT S : di L = V s
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Aim • i s and V s should be in ph
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Contd.. • Generate reset pulse at
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1φ AC-DC Control technique (1 −
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Alternate Approach DC-DC Converter
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• Information regarding V s shoul
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Inverter topology for high power ap
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• Number of pulse should be high
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Switches ON V AX S1, S2 V dc S2, S3
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Page 173 and 174:
Review • In one cycle control ‘
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Contd.. • At any time 2-devices (
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4-level inverter • Number of swit
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S2, S3, S4 ON : ⇒ V AX = 2V dc /3
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• ‘V’ rating of D B = 2V dc /
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Voltage space vectors for 3 level i
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( NNP ) ⇒ ( 001 ) ⇒ ( PPN ) ⇒
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C B A O O N O N O N O O C B A O N N
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V q ∴V S = = 3 2 V 2 dC ⎡V ⎢
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OOP : V AO = V dC /2, V BO = V CO =
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OPO : V AO = V CO = 0, V BO = V dC
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Medium voltage vectors ONP : V AO =
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NPO : V AO = 0, V BO = V dC /2 , V
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Contd.. • No. of medium voltage v
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Voltage control • Space vector PW
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• Unbalances has no effect on loa
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• Passive elements Load compensat
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Shunt Compensation : • Inject cur
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Mid point voltage regulator • Two
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• Reactive power supplied by the
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• Shunt compensator can increase
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Review Mid-point shunt compensation
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Summary • Compensator must remain
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Variable impedance type S.V.C 1. Th
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• ‘i’ is continuous when α =
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2. Thyristor switched capacitor (TS
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3. Fixed Capacitor, Thyristor contr
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• At α = π/2, Q L = Q L(max)
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Control • ‘Q’ is controlled b
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Operating V-I region Application of
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Contd.. T.S.C • Thyristors are tr
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Advantages • Since voltage profil
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Series compensation • Injects vol
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X eff = ( X − X ) L C = ( 1− K
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Q Q se sh = tan ⎛ ⎜ ⎝ 2 δ ma
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Approaches to controllable series c
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• Amplitude of the fundamental V
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(b). Impedance compensation mode: V
Page 253 and 254:
Review GTO controlled series capaci
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Contd.. • Control ‘i’ in ‘L
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Voltage compensating mode : • Rea
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• In FCTCR continuously varying c
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V 2 1 I1 ⎜ Sin X ⎝ π π ⎛
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• If X L (α) < X C , There are t
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• ‘V C ’ gets distorted • I
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• If X TCR = 1.5X C ⇒ Capacitiv
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Modes of operation By pass mode :
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Static Synchronous Series Compensat
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• Voltage across ‘L’ ⇒ V (
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Contd.. • For both region X L < X
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Control range: • Voltage compensa
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• Compensation for both reactive
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• If V S = V R =V Per phase power
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⇒ Reactive VA associated with the
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Voltage & phase angle regulators Vo
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Power flow control : • Optimal lo
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• Basic idea is to keep the trans
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UPFC : • Able to control simultan
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• Independently control the react
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Case1 : Control capabilities ρ = 0
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U.P.F.C : Review • Two VSI connec
Page 301 and 302:
Using UPFC • Active power flow an
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⇒ A common DC-link voltage is reg
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= Ve ⎧V ⎨ ⎩ ( Cosδ 2 − jSi
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• ‘ρ’ can vary from 0 to 2π
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⇒ Shunt current is controlled ind
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FACTS installments in India • TSC
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HVDC • Long distance transmission
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Back to Back : • Chandrapur - Ram
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• ‘P’ through link can not be
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• If alternator-2 generates 1000
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• One conductor (generally -ve)
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• Each terminal has two converter
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Components of HVDC transmission Bi-
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Smoothing Reactor : Large value of
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Reactive power support : • Both c
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• If α 1 is trigger angle for br
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⇒T 1 is turned off at ωt= 30+ (3
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At ωt = 210 o V a = Sin210 = −1
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At ωt = 330 o V a −1 2, V = 1 =
Page 341 and 342:
At ωt = 300 o V − 3 2, V = 0 V =
Page 343 and 344:
Vdc = 2.34V ph. Cosα =1.35V LL .Co
Page 345 and 346:
Contd.. • As α 1 ↑ (AC-DC conv
Page 347 and 348:
Phase relationship between phase V
Page 349 and 350:
As α↑: • V dc ↓ • Displace
Page 351 and 352:
Boundary conditions : At ωt = α,
Page 353 and 354:
∴V 0 = V pn −V mn V = − 2 cn
Page 355 and 356:
Representation of inverter mode of
Page 357 and 358:
Converter α ⇒ delay angle μ ⇒
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V dco = [cos + cos γ ] − − −
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12-pulse converter • Series conne
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V d ⎛ 3 = VdoCosα − Id . B.
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• 24/36 harmonic filter ⇒ 2*80
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Direct current : • Nominal I ⇒
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Basic control : • DC voltage or I
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Basis for selection of control : Fo
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• Denominator is very small • A
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• P.F should be as high as possib
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• γ ⇒ necessary to maintain a
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I d = V dcor Cosα −V R + R + cr
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• Maintains adequate commutation
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• As taps are changed, CEA regula
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Basic control : • DC voltage or I
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Basis for selection of control : Fo
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• Rectifier control ⇒ To preven
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Control of HVDC system Application
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• Quantities forming the co-ordin
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• Rectifier characteristics can b
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• Constant current characteristic
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• After some time, tap changer ch
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• Therefore rectifier characteris
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• At normal voltage , characteris
Page 407 and 408:
• In order to avoid the problem,
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• When inverter is on current con
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When does change over take place ?
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Review Rectifier characteristics Co
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• ‘e’ is -ve, ‘K’ is +ve
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• Due to line fault or during low
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Inverter side : • I d can be ↑
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Mode stabilization : • Intersecti
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• ‘V’ profile is flat • Con
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• V dcoi Cosβ remains constant
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Current limit Maximum current limit
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Voltage depend current-order limit
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• VDCOL characteristics could be
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Contd.. But I ref(R) > I ref(I) I r
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Contd.. Mode stabilization : • In
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Voltage depend current-order limit
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• VDCOL characteristics could be
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Significant aspects of basic contro
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• If there is a ↓ in AC voltage
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⇒ Achieved using by pass valve an
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• For energization of blocked bri
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• Instead use VSI • ‘I’ cou
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• ‘V’ can not reverse, but
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BG Fernandes Department of Electrical Engineering II T - Power ...

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