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Unsustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns Lifestyles help to fulfil our needs and aspirations and function as “social conversations” through which we communicate our social position in society and our likes and dislikes to others. Much of this communication is mediated by the products we consume, the services we use and the possessions we keep. Therefore, lifestyles have tremendous impact on the flow of goods and services in society and are closely linked to production and consumption patterns and resource consumption in our societies. Current lifestyles and consumption patterns are unsustainable. Consumption levels have increased six-fold since the 1960s. The global population has doubled, while consumption expenditures per capita have almost tripled (Lorek & Spangenberg 2001; Tukker, Huppes et al. 2006; EEA 2010b). Food and drink, housing, mobility and tourism are responsible for a large part of the pressures and impacts caused by consumption in the EU. Greenhouse gas emissions from each of these consumption domains are equal or greater than the 2050 EU target for all of these activities combined (ETC/SCP 2009). Figure 1 Examples of unsustainable consumption in Europe In Western Europe, 20-25% of the obesity found in men, and 40-50% in women can be attributed to differences in socio-economic status. In EU-27, approximately 60% of adults and over 20% of school-age children are overweight or obese. Average household size in Europe has decreased from 2.8 to 2.4 people. Meat imports to the EU 15 increased by 120% between 1990 and 2007. Car ownership in the EU-27 increased by 35% in the period 1990–2007. Heating accounts for 67% of household energy consumption in the EU-27. Average car speed in big cities is 15 km/h because of congestion. Electricity consumption per person increased by more than 30 % between 1990 and 2007. Food, mobility and housing account for 75% of household environmental impact. The building sector is responsible for 40% of EU energy consumption and 36% of . total CO2 emissions. Waste generation increased by 2% between 1996 and 2004 in EU-15. Lifestyles and the international agenda Global environmental protection, including consumption related issues, has been on the international policy agenda since the United Nations (UN) conference on the Human Environment in 1972. However, “despite more than 900 environmental treaties coming into force in the past 40 years, human-induced Environmental degradation has worsened despite 40 years of effort to protect the global environment. Introduction 19
“In emerging markets we find ourselves in a unique position with the responsibility to foster the growth that will enable us to meet the basic needs of our people on the one hand with the awareness that this growth must happen while respecting environmental limits and social responsibilities.” — Engin Guvenc, Executive Director, Turkish Business Council for Sustainable Development (TBCSD), SPREAD project advisor “Unilever is committed to develop new ways of doing business that will enable us to grow while reducing our overall environmental impact and while increasing our positive social impacts. Platforms for organisations such as ours to share knowledge, understanding and ideas as well as to learn from others are useful to jointly accelerate the transition to sustainable living for everyone.” — Thomas Lingard, Global Advocacy Director, Unilever, SPREAD project advisor
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES: TODAY’S F
Page 4 and 5: SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES: TODAY’S F
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS ABOUT SPREAD Sustainable L
Page 8 and 9: Abbreviations CABS Climate-adaptive
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary Our purpose As a
Page 12 and 13: Trends towards sustainability: prom
Page 14 and 15: To enable large-scale transitions t
Page 16 and 17: munity and businesses. However, it
Page 18 and 19: Introduction - our lifestyles are a
Page 22 and 23: environmental degradation is reachi
Page 24 and 25: What are sustainable lifestyles? It
Page 26 and 27: of waste and pollutants over the li
Page 28: Travelling sustainably Making the m
Page 31 and 32: Accumulation of “stuff” and mar
Page 33 and 34: set to continue with growing number
Page 35 and 36: development would, therefore, be me
Page 37 and 38: Celebrities and trend-setters from
Page 39 and 40: processes and products in particula
Page 41 and 42: Living: The ownership of living spa
Page 43 and 44: Europe’s ecological consumption f
Page 45 and 46: ever greater number of consumers ar
Page 47 and 48: (Promising practice 2). To give pro
Page 49 and 50: The voluntary simplicity movement -
Page 51 and 52: “Space can really facilitate coll
Page 53 and 54: Trends towards more sustainable liv
Page 55 and 56: When it comes to the installations
Page 57 and 58: An important challenge is taking re
Page 59 and 60: Information has, however, been most
Page 61 and 62: cial networks, cohesion and democra
Page 63 and 64: More efficient transport of people
Page 65 and 66: Table 5 Growth in traffic observed
Page 67 and 68: These challenges cannot be overcome
Page 69 and 70: More thought and discussion is need
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“It is very important to start to
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Poor neighbourhoods require special
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lates social contact and social int
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Emerging themes for sustainable lif
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SPREADing sustainable lifestyles In
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“Efficiency needs and technologic
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Tailoring sustainable lifestyle sol
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Design and visualisation tools to d
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Table 6 Policy interventions that g
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“The main challenge in creating m
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Table 7 The 10 principles of sustai
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A number of research fields that ca
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A framework for change This chapter
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One of the most difficult elements
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Managing multi-actor and multi-leve
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Policy initiatives for large-scale
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Agenda 21 also put responsibility o
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“The unsustainable consumption pa
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National policies The two supra-nat
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Table 8 Policy instruments for sust
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Roadmap and research initiatives fo
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The Roadmap to a Resource Efficient
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Research The challenges of operatio
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• CHANGING BEHAVIOUR studied oppo
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Looking ahead: How the SPREAD proje
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“The SPREAD project’s multi-sta
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Botsman, R. and R. Rogers (2010). W
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EEA (2010d). The European environme
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Grassroots Innovations (2010). Rese
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Meadows, D. (1996). Envisioning a S
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Sachs, W. (1992). For Love of the A
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WEF (2009). Driving Sustainable Con
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Country Type / name of initiative D
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Country Type / name of initiative M
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Country FI Type / name of initiativ
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Country Type / name of initiative D
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Country Type / name of initiative E
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Country Type / name of initiative I
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Appendix B List of actors and initi
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Country DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE
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Country DE DE DK ES ES ES ES ES ES
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Country NL Organisation RMC NL Stic
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Contact Energy research Centre of t
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