TANZANIA COMMISSION FOR AIDS - Global HIV M&E Information

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PROLOGUE BASIC FACTS ABOUT HIV/AIDS Before going into the mechanics of monitoring and evaluating HIV/AIDS programmes it is important that basic facts about HIV/AIDS are internalized and appreciated by all readers. Facilitators and practitioners need to learn the basic facts and issues that are involved in the monitoring and evaluation of HIV/AIDS programmes and activities so as to be able to develop relevant M&E frameworks for their areas of operation. This prologue presents some basic facts about HIV/AIDS that are deemed important for all persons involved in planning and implementing HIV/AIDS programmes. A glimpse at the prologue: • The meaning of and differences between HIV and AIDS • History of HIV/AIDS • Transmission routes • Prevention strategies • AIDS: symptoms and illness patterns • Impact of HIV/AIDS • Why should M&E planners know about HIV/AIDS? What is HIV? HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a virus known as retrovirus that infects lymph glands and destroys lymphocytes through gene alteration; spreading the disease between individuals mostly through semen, blood, uterine secretions, and to a lesser extent, through the placenta and infected mother’s milk. This virus (HIV) is called retrovirus because it lacks DNA and, therefore, it depends on the DNA in other bodily cells (in this case, lymphocytes) to reproduce. There are at least two viruses that can cause AIDS, AIDS related conditions, and cancers in human beings. These are: Page 8
• HIV-1: the most common cause of AIDS worldwide, except in West Africa where HIV-2 is relatively common • HIV-2 appears to be less virulent than HIV-1. What is AIDS? AIDS stands for Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome. The meaning of these words can be explained as follows: • Acquired: means the conditions are not inherited but are acquired from environmental factors such as virus infections. • Immune Deficiency: means that the viruses gradually cause deficient immunity, which reflects poor nutrition and low resistance to infections and cancers • Syndrome: means the viruses cause several kinds of diseases, each with characteristic signs and symptoms. Because the infectious diseases caused by HIV have so many variable manifestations before AIDS appears, HIV disease is a good descriptive term to use. Brief History of HIV/AIDS The history of HIV/AIDS can be traced back to 1976-1979 when unrecognized cases of AIDS in human parts appeared in the United States. It was not known exactly how the AIDS virus initially entered the human population. Theories range from transmission via monkey bites in Central Africa to contaminated vaccines. We continue to hear and read about many such theories, but none have yet been proven From the United States., the virus spread to Europe, Africa, and across the globe. In Tanzania, the HIV was identified in 1983 when three persons were diagnosed to have HIV infection. Since then the spread of HIV has not been halted such that by the year 2002, it was approximated two million people had been infected (United Republic of Tanzania, National HIV/AIDS Policy, 2002). The infection rate is highest among 25-49 year olds (70%). Page 9
Page 1 and 2: TANZANIA COMMISSION FOR AIDS [TACAI
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements
Page 5 and 6: Preface Our country has declared th
Page 7: Outline of Modules Prologue: Basic
Page 11 and 12: sexuality. Poverty is yet another f
Page 13 and 14: • There have been a few AIDS case
Page 15 and 16: Impact of HIV/AIDS The impact of HI
Page 17 and 18: • M&E helps in the mobilization o
Page 19 and 20: Types of evaluation There are three
Page 21 and 22: Goals, Outcomes, and Objectives In
Page 23 and 24: capture various dimensions of a pro
Page 25 and 26: Strategies are vehicles or means of
Page 27 and 28: Systems development involves the cr
Page 29 and 30: When exactly should outcome and imp
Page 31 and 32: Kinondoni district. If the indicato
Page 33 and 34: example above, the age for instance
Page 35 and 36: • Will the data be qualitative, q
Page 37 and 38: This step often surfaces only when
Page 39 and 40: 3. Ensure linkage between data coll
Page 41 and 42: to measure areas where particular e
Page 43 and 44: NATIONAL RESPONSE ON HIV/AIDS TACAI
Page 45 and 46: S/n 1 Reporting Details Level of Re
Page 47 and 48: 2.2.4 Do you have Workplace interve
Page 49 and 50: 2.4 Community Projects Number of ex
Page 51 and 52: 2 3 4 3. Community Care/ home based
Page 53 and 54: 5. RESEARCH Research/ Survey Area 5
Page 55 and 56: S/n 1 Reporting Details Level of Re
Page 57 and 58: screened 1.3.3 Number of blood dono
Page 59 and 60:
3.1 Health Sites providing ARVs acc
Page 61 and 62:
10 An Association 11 Informal Secto
Page 63 and 64:
3. DOES YOUR SECTOR/0RGANIZATION DI
Page 65 and 66:
5. RESEARCH Program/Activity 5.1 Re
Page 67 and 68:
GUIDE TO FACILITATORS This guide is
Page 69 and 70:
General Requirements for a Training
Page 71:
• Post-training test • Day refl
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TANZANIA COMMISSION FOR AIDS - Global HIV M&E Information

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