Australian Maritime Issues 2005 - Royal Australian Navy

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85 The Roles and Tasks of Maritime Forces Ms Vanessa Bendle Over the last year, the Sea Power Centre - Australia (SPC-A) has conducted research in order to develop a database of Royal Australian Navy (RAN) operational activities. This research clearly demonstrated the flexibility of maritime forces and illustrated that the nature of the roles and tasks undertaken in any given operation can change rapidly. Some of the research results were published in the paper Naval Operations other than War, 1901- 2004. 1 A complete database of operations for the period 1990-2005 has been published. 2 Doctrine development is a dynamic, iterative process that is informed by both history and the current activities of the Australian Defence Force (ADF). Accordingly, the results of SPC-A’s operational research have been reviewed against the RAN’s current philosophical doctrine (‘the body of thought on the nature, role and conduct of conflict’ 3 ). This article focuses specifically on a review of the roles and tasks of maritime forces, and of the ‘triangle of sea usage’, 4 referred to here as the ‘Span of Maritime Tasks’. This diagram broadly illustrates the relationship between the military, diplomatic and constabulary roles and subordinate tasks of maritime forces, with specific reference to the RAN. Single Service doctrine, such as Australian Maritime Doctrine (AMD), is subordinate to ADF joint doctrine, in particular to Foundations of Australian Military Doctrine. Joint doctrine is aimed at supporting the creation of a seamless, integrated Australian force over time, while AMD explains what the RAN contributes to this joint force. The difference between terms used in single Service doctrine and joint doctrine is necessarily large, and there are a number of different ways of classifying operations. In ADF joint doctrine, a distinction is made between combat operations, military support operations, and shaping operations. The ‘Spectrum of Conflict’ in ADF doctrine refers to the variety of actions in which a military force may be engaged, ranging from general war to peacetime national tasks. These can be divided into two broad categories, based on the level and types of threat faced. ‘Warlike operations’ are military activities where the application of force is authorised to pursue specific military objectives, and there is an expectation of casualties. ‘Non-warlike operations’ are military activities where there is a risk associated with the assigned tasks, where the application of force is limited to self-defence, and where casualties could occur but are not expected. 5 While these categories are useful in classifying specific ADF operations, a broader classification system based on the distinction between military, diplomatic and constabulary operations has proven useful in the maritime environment. The utility of this system is emphasised by its wide application across Western navies with which the RAN operates; while the RAN’s doctrine is not identical to that of our major allies and friends, it has enough similarities to provide a common philosophical frame of reference. The ‘Span of Maritime Tasks’ originates from the trinity of naval functions posited by Ken Booth, 6 developed by Eric Grove, 7 and adapted to the Australian environment in AMD. SPC-A’s operational research revealed several potential anomalies in the existing
86 AUSTRALIAN MARITIME ISSUES 2005: SPC-A ANNUAL diagram. A simplified diagram, shown below, was then developed in an attempt to clarify the interrelationships between maritime roles and tasks while avoiding the anomalies that can develop in a comprehensive visual representation of all the tasks that the RAN undertakes. Evacuation Operations Coercion Assistance to Foreign Forces Presence Disaster Relief COERCIVE BENIGN DIPLOMATIC MAINTENANCE ENFORCEMENT CONSTABULARY Degree of Force Employed MILITARY Environmental and Resource Management and Protection Defence Aid to the Civil Power Maritime Barrier Operations Peace Operations Sanctions and Embargoes COMBAT OPERATIONS AT SEA • Intelligence Collection and Surveillance • Cover • Against Shipping • Maritime Strike and Interdiction • Containment • Layered Defence • Advance Force Operations • Naval Cooperation and Guidance for Shipping COMBAT OPERATIONS FROM THE SEA • Maritime Mobility (Sea Lift) • Land Strike • Support to Operations on Land • Maritime Strike and Interdiction • Amphibious Operations Revised Span of Maritime Tasks, 2004 (RAN) However, it is important to remember that the diagram is not the doctrine. The diagram illustrates relationships, rather than definitively describing them. Similarly, the diagram does not describe how any of the roles and tasks assist in achieving any of the maritime strategic concepts, such as sea control, or how those concepts will be achieved in any given circumstance. Maritime forces possess considerable utility in a wide range of situations that span not only the spectrum of conflict, but also much peaceful human activity. The capability of the RAN to fulfil its diplomatic and constabulary roles is largely a by-product of the resources and core skills developed for warfighting, and the diagram retains the military role as its foundation.
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About the Authors Midshipman Steve
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