Australian Maritime Issues 2005 - Royal Australian Navy

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51 Naval Operations other than War 1901-2004 Ms Vanessa Bendle For over a century, since its inception in 1901 with the creation of the Commonwealth Naval Forces, the Australian Navy has performed many operations other than war. These operations fall into the diplomatic and constabulary categories of the Span of Maritime Operations outlined in Australian Maritime Doctrine. 1 Diplomatic operations involve supporting Australian foreign policy, while constabulary operations involve enforcing the provisions of international and domestic law in Australia’s maritime zones. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) has regularly been involved in deployments in support of Australia’s foreign policy, as well as exercises on both regional and international levels to show presence. The RAN has had an ongoing role in national surveillance, and has also provided military assistance to the national and international community in the form of hydrographic surveying and charting. It has provided assistance to overseas communities, as well as disaster relief, search and rescue, and the evacuation of Australian and approved foreign citizens from regional trouble spots. The RAN has also been involved in peace operations, environmental and resource protection, the prevention of illegal immigration, and drug interdiction. The following examples provide a brief overview demonstrating the diversity of operations that Australia’s Navy has undertaken over the last century. In November 1918 the cruiser HMAS Encounter delivered drugs, stores and a Medical Relief Force to Fiji during the midst of the Spanish Influenza pandemic that killed over 25 million people worldwide. Despite a death rate of 10 percent amongst the native population, almost all of the crew volunteered to go ashore to assist, although these landing parties were not subsequently required. During the Prince of Wales’ visit to Australia in 1920 the battlecruiser HMAS Australia played a leading part in naval activities associated with the visit, including the RAN’s first review in Port Phillip. During the interwar period, RAN ships regularly visited the New Guinea mandate, the Portuguese and Dutch territories, and the islands of the South Pacific to show the flag and maintain order. This included a request in 1927 by the British government for the light cruiser HMAS Adelaide to conduct a punitive expedition to put down a native uprising in the British Solomon Islands. The RAN also provided essential assistance to the Australian community, including bushfire and search and rescue assistance. In the 1930s the economic situation worldwide worsened and naval activity in Australia was drastically reduced as funding was cut. Notwithstanding this, the RAN was still involved in a range of operations other than war. In 1934, the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia embarked the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester for a Royal Tour of New Zealand and the Pacific, with the heavy cruiser HMAS Canberra acting as an escort. The sloop HMAS Moresby provided assistance to Rabaul after a catastrophic volcanic eruption in 1937 that destroyed much of the city and killed over 500 people. There was also a visit to New York in 1939 by the light cruiser HMAS Perth to represent Australia at the World Fair, and to express gratitude for an earlier visit to Australia by ships of the United States Navy in connection with the New South Wales 150th anniversary celebrations.
52 AUSTRALIAN MARITIME ISSUES 2005: SPC-A ANNUAL Providing medical assistance in East Timor (RAN) In the years immediately after World War II (WWII) the RAN conducted operations to prevent smuggling and illegal immigration in Japan, as well as operations to dump unwanted ammunition and explosives. The destroyer HMAS Warramunga visited Guadalcanal to exercise a steadying influence during a period of unrest. The RAN also intercepted Japanese fishing vessels operating without authority in the waters of the New Guinea mandate. In 1951 HMAS Bataan was involved in preventing the Nationalist Chinese enforcing a blockade outside China’s territorial waters, thereby illustrating the ability of warships to exercise a coercive diplomatic role. During this decade, the RAN conducted surveillance tasks around Australia, performed its first rescue operation by helicopter, and conducted anti-smuggling patrols off North Borneo. The RAN surveyed shipping lanes, conducted a successful visit to Thailand, and the frigate HMAS Queenborough completed a global circumnavigation to show off Australia’s technical capabilities after her conversion to an anti-submarine frigate. The Tank Landing Ship HMAS Labuan also carried an Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition (ANARE) party to Heard Island, to claim the territory for Australia. Throughout much of the 1950s and 1960s, the RAN maintained a presence in the defence of Malaysia and Singapore under the banner of the Far East Strategic Reserve, and although the Navy did participate in several conflicts, it operated mostly as a deterrent force, ie. a fleet-in-being. Australian ships participated in the Malayan Emergency, 1948- 60, largely carrying out patrol and interdiction duties. RAN participation in the Indonesian Confrontation, 1963-66, was again mostly indirect and related to the diplomatic aspects
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About the Authors Midshipman Steve
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS ix Commander Glen
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Foreword The Sea Power Centre - Aus
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