The higher state educational establishment of Ukraine

Ministry of Health of Ukraine 

The higher state educational establishment of Ukraine 

“Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy” 

“Approved” 

at the sitting of the chair 

of foreign languages 

with Latin language and 

medical terminology 

Head of the chair 

Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 

Methodical Instructions 

for independent work of students 

during the training for the practical studies 

Academic discipline 

Module №1 

Content module №1 

The topic of the studies 

Latin language 

Phonetic, lexical and grammatical provision of the 

studying of the topic “The structure of anatomic 

and histological terms” 

Phonetics and the structure of anatomic and 

histological terms 

Introduction. Phonetics. The alphabet. The 

classification of vowels and consonants. 

Diphthongs. Digraphs. Letter combinations. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 

Poltava – 2007

The actuality of the topic: 

The foundation of the European civilization is the cultural and scientific heritage of 

the ancient world. The knowledge of the basic stages of the Roman history and the 

history of Latin language promotes the broadening of tne general range of interests 

of students. 

The learning of the Latin alphabet, the rules of pronunciation of vowels, 

consonants, diphthongs, digraphs and letter combinations is directed to the forming 

of the basic pronunciation and graphic habits. 

2. The specific aims: 

To know: 

- the Latin alphabet; 

- the classification of sounds; 

- the peculiarities of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants; 

- the diphtongs and their pronunciation; 

- the digraphs and their pronunciation; 

- the pronunciation of the letter combinations derived from Greek; 

- the pronunciation of the letter combinations ngu, su, qu, ti; 

- the most widely used Greek prefixes and roots which are written with “y”. 

To know how: 

- to correctly write the Latin letters; 

- to explain the pronunciation of vowels, consonants, letter combinations in 

the words of Latin and Greek origin; 

- to correctly write the most widely used Greek prefixes and roots with “y”. 

3. Basic knowledge, skills, habits, necessary for studying of the topic (interdisciplinary 

integration). 

The names of the preceding disciplines 

English language. 

The acquired knowledge 

To know how to write the letters of the 

Latin alphabet, to differentiate letters 

2

and sounds, diphthongs and 

monophthongs. 

4. The tasks for independent work during the training for the studies 

4.1. The list of basic terms, parameters, characteristics, which the student 

should master while training for the studies. 

Term 

Definition 

Alphabet 

Diphthong 

The graphic signs – letters arranged in the certain 

order. 

A combination of two vowels which are pronounced 

Phoneme 

as one sound or one syllable. 

The minimum speech unit which is singled out of the 

Phonetics 

continuous speech stream. 

The sound structure of the language; the branch of 

linguistics which studies the sound structure of the 

language. 

4.2. The theoretical questions to the studies: 

1. What do you know from the history of Latin? 

2. In what ways did Latin develop after the disintegration of the Roman 

Empire? 

3. What groups of terms does medical terminology consist of? 

4. What do you know about the Latin alphabet? 

5. What are diphthongs? 

6. What are the rules of the pronunciation of consonants and vowels? 

7. What are the spelling and meaning of the Greek roots and prefixes with 

“y”? 

8. How are the letter combinations ngu, su, ti, qu pronounced? 

9. How are the letter combinations with “h” pronounced? 

4.3. The practical works (tasks) which are done at the studies: 

3

1. Do exercises 1–5 (pp. 16-17), explain the pronunciation of vowels and 

consonants, diphthongs. 

2. Read correctly the words, underline the Greek prefixes and roots, explain 

their meaning: hypogastricus, myologia, polyvaccinum, salicylicus, pyrosis, 

otomycosis, dystonia, hypertonicus, glycerinum, oxydatus. 

The contents of the topic: 

The language of medicine is Latin. If doctors from different countries 

speaking different languages gather together they can easily understand each other 

because all of them know Latin. English medical terminology is completely based 

on Latin. What is more, 60% of English words are derived from Latin. Latin 

belongs to Indo-European languages. 

From the history of Latin 

Many years ago before Christ there was a tribe who lived in Latium, the 

region which lied in the centre of modern Italy. The tribe spoke Latin. The 

inhabitants of Latium were warlike, they were always at war, took other peoples, 

joined others’ territories to their own ones. In the joined territories they thrusted 

Latin. Little by little there was created the great and powerful Roman Empire, 

which stretched from Great Britain in the north to the Northern Africa in the south 

and from Portugal in the west to Asia Minor in the east. The population of this huge 

territory spoke Latin. The empire was called Roman because of the name of its 

capital Rome (in Latin Roma) which was founded in the 8-th century B. C. 

The Roman Empire was existing for more than one thousand years, but 

approximately in the fifth century A. D. it disintegrated at first in the West and the 

East and later on in separate countries. 

After the disintegration of the Roman Empire Latin developed in three ways: 

1. On the base of spoken Latin (sermo vulgaris) there appeared and 

developed modern languages of Romance group, such as Portuguese, Spanish, 

French, Italian, Romanian, Moldavian and some others. 

4

2. Latin has become the language of science, culture, education and religion. 

Such sciences as biology, chemistry, mathematics, law and diplomacy use Latin for 

their terms. In Catholic churches the service is conducted in Latin nowadays. 

3. Latin together with latinized Greek roots and word-building elements has 

become the basis of international medical terminology which consists of three big 

groups of terms: 

a) anatomic terminology; 

b) clinical terminology; 

c) pharmaceutical terminology. 

The Latin alphabet 

The Latin alphabet consists of 25 letters. The sounds which the letters 

represent are divided into vowels and consonants. There are six vowels: a, e, i, o, u, 

y. Other sounds are consonants. 

The Latin alphabet has become the basis of alphabets of many European 

languages. The English ABC is almost the same as the Latin one. 

Latin The name 

The pronunciation and examples 

letters of the letter 

A a 

B b 

C c 

D d 

E e 

F f 

G g 

H h 

I i 

a 

be 

tse 

de 

e 

ef 

ge 

ha 

i 

[a] atrium (auricle) 

[b] bilis (bile or gall) 

[ts] cerebrum (brain) 

[k] caput (head) 

[d] derma (skin) 

[e] pes (foot) 

[f] flos (flower) 

[g] gaster (stomach) 

[h] herba (grass) 

[i:] intestinum (intestine) 

J j jota [j] junctura (junction) 

K k ka [k] Kalium (potassium) 

5

L l 

M m 

N n 

O o 

P p 

Q q 

R r 

S s 

T t 

U u 

V v 

X x 

Y y 

Z z 

el 

em 

en 

o 

pe 

ku 

er 

es 

te 

u 

ve 

iks 

ipsilon 

or igrek 

zeta 

[l] labium (lip) 

[m] magnus (big) 

[n] nasus (nose) 

[o] oculus (eye) 

[p] pulvis (powder) 

is written in the combination with “u” and pronounced 

as [kv] aqua (water) 

[r] ramus (branch) 

[s] sinister (left) 

[t] tela (tissue) 

[u] usus (use) 

[v] valetudo (health) 

[ks] radix (root) 

[kz] exitus (exit) 

[i] zygoma (cheek-bone) 

[z] zona (zone) 

[ts] Zincum (zinc) 

Diphthongs 

Diphthongs are combinations of two vowels which are pronounced as a 

single sound or a single syllable. There are four diphthongs in Latin: 

Ae and oe which are pronounced as a single sound [e], e. g.: haema (blood), 

oedema (oedema). 

But if a + e or o + e are not diphthongs, we put two dots above the letter e 

and pronounce each vowel separately: aёr (air), poёta (poet); 

au is pronounced as ou in house, e. g.: Aurum (gold); 

eu as Latin e + u, pronounced rapidly as a single syllable: neurologus 

(neurologist). 

6

The pronunciation of consonants and vowels 

Most of consonants and vowels are pronounced as the corresponding letters 

of the English alphabet. But some of them have different phonation depending on 

the position in a word: 

[ts] before the vowels e, i, y and the diphthongs ae, oe, eu: 

cerebrum (brain), caecum (blind gut) 

C c 

[k] 1) before the vowels a, o, u and the diphthong au: caput 

(head), causa (reason); 

2) before consonants: cranium (skull); 

3)in the end of words: lac (milk). 

I i 

[i] in most of words: intestinum (intestine) 

[j] in the beginning of a syllable before a vowel: 

iuvenilis (youthful); 

S s 

L l 

is always pronounced softly: labium (lip). 

[s] sanus (healthy) 

[z] 1) between vowels: nasus (nose) 

2) between a vowel and consonant m or n: 

organismus (organism), extensor (extensor); 

[ks] in most of words: radix (root); 

7

X x 

[kz] in the beginning of a word between vowels: exitus (exit); 

Z z 

[z] in the words derived from Greek: 

zona (zone), zygoma (cheek-bone); 

[ts] in the words not derived from Greek: 

Zincum (zinc), influenza (influenza). 

The letter “y” 

The letter “y” derived from the Greek alphabet is always pronounced [i] and 

used in the words and term-forming elements derived from Greek. 

It is necessary to pay attention to the spelling and meaning of the Greek roots 

and prefixes widely-used in the medical terminology: 

hyper – points to the increase, too much: 

hypertonia (the increased blood pressure); 

hyp(o) – points to the decrease, reduction: 

hypotonia (the decreased blood pressure); 

dys – points to the breach, disorder: 

dyskinesia (disorder of movements); 

syn-/sym- – points to the joining, connexion: 

symbiosis (co-existence); 

poly – means much, many: 

polyvitaminum (vitamin complex); 

hydr(o) – points to the presence of water: 

hydrops (dropsy); 

ox(y) – means sour, points to the presence of oxygen: 

oxygenium (oxygen); 

8

pyr 

my(o) 

myk 

glyk 

-ylcycl 

– points to fire, heat: 

pyrogenes (causing heat); 

– muscle: myologia (science about muscles); 

– fungus: mycosis (fungoid disease); 

– sweet: glykaemia (sugar in blood); 

– this suffixe means substance, matter: 

salicylicus (salicylic); 

– means circle: 

encyclopaedia (encyclopaedia – a circle of knowledge). 

The letter combinations ngu, su, ti, qu. 

ngu 

[ngu] before consonants: angulus (angle) 

[ngv] before vowels: sanguis (blood) 

su 

[su] 

[sv] 

before consonants: sulcus (furrow) 

before vowels: consuetudo (habit) 

ti 

[ti] before consonants: tinctura (tincture) 

[tsi] before vowels (if before ti there are no letters s, t, x): 

injectio (injection), solutio (solution); 

but: 

combustio (burn), mixtio (mixture) 

qu [kv] aqua (water), Quercus (oak-tree), quinque (five) 

9

The letter combinations with “h” 

The letter combinations ch, ph, rh, th, sch are written in the words derived 

from Greek. They are pronounced in the following way: 

ch [kh] Chamomilla (camomile), chole (bile or gall) 

ph [f] philosophus (philosopher), pharmacon (medicine) 

rh [r] rhaphe (seam), rhizoma (rhizome) 

th [t] thorax (chest), thea (tea) 

sch [skh] schola (school), schema (diagram, chart) 

The materials for self-control: 

A. The tasks for self-control 

Task № 1. 

Read and explain the pronunciation of vowels, consonants, diphthongs: 

1. Ana, dens, pes, flos, manus, apis, avis, aorta, fossa, Salvia, littera, vas, 

vena, rete, sapo, pus, frons, dies, bovinus, internus, lien, impar, juventus, iuvare, 

linimentum, iacere, Iodum, innominatus, iudicare, injectio, Opium, ligamentum, 

fibula, odor, ars, Ferrum, pons, parvus, terra, tuba, regio, tendo. 

2. Gaster, digitus, gutta, genu, glycerinum, glandula, gracilis, signatura, 

gemma, gelatinosus, vagus; 

Homo, herba, hepar, humus, hypnosis, Hippocrates, hirudo, humerus, 

Hydrogenium, habere, herpes; 

Mel, fel, sal, sol, folium, ala, pulmo, oculus, myologia, longus, latus, oleum, 

lupus, locus, cartilago, ligamentum; 

Skeleton (skeleton, sceletum, skeletum), kefir, Kalium, keratitis, kephale, 

Kaolinum. 

10

3. Caries, acidum, bacca, cor, cornu, crus, Cuprum, cutis, clavicula, cavitas, 

Calendula, Calcium, occiput, canalis, collega, cellula, costa, color, bucca, coelia; 

Accessorius, casus, cataplasma, divisio, basis, nasus, ossa, posterior, saluber, 

sapo, spissus, crassus, sensus, transversus, plasma, spasmus; 

Externus, maximus, index, nux, simplex, flexor, cortex, mixtus, examinatio, 

exitus letalis, exempli causa, laxans, extractum, pix, apex, radix; 

Benzoas, trapezius, Zincum, horizontalis, azygos, protozoa, zygoma, zoon, 

zoster, zygota, zyma, influenza. 

4. Aequalis, haema, aether, caecum, praecipitatus, praesens, peronaeus, 

Graecus, sphaera, diaeta, praescribere, vertebrae; 

Coeliacus, foetor, lagoena, foetus, poena, oedema, coelia; 

Auditivus, trauma, cauda, clausus, gaudere, fauces, nausea, nauta, auris; 

Neurologia, pharmaceuta, genus neutrum, leucocytus, Eucalyptus. 

Task № 2. 

Read and explain the pronunciation of letter combinations: 

1. Chole, bronchus, cholecystis, charta, stomachus, cochlear, Chelidonium, 

chloridum, chorda, ischuria, schema, concha; 

Encephalon, aphonia, nephritis, diaphragma, pharynx, phosphas, phalanx, 

pharmacon, xiphoideus; 

Ichthyolum, asthenia, asthma, athleta, thyreoideus, Thermopsis, 

ethmoidalis, labyrinthus, aethylicus, phthisis; 

Rhaphe, rhis, Rheum, rhomboideus, rhizoma, rhexis, rhachis, Rhamnus, 

rhythmicus. 

2. Distinguere, sublingualis, singularis, angulus, pinguis, lingua, unguentum, 

ungula; 

Squamosus, quantitas, qualitas, quantum satis, antiquus, liquidus, 

quanterni, utraque, frequens, obliquus, quotidie, liquor, aqua; 

11

Repetito, palpatio, tinctura, festinare, constituens, ostium, titillatio, 

inflammatio, combustio, mixtio; 

Consuetudo, suaviter, sua sponte, suus, suadere, sulcus, suum cuique. 

B. The tests for self-control 

Test № 1. 

Which of the given consonants have the double pronunciation: 

a) l; b) k; c) s; d) x; e) h; f) z; g) c. 

Test № 2. 

Determine how the italicized letters (letter combinations) are pronounced: 

1) aёr 6) Iodum 

2) aeger 7) exitus 

3) iugularis 8) Aloё 

4) lagoena 9) Xeroformium 

5) oxydum 10) paediater 

The variants of answers: 

a) ae; b) oe; c) e; d) i; e) j; f) ks; g) kz. 

Literature 

Basic. 

Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi M. The Latin language and the fundamentals of 

medical terminology. Manual for the students of higher educational establishments 

with the English language of instruction. – Ternopil: Ukrmedknyha, 2004. – 284 p. 

The methodical instructions are compiled by L.I. Grishchenko. 

12










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 









Phonetics. Long and short syllables. The stress. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 

Poltava – 2007 

2


The successful mastering of any language including Latin is conditioned by the 

grade of mastering of phonetic and pronouncing rules, i. e. the rules of pronuciation 

of the sounds and their letter correspondences, the rules of the stress, and also the 

skills to use the acquired knowledge in practice: to read, to put the stress, to write. 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 


To know the rules: 

of dividing words into syllables in Latin; 

of long syllables; 

of short syllables; 

of the stress in Latin; 

the peculiarities of stress in the words derived from Greek with the suffix -ia. 

To know how: 

to read; 

to divide words into syllables; 

to determine whether the penult is long or short; 

to put the stress in the words derived from Latin or Greek. 


integration). 


Russian language, English language 


Words in English and Russian are 

pronounced with extra emphasis on one 

syllable, which is called “stress” 




3

Term 

Definition 

Stress 

Penult 

Antepenult 

Stress is an extra emphasis on one syllable in the 

words. 

Penult is the next to last syllable. 

Antepenult is the syllable before the penult. 


1. How is a word divided into syllables? 

2. What are the rules of stress in Latin? 

3. When is the penult long? 

4. When is the penult short? 


1. Learn the rules of stress, long and shorts syllables (pp. 18-20). 

2. Do exercises 1, 2 (p. 20), explain the place of stress in the words. 


The Stress 

In order to put stress correctly it is necessary to divide a word into syllables. 

In Latin as in English, a word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. 

E. g.: me-di-ca-men-tum. 

In dividing a word into syllables: 

1. Two contiguous vowels or a vowel and a diphthong are separated: dies, dies; 

fasciae, fas-ci-ae. 

4

2. A single consonant between two vowels goes with the second vowel: 

amicus, a-mi-cus. 

3. When two or more consonants stand between two vowels, generally only 

the last consonant goes with the second vowel: Ferrum, Fer-rum; cervix, cer-vix; 

ligamentum, li-ga-men-tum. However, a stop (p, b, d, t, c, g) + a liquid (l, r) count 

as a single consonant and go with the following vowel: vertebra, ver-te-bra; 

centimetrum, cen-ti-me-trum. Also counted as single consonants are qu and ch, ph, 

rh, th, which should never be separaited in syllabification: reliquus, re-li-quus; 

trochanter, tro-chan-ter; encephalon, en-ce-pha-lon. 

Words in Latin, like those in English, are pronounced with extra emphasis on 

one syllable; the placement of this “stress accent” in Latin follows these strict and 

simple rules: 

1. In a word of two syllables the accent always falls on the first syllable: homo, 

ca-put, sae-pe. 

2. In a word of three or more syllables: 

a) the accent falls on the next to last syllable (sometimes called the “penult”), 

if that syllable is long (ser-vá-re, for-tú-na, me-di-ca-mén-tum); 

b) the accent falls on the syllable before that (the “antepenult”), if the penult 

is short (éx-tra-ho, phi-ló-so-phus, cá-li-dus, vér-te-bra). 

Vowels in long syllables are marked with a “macron” or “long mark” (e. g.: 

ā). Vowels in short syllables are marked with a “small arch” (e. g.: ă). 

The penult is long: 

a) if it contains a diphthong: diāēta (diet); 

b) if a vowel stands before two or more consonants: ligamēntum (chord); 

c) if a vowel stands before x or z: reflēxus (reflex), Oryza (rice); 

d) if it contains a “long suffix” such as āl, ār, āt, ūr, ūt, īn, ōs: oblongātus 

(oblong), cultūra (cultivation), contagiōsus (infectious). 

5

The penult is short: 

b) if a vowel stands before another vowel or “h”: ĕa fov (pit), e xtrăho (I 

extract); 

c) if a vowel stands before the letter combinations ch, ph, rh, th: stomăchus 

(stomach), philosŏphus (philosopher); 

d) if a vowel stands before the combination of a stop (b, p, d, t, c, g) with a 

liquid (r, l): centimĕtrum (centimetre), palpebra (eyelid); 

e) if it contains a “short suffix” such as ǔl, cǔl, ŏl, ǐl, bǐl, ǐd, ǐc: muscŭlus 

(muscle), calǐdus (hot), sanabǐlis (curable). 



Task № 1. 

Determine whether the penult is long or short: 

lambdoideus, myocardium, subrotundus, Viburnum, superficies, contraho, 

adultus, diversus, Belladonna, expiratio, Oryza, sinister, tussis, axis, cervix, sagitta, 

Chamomilla, vertebra, tabuletta, , idaeus, reliquus, exemplum. 

Task № 2. 

Determine the long and short suffixes: 

globulus, gelatinosus, analgeticus, auricularis, scapula, vaselinum, calidus, 

utilis, lumbalis, mobilis, locatus, pilula, coronalis, solidus, umbilicus, cardiacus, 

innominatus, lingula, maxillaris, cultura, validus, oleosus, foveola, dilutus, solutus, 

clavicula. 

6


Test № 1. 

Determine the stressed syllables: 

vertebra; maxilla; glutaeus; limpidus; tunica; cavernosus; incisura; dilutus; 

ventriculus; stomachus; apertura, capitulum; pelvinus; cerebrum; acidum. 

a) penult; b) antepenult. 

Literature 

Basic. 





7










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 




Phonetic, lexical and grammatical provision of 

the studying of the topic “The structure of 

anatomic and histological terms” 



The notion “scientific term”. The structure of 

anatomic and histological terms. The grammatical 

categories of a noun, the description of 

declensions, the vocabulary form of nouns, the 

determination of the noun stem, the nominative 

and genitive cases, their part in the construction 

of terms. The non-agreed attribute, the ways of 

translation. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


A term is a word or a word-combination which is a name of professional 

concept in any sphere of science, production or arts. The modern medical 

terminology consists of three basic groups of terms: 

1) anatomic and histologic; 2) clinical; 3) pharmaceutical. 

Anatomic and histologic terminologies are studied according to International 

Parisian nomenclature, which was approved at the 6-th International Congress of anatomists 

in Paris in 1955. 

The base of anatomic terminology is a nom. The studying of the grammatical 

categories of a noun, the rules of the writing of nouns in the vocabulary, the 

forming of the habits of determination of the noun stem, gender and declension allow the 

students to master the anatomic terminology. 


1. To know the grammatical categories of a noun, the rules of the writing of nouns 

in the vocabulary, of the determination of the noun stem, gender and declension. 

2. To know the rules of forming and the ways of translation of the construction 

“the non-agreed attribute”. 

3. To be able to determine the stem, gender and declension of nouns. 

4. To be able to write nouns in the vocabulary form. 

5. To be able to make up and translate anatomic terms with the non-agreed 

attribute from Latin into English and on the contrary. 


integration). 

3.1 Basic knowledge, skills, habits, necessary for studying of the topic 

(inter-disciplinary integration). 


Russian language. 


The grammatical categories of a noun, 

3

the description of declensions, the 

determination of the noun stem, the 

nominative and genitive cases, their part 

in the construction of terms. 




Term 

Definition 

1. Term. 

A term is a word or a word-combination which is a 

name of professional concept in any sphere of 

science, production or arts. 

2. Gender. 

Masculine – genus masculinum (m); feminine – 

genus femininum (f); neuter – genus neutrum (n). 

3. Number. 

When a noun names one thing, we say it in singular, 

when it names more than one thing, we say it in 

4. Case. 

plural. 

A Latin noun has various terminations to show 

whether it is used as the subject or the object of a 

verb, whether it indicates the idea of possession, and 

5. Declension. 

so on. The various inflected forms of a noun are 

called “cases”. 

6. Stem. 

A list of all the cases of a noun is called the 

declension of the noun. 

The part in all nouns of any declension left after 

removing the inflection of the genitive singular. 


1. What are the grammatical categories of a noun? 

4

2. How is the declension of a noun determined? 

3. How is the gender of a noun determined? 

4. What is the vocabulary form of a noun? 

5. How is the stem of a noun found? 

6. What is the non-agreed attribute? 


1. Translate the terms into English: 

1) manubrium sterni; 

2) cavitas cranii; 

3) tuberositas costae; 

4) apex pulmonis; 

5) corpus vertebrae; 

6) radix dentis; 

7) musculi abdominis; 

8) foramen mandibulae. 

2. Translate the terms into Latin : 

1) body of the rib; 

2) angle of the sternum; 

3) arch of the aorta; 

4) incisure of the scapula; 

5) base of the skull; 

6) body of the tongue; 

7) tubercle of the upper jaw; 

8) cavity of the mouth. 


The structurological plan of the topic’s contents. 

5

Graph № 1 

The structure of anatomic 

and histologic terms 

one-word two-word many-word 

dens 

capitulum 

frontozysamaticus 

corpus vertebrae 

atrium dextrum 

fovea capitis 

fenoris 

nervus petrosus 

minor etc. 

Graph № 2 

The grammatical 

categories of a noun 

gender number case 

m f n Sing. Plur. Nominativus 

Genetivus 

Dativus 

Accusativus 

Ablativus 

Vocativus 

6

Graph № 3 

Declension I II III IV V 

Gender f m 

n 

Case Nom. sing. -a -us - 

endings 

um 

-er - 

on 

m f m 

f 

n n 

Different -us - -es 

u 

Gen. sing. -ae -i -is -us -ei 

Graph № 4 

The vocabulary form of nouns 

a noun in Nom. 

Gen. 

sing. 

Gender 

sing. 

ending 

costa, 

ae 

f 

nervus, 

i 

m 

cavum, 

i 

n 

apex, 

icis 

m 

arcus, 

us 

m 

genu, 

us 

n 

facies, 

ei 

f 

7

Graph № 5 

Finding of the stem of a noun 

by dropping the genitive 

singular ending 

Nom. Sing. Gen. sing. Stem 

costa 

nervus 

cavum 

apex 

cartilago 

os 

arcus 

genu 

facies 

cost –ae 

nerv –i 

cav –i 

apic –is 

cartilagin –is 

oss –is 

arc –us 

gen –us 

faci –ei 

cost – 

nerv – 

cav – 

apic – 

cartilagin – 

oss – 

arc – 

gen – 

faci – 

Graph № 6 

The non-agreed attribute 

SN + SG 

dentis 

fovea 

a pit of the tooth 

dental pit 



№1 

Translate into Latin and determine the declension of the nouns: 

crest, edge, process, suture, foot, angle, bone, palate, horn, lung. 

№2 

8

Find the stem of the nouns: 

phalanx, n gis f; labium, i n; Sinus, us m; cavitas, atis f; musculus, i m; genu, ics n; 

cartilage, inis f; thorax, acis m; fibula, ae f; dens, dentis m; cor, cordis n. 


№1 

Determine the gender of the nouns: 

1) collum, i . . .; 2) radix, icis . . .; 3) tractor, us . . .; 4) pes, pedis . . .; 5) systema, 

atis . . .; 6) skeleton, i . . .; 7) foveola, ae . . .; 8) ductus, us . . .; 9) oculus, i . . .; 10) 

squama, ae . . .; 11) facies, ei . . .; 12) basis, is . . .. 

a) masculinum; b) femininum; c) neutrum. 

№2 

Add the Gen. sing. endings to the following nouns: 

1) museulus a) ae 

2) pulmo b) i 

3) costa c) is 

4) genu d) us 

5) tuberculum e) ei 

6) species 

7) arcus 

8) ganglion 

9) foramen 

10) facies 

Literature 

Basic: 

Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi M. The Latin Language and the fundamentals of 



The methodical instructions are compiled by L. Grishchenko 

9










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 









The grammatical categories of an adjective, 

division into groups. 

The gender endings, the determination of stem. 

The agreed attribute 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The considerable part of medical terms are attribute constructions, i. e. the 

word-combinations consisting of a noun and one or several adjectives. 

Mastering of the grammatical categories of adjectives, the rules of writing 

adjectives in the vocabulary, finding the stem of adjectives, the principles of 

agreement with nouns, the peculiarities of translation and use of some adjectives in 

medical terminology is directed to the forming of making up, translation and use 

habits of medical terms. 


1. To be acquainted with the principle of division of Latin adjectives into 

groups. 

2. To master the gender endings of the 1-st group adjectives. 

3. To master the gender endings of the 2-nd group adjectives. 

4. To learn to write down adjectives in the vocabulary form. 

5. To know the peculiarities of using the adjectives major, ius; minor, us in 

medical terminology. 

6. To know how to agree adjectives with nouns. 

7. To know how to translate terminological word-combinations from Latin 

into English and on the contrary. 

3. Basic knowledge, skills, habits, necessary for studying of the topic 





The grammatical categories of an 

adjective, the description of declensions, 

the determination of the adjective stem. 


3

4.1. The list of basic terms, parameters, characteristics, which the 

student should master while training for the studies. 

Term 

Definition 

1. Vocabulary form 

2. Stem 

3. The agreed attribute 

The vocabulary form of adjectives includes the full 

masculine form and the feminine and neuter endings. 

The part of an adjective left after removing the 

inflection of the feminine gender. 

The adjective agreed with the noun in gender, case 

and number. 


1. What groups are Latin adjectives divided into? 

2. Characterize the first group of adjectives. 

3. Characterize the second group of adjectives. 

4. Characterize the adjectives with the suffixes –ior (m, f) and –ius (n). 

5. How is an adjective agreed with its noun? 


1. a) Write down the abbreviated form of the adjectives. b) Write the 

adjectives of the first and second groups separately: 

1). Longus, longa, longum. 2). Frontalis, frontalis, frontale. 3). Ruber, rubra, 

rubrum. 4). Simplex, simplĭcis. 5). Saluber, salubris, salubre. 6). Cavus, cava, 

cavum. 7). Lateralis, lateralis, laterale. 8). Silvester, silvestris, silvestre. 9). 

Biceps, bicipĭtis. 10). Asper, aspěra, aspěrum. 11). Brevis, brevis, breve. 

12). Sinister, sinistra, sinistrum. 13). Nasalis, nasalis, nasale. 14). Rectus, 

recta, rectum. 15). Parvus, parva, parvum. 

4

2. Translate the terms into English, write down and memorize the vocabulary 

form: 

I. 1). Columna vertebralis. 2). Processus spinōsus. 3). Canalis 

sacralis. 4). Cornu coccygeum. 5). Costa vera, costa spuria. 6). 

Os occipitale. 7). Foramen magnum. 8). Pars basilaris. 9). Genu 

dextrum. 10). Atrium sinistrum. 

II. 1). Processus alveolaris. 2). Foramen palatīnum. 3). Crista 

palatina. 4). Facies nasalis. 5). Alveolus dentalis. 6). Facies 

maxillaris. 7). Os zygomaticum. 8). Tuberosĭtas masseterĭca. 9). 

Palātum osseum. 10). Musculus massēter. 11). Dens cariōsus. 

12). Regio buccalis. 


Latin adjectives are divided into two groups: 

1) the adjectives of the first and second declensions; 

2) the adjectives of the third declension. 

The adjectives of the first group have three gender endings: 

-us, -er (m) 

-a (f) 

-um (n) 

So, the adjectives of the first group have the same endings as the nouns of the 

corresponding declensions: 

masculinum femininum neutrum The vocabulary form and 

translation 

profundus profunda profundum profundus, a, um – deep 

purus 

pura 

purum purus, a, um – clean 

dexter dextra dextrum dexter, tra, trum – right 

liber 

libĕra libĕrum liber, a, um – free 

5

The feminine adjectives (-a) are declined like the nouns of the first declension, 

the masculine (-us, -er) and neuter (-um) adjectives are declined like the nouns of the 

second declension. 

The adjectives of the second group (the third declension) are divided into 

three subgroups: 

1) the adjectives with three gender endings: 

-er (m), -is (f), -e (n) 

saluber, salubris, salubre – curative, healing (the vocabulary form – saluber, bris, 

bre); 

2) the adjectives with two gender endings: 

-is (m, f), -e (n) 

dentalis, dentale – dental 

(the vocabulary form – dentalis, e); 

brevis, breve – short 

(the vocabulary form – brevis, e); 

3) the adjectives with one ending r, s or x which is common for all genders, 

e. g.: 

recens – fresh 

simplex – simple 

par – equal 

The vocabulary form of these adjectives is like that of nouns, i. e. Nom. And 

Gen. sing. are indicated: 

recens, ntis (recens, recentis) 

simplex, icis (simplex, simplicis) 

par, paris 

There is a separate group of the third declension consisting of the adjectives 

with suffixes –ior (m, f) and –ius (n), in Gen. sing. – iōris. These suffixes point to 

6

the comparative degree of an adjective, but in anatomic nomenclature they are used 

in the meaning of the positive degree: 

superior, superius (superior, ius) – upper; 

inferior, inferius (inferior, ius) – lower; 

anterior, anterius (anterior, ius) – front; 

posterior, posterius (posterior, ius) – back, rear. 

E. g.: membrum superius (inferius) – upper (lower) extremity; arcus anterior 

– front arc; facies articularis posterior – back joint surface. 

In anatomic terminology the adjectives major (m, f), maius (n) – big, large 

and minor (m, f), minus (n) – little, small are used to designate the objects forming 

a pair: 

circulus sanguinis major et minor – systemic or greater circulation and 

pulmonary or lesser circulation; 

pelvis major et minor – big and small pelvis. 

To designate the objects non forming a pair the positive degree of these 

adjectives is used: magnus, a, um – big and parvus, a, um – small. 

E. g.: foramen occipitale magnum – big occipital foramen, arteria parva – small 

artery. 


The normal role of adjectives is to accompany nouns and to modify, or 

limit, them in size, color, texture, character and so on; and, like nouns, adjectives 

are declined. Naturally, therefore, an adjective agrees with its noun in gender, 

number and case. More often the adjective follows the noun. The adjective with 

respect to the noun is called the agreed attribute. 

E. g.: 

1) ligamentum, i n latus, a, um 

ligamentum latum – wide ligament 

2) dens, dentis m cariosus, a, um 

7

dens cariosus – carious tooth 

3) regio, onis f frontalis, e 

regio frontalis – frontal region 

4) musculus, i m profundus, a, um 

musculus profundus – deep muscle 

5) os, ossis n longus, a, um 

brevis, e 

os longum – long bone 

os breve – short bone 



Task № 1. 

Add the ending of feminine and neuter genders to the following adjectives: 

transversus, costalis, verus, celer, ethmoidalis, teres, ĭcus, opt dexter, acer, 

profundus, par, liber, dentatus, dorsalis, medianus, cutaneus. 

Task № 2. 

Translate the terms into Latin: 

1. Simple joint, compound joint. 2. Transverse ligament. 3. Transverse nerve. 

4. Hollow vein. 5. Left atrium. 6. Gallbladder. 7. Right kidney. 8. Cervical vertebra. 

9. Long bone. 10. Right part. 


Test № 1. 

Determine the group of the adjectives: 

8

1) sacralis, e; 2) recens, ntis; 3) acutus, a, um; 4) latus, a, um; 5) niger, gra, 

grum; 6) alveolaris, e; 7) saluber, bris, bre; 8) lateralis, e; 9) simplex, icis; 10) acer, 

acris, acre; 11) dentalis, e; 12) asper, era, erum. 

a) 1-st group; b) 2-nd group. 

Test № 2. 

Choose the correct variant of agreement: 

I. 

1) scapula, ae f 

2) ventriculus, i m a) sinister 

3) atrium, i n b) sinistra 

4) pes, pedis m c) sinistrum 

5) manus, us 

6) ren, renis m 

II. 

1) os, ossis n 

2) incisura, ae f a) lacrimalis 

3) canalis, is m b) lacrimale 

4) sacculus, i m 

Test № 3. 

Find the corresponding translation of the Latin terms: 

1. Os breve a) optic axis 

2. Palatum durum b) dry skin 

3. Membrum sinistrum c) lymphatic vessel 

4. Pulmo dexter d) short bone 

5. Ligamentum flavum e) white line 

6. Axis opticus f) hard palate 

7. Margo interosseus g) right lung 

9

8. Cutis sicca h) interosseal edge 

9. Linea alba i) left extremity 

10. Vas lymphaticum j) yellow ligament 

Literature 

Basic. 





10










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 





studying of the topic “The structure of anatomic and 

histological terms” 

Phonetics and the structure of anatomic and histological 

terms 

The morphological structure of two- and many-word 

anatomic term with different types of attributes. The 

current test control 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


Each anatomic designation serves to mark the corresponding anatomic 

formation. This designation should be exact, monosemantic and involving all 

necessary signs of the anatomic formation. The considerable part of anatomic 

terms are two- and many-word formations. Without understanding the structure of 

a term it is impossible to learn to make up and translate anatomic terms. 


1. To know: 

- grammatical categories of nouns; 

- grammatical categories of adjectives; 

- the rule of finding the practical stem of nouns; 

- the rule of finding the stem of adjectives; 

- the principles of forming the construction “non-agreed attribute”; 

- the peculiarities of translating the construction “non-agreed attribute” from 

Latin into English and from English into Latin; 

- the principles of forming the construction “agreed attribute”; 

- the peculiarities of translating the construction “agreed attribute”. 

2. To know how: 

- to determine the structure of two- and many-word anatomic term with 

different types of attributes; 

- to translate many-word anatomic terms from Latin into English; 

- to translate many-word anatomic terms from English into Latin. 



3.1 Basic knowledge, skills, habits, necessary for studying of the topic 





The grammatical categories of a noun 

3

and an adjective, the description of 

declensions, the determination of the 

noun and the adjective stem, the 



4. The tasks for independent work during the training for the studies. 



Term 

1. Term. 

2. Gender. 

3. Number. 

4. Case. 


6. Stem. 

7. The non-agreed attribute. 

8. The agreed attribute. 

Definition 








plural. 










The noun in genitive case is called the non-agreed 

attribute. 

4


and number. 


1. What is a term? 

2. What structural kinds of anatomic terms do you know? Characterize 

each of them. 

3. What parts do two-word terms consist of? 

4. What parts do three-word and many-word terms consist of? 

5. What is the word-order in many-word anatomic and histological terms? 

6. What is the word-order in many-word pharmaceutical terms? 


Translate the terms into English, write down and memorize the vocabulary 

form: 

I. 1). Sulcus sinus sigmoidei. 2). Nervus petrōsus minor. 3). Facies 

II. 

costalis anterior. 4). Pelvis major. 5). Pelvis minor. 6). Fovea cap ĭtis 

femŏris. 7). Forāmen venae cavae. 8). Atrium dextrum. 9). Basis 

cordis. 10). Arteria pulmonālis sinistra. 11). Vesīca urinaria. 12). 

Vesīca fellea. 

1). Forāmen apĭcis dentis. 2). Nervus palatīnus major. 3). Corpus 

mandibulae. 4). Pars alveolaris. 5). Forāmen mandibulae. 6). Os 

hyoideum. 7). Arcus zygomaticus. 8). Sutura palatīna transversa. 9). 

Apex dentis. 10). Radix dentis. 11). Foramen caecum linguae. 12). 

Palatum durum. 13). Palatum molle. 14). Frenulum labii superiōris. 


A term is a word or a word-combination which is a name of professional 

concept in any sphere of science, production or arts. 

By structure anatomic terms may be one-word, two-word or many-word. 

5

One-word terms may be: 

a) single-root (a noun or a substantivized noun): caput (head), dens (tooth), 

ren (kidney), stoma (mouth), caecum (blind gut); 

b) derivative terms, formed by suffixation or prefixation: capit-ul-um (small 

head), dent-al-is (dental); 

c) compound terms, formed by composition of two or more stems: front-ozygomaticus 

(frontal-malar), zygomatic-o-maxillaris (malar-maxillary). 

Two-word terms comsist of a noun and an attribute (agreed or non-agreed): 

tunica mucosa (mucous membrane), lobus inferior (lower lobe), corona 

dentis (a crown of tooth), apex pulmonis (a top of a lung). 

Three-word and many-word terms consist of a noun and attributes (agreed or 

non-agreed). In anatomic and histological term-systems mixed constructions are 

used. In them the non-agreed attribute usually follows the agreed one: corpus 

adiposum buccae (adipose body of the cheek), foramen caecum linguae (a blind 

foramen of the tongue), but frenulum labii inferioris (the fraenum of the lower lip). 

N. B. In pharmaceutical terminology the non-agreed attribute is usually 

followed by the agreed one: tinctura Valerianae aetherea (ethereal tincture of 

valerian). 

If a noun has several agreed attributes, they are placed according to the 

importance of an object’s definition. The attribute which points to the form 

(rotundus, ovalis, quadratus etc.), to the size (magnus, major, minor etc.), to the 

colour (flavus, albus etc.) and to the location (dexter, sinister, superior, inferior, 

lateralis etc.) is usually put in the last place. The translation of such construction 

into English begins from the end of a many-word term. E. g.: arcus dentalis 

superior – the upper dental arch. 

In many-word terms there may be two nouns, each of them with its attributes 

(agreed or non-agreed): 

facies articularis tuberculi costae – a joint surface of the tubercle of the rib; 

6

tunica mucosa vesicae felleae – a mucous membrane of the gall-bladder. 



Task №1 

Translate the anatomical terms into English: 

membrum superius sinistrum; sulcus sinus sigmoidei; lamina arcus vertebrae; 

tuberculum obturatorium anterius; tunica mucosa vesicae felleae; plica venae 

cavae; apex partis petrosae; tuba auditiva; plicae tunicae mucosae vesicae felleae. 

Task №2 

Translate the anatomical terms into Latin: 

true ribs; mucous membrane of the tongue; transverse nerve of the neck; fossa of 

the gallbladder; right coronary artery; deep incisure of the scapula; plica of the left 

hollow vein; incisure of the heart apex. 


Test №1 

Find the English equivalents of the terms: 

1) meatus acusticus cartilagineus externus a) fingers of the left foot 

2) musculus transversus linguae b) foramen of the apex of the tooth 

3) arteria circumflexa scapulae c) deltoid tuberosity of the 

humerus 

4) digiti pedis sinistri d) basal part of the occipital bone 

5) tuberositas deltoidea humeri e) internal base of the skull 

6) margo partis petrosae f) small horn of the hyoid bone 

7) foramen apicis dentis g) transverse muscle of the tongue 

8) basis cranii interna h) edge of the petrosal part 

7

9) pars basilaris ossis occipitalis i) external cartilaginous acoustic 

passage 

10) cornu minus ossis hyoidei j) circumflex artery of the 

scapula 

Test №2 

Add the corresponding ending instead of the dots: 

1) apertura sin … sphenoidalis 

2) basis ossis sacr … 

3) lamina et foramin … cribrosa 

4) oss … membri superioris 

5) facies articularis tuberculi cost … 

6) facies posterior part … petrosae 

7) pediculus arc … vertebrae 

Variants of the answers: 

a) –us; b) –i; c) –is; d) –a; e) –ae. 

Literature 

Basic: 

Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi M. The Latin Language and the fundamentals 

of medical terminology. Manual for the students of higher educational 

establishments with the English language of instruction. – Ternopil: Ukrmedknyha, 

2004. – 284 p. 

The methodical instructions are compiled by L. Grishchenko 

8




chair 

and 

_____________ 


at the sitting of the 


with Latin language 



Docent 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 







2

Module №1 





The system learning of the nouns and adjectives 

of the 1-st and 2-nd declensions as the way of 

building of anatomic and histological terms. 

The first declension nouns. 

The vocabulary. The expressions. 

The Greek-Latin equivalents. 

The Greek nouns of the first declension. 

The most common prepositions with Acc. and 

Abl. 

Practical exercises. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 



The considerable number of the key anatomic, histologic, clinical and 

pharmaceutical terms are the first declension nouns. 

Mastering of the lexical minimum, case endings, the peculiarities of the Greek 

nouns helps to replenish the vocabulary, forms the habits of grammatical correct 

use of terms. 

The Greek-Latin equivalents and the finite terms-elements are the 

terminological base of clinical terms. In order to memorize the clinical terms it is 

necessary to learn to analyze them by word-forming elements (rood, suffix, prefix, 

3

stem, ending), to be able to determine the origin of a word, to understand the 

meaning of the word-forming elements. 

The important aspect of the topic are prepositions, because the termspreposition 

constructions take a significant glace in the anatomic, clinical and 

pharmaceutical terminology. 


1. To know the typical sign of the first declension nouns, the paradigm, the 

peculiarities of the masculine nouns. 

2. To know the peculiarities of the Greek nouns of the 1-st declension. 

3. To know the basic ways of forming medical terms. 

4. To know what cases are governed by the Latin prepositions, the peculiarities of 

using the prepositions in and sub. 

5. To know the Greek-Latin equivalents of the first declension nouns and the finite 

terms-elements of the first declension. 

6. To know how to agree the adjectives of the 1-st group with the 1-st declension 

nouns. 

7. To know how to translate the terms, including those which contain prepositions, 

from Latin into English and on the contrary, to determine the vocabulary from of 

nouns and adjectives. 

8. To understand the meaning of the Greek and Latin elements of which the terms are 

formed. 

9. To know how to make up the clinical terms of the separate terms-elements, to 

translate the terms from Latin into English and on the contrary. 


integration). 






4







Term 

1. Case. 


3. Stem. 

Definition 











1. Designate the rules of finding gender, declension and stem of nouns. 

2. Designate the rules of writing nouns in the vocabulary. 

3. Designate the typical signs of the 1-st declension nouns, give the examples of 

nouns in the vocabulary form. 

4. Designate the morphological signs of the 1-st group adjectives, the rules of 

writing them in the vocabulary. 

5. Designate the rules of agreement of adjectives with nouns. 


5

1. Decline: 

a) costa vera (true rib) 

b) aqua Menthae (mint water) 

c) sutura palatine mediana (middle palatine suture) 

2. Translate the word-combinations Latin: 

a) spongious substante 

b) external plate 

c) good colleague 

d) experienced oculist 

3. Translate the word-combinations with prepositions in and sub into Latin: 

a) under the tongue (Acc. Abl.) 

b) into water, in water 

с) in external plate 

d) in capsules, in tablets, in ampules 

4. Determine the forming stems and Latin equivalents of the given Greek words: 

myelos, phyfon, phleps, uron, cystis, gyne, physis. 

5. Make analysis, translate the terms into English: 

adenectopia, blepharoplegia, cystographia, spondylomalacia, sialorrhoea, 

mastopathia, uraemia, glossalgia, cholecysfotomia, hydrotherapia. 

6. Make up the terms of the given terms-elements: 

I. 1) gloss (o) – (-algia, -ectomia, -pathia, -plegia, -scopia) 

2) myel (o) – (-cele, -graphia, -pathia, -odynia) 

3) phleb (o) – (-logia, -graphia, -rrhaphia, -rrhogia, -ectasia) 

II. 1) –tomia (phleb-, cholecyst-, tonsilt-, spondyl-, blephar-) 

2) –logia (bio-, phyt-, cyt-, aeti-, hist-) 

3) –algia (mast-, cyst-, aden-, blephar-, cholecyst-) 

6

7. Make up the terms with the given meaning: 

1) hydor, hydr – (water): treatment with water, watery wine, water in the blood 

2) cystis, cyst – (bladder): examination of the bladder, section of the bladder, 

paralysis of the bladder 

3) cholecystis, cholecyst – (gall-bladder): dilation of the gall-bladder, extraction of 

the gall-bladder, disease of te gall-bladder, section of the gall-bladder. 


The structurological plan of the topic’s contents 

Graph № 1 

Declinatio I 

formal signs Case endings examples 

Nom. sing. 

- a 

- (f) 

Singularis 

Nom. –a 

Gen. –ae 

Dat. –ae 

Acc. –am 

Abl. –a 

aqua, ae f 

costa, ae f 

vertebra, ae f 

tabuletta, ae f 

Pluralis 

Nom. –ae 

Gen. –arum 

Dat. –is 

Acc. –as 

masculine nouns 

by 

meaning (the 

names of 

professions and 

7

Abl. –is 

male persons) 

Graph № 2 

The Greek nouns of the 

1-st declension 

college, ae m – 

colleagul 

oculista, ae m – 

oculist 

poeta, ae m – poet 

nanta, ae m - 

sailor 

formal signs Case endings Examples 

Femininum 

Nom. sing – e 

Gen. sing - es 

Singularis 

f m 

Nom. –a -es 

Gen. –es -ae 

Dat. –ae -ae 

Acc. –en -en 

(am) 

Abl. –e -a 

systole, es f 

chole, es f 

aseites, ae m 

diabetes, ae m 

masculinum 

Nom. sing – es 

Gen. sing - ae 

Pluralis 

Nom. –ae 

Gen. –arum 

Dat. –is 

8

Acc. –as 

Abl. –is 

Graph № 3 

The pattern of agreement of the 1-st group adjectives with the 1-st declension 

nouns. 

planta, ae f (pant) 

medicates, a, um (medicinal) 

clavicula, ae f (clavicle) 

dexter, tra, trum (right) 

college, ae m (colleague) 

bonus, a, um (good) 

oculista, ae m (oculist) 

peritus, a, um (experienced) 

Graph № 4 

The basic ways of forming 

terms 

Affixation 

Stem composition 

(prefixation, suffixation) 

(combination of two or more 

stems) 

prefix 

root 

prefix 

gastro-scopia 

+ 

+ 

+ 

(gaster, gastris f, stomach 

root 

suffix 

root 

- scopia - examination) 

+ 

+ 

+ 

ending 

ending 

suffix 

9

+ 

ending 

ab-ductor 

fove-ola 

inter- 

vertebr-al- 

is 

aden (o)- 

-tomia 

-ectomia 

-scopia 

-pathia 

-algia 

cholecyst 

- 

cystgloss- 

-algia 

blephar- 

phlep- 

aden- 

Graph № 5 

Prepositions 

govern Accusativus prepositions govern Ablativus 

10

per venam (Acc.) 

collega (Abl.) 

govern Accusativus 

in and sub 

cum 

govern Ablativus 

the question where 

to? 

the question 

where? 

inaquam (into water) 

sub costam (under 

rib) 

in aqua (in water) 

sub costa (under 

rib) 

Graph № 6 

The Latin–Greek equivalents of the 

first declension nouns 

Latin word Greek Meaning 

11

aqua 

cellula 

femĭna 

forma 

glandǔla 

lacrĭma 

lingua 

mamma 

medulla 

natura 

palpebra 

planta 

tela 

urina 

vena 

vesica fellea 

vesica urinaria 

vita 

hydrcytgynaecmorphadendacryglossmam-, 

mastmyelphysiblepharphythisturphlebcholecystcystbi- 

water 

cell 

woman 

form 

gland 

tear 

tongue 

lactic gland 

spinal cord; 

marrow 

nature 

eyelid 

plant 

tissue 

urine 

vein 

gall-bladder 

bladder 

life 

gingiva 

mandibula 

maxilla 

pulpa 

salīva 

ulmyl-, 

genygnathparenchymatsial-, 

ptyal- 

gum 

mandible 

maxilla 

pulp 

saliva 

The word terminations of the first declension 

12

Terms-elements 

Meaning 

-aemia 

-algia 

-odynia 

-ectasia 

-ectomia 

-ectopia 

-ergia 

-graphia 

-logia 

-malacia 

-pathia 

-plegia 

-rrhagia 

-rrhaphia 

-rrhoea 

-scopia 

-therapia 

-tomia 

-uria 

-cele 

blood 

pain (without any organic cause) 

pain 

dilation, strain 

extraction 

displacement 

reactivity of an organism 

investigation with the help of X-ray photograph or 

registration of signals 

science, knowledge 

softening 

disease 

paralysis, stroke 

bleeding 

putting stitches 

leaking 

examination with the help of special instruments 

treatment 

cutting 

urine 

hernia; concentration of liquid 



Task № 1 

Agree the adjectives with the nouns: 

13

a) sinister, tra, trum - scapula, ae f (scalula) 

(left) 

clavicula, ae f (clavicle) 

ventriculus, i m (ventricle) 

oculus, i m (eye) 

ren, renis m (kidney) 

pes, pedis m (foot) 

manus, us f (hand) 

atrium, i n (atrium) 

b) sanus, a, um - organismus, i m (organism) 

(healthy) 

tela, ae f (tissue) 

cellula, ae f (cell) 

cor, cordis n (heart) 

homo. inis m (man) 

organon, i n (organ) 

Task № 2 

Translate the terms: 

a) transverse line, oblong medulla, compact substance, spongious substance, true 

rib, false rib; 

b) fracture of scapula, clavicle, vertebras; plica of mucous membrane; incisure of 

fibula; crest of the neck of rib; sutures of calvaria. 


Test № 1 

Determine the declension of the nouns: 

1) lacrima, ae f; 2) trauma, atis n; 3) haema, atin n; 4) struma, ae f; 5) systema, atis 

n; 6) forma, ae f; 7) pluma, ae f; 8) derma, atis n; 9) rima, ae f; 10) stoma, atis n; 

11) adenoma, atis n; 12) mamma, ae f. 

a) I; b) III. 

Test № 2 


14

1) costae verae; 2) corpus vertebrae; 3) orbita oculi; 4) collum scapulae; 5) fovea 

dentis; 6) vertebra coccygea; 7) concha nasalis media; 8) ala major; 9) incisura 

vertebralis; 10) incisura costalis. 

a) middle nasal coneha; b) costal incisure; c) true ribs; d) fovea of the tooth; e) 

nech of the scapula; f) vertebral incisure; g) orbit of the eye; h) body of the 

vertebra; i) cocoygeal vertebra; j) large wing. 

Literature 

Basic. 

Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi M. The Latin language and the fundamentals 



2004. – 284 p. 

The methodical instructions are compiled by L. Grishchenko. 

15










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 







The system learning of the nouns and adjectives 



The second declension nouns, masculine and 

neuter genders. The vocabulary: the stable 

combinations, suffixes. The Greek-Latin 

equivalents of the 2-ns declension nouns. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The second declension nouns take the important place in medical terminology. The 

key anatomic and histologic terms, the widely used names of diseases etc. belong 

to the 2-nd declension. 

Substantivization is the important aspect of the topic, as the names of intestines 

and membranes are formed by this way. The suffixes of the 2-nd declension nouns 

belong to the productive ones, mastering of them helps to broaden the potential 

vocabulary. 


1. To know: 

− 

− 

− 

− 

the formal signs of the 2-nd declension nouns; 

the most important exceptions to the rule of gender; 

the case endings of the 2-nd declension; 

the productive suffixes of the 2-nd declension. 

2. To know how: 

− 

− 

− 

to decline the masculine and neuter nouns of the 2-nd declension in singular 

and plural; 

to agree adjectives with the 2-nd declension nouns; 

to form the 2-nd declension nouns by the way of suffixation. 











3




Term 

1. Case. 


3. Stem. 

Definition 











1. What nouns belong to the 2-nd declension? 

2. Name the nouns which are the exceptions from the rule of masculine 

gender. 

3. What are the case endings of masculine and neuter nouns of the 2-nd 

declension? 

4. Name the suffixes of the 2-nd declension nouns and their meaning. Give 

examples. 

5. Name the Greek equivalents of the Latin 2-nd declension nouns and word 

terminations. 


1. Decline the following nouns in singular and plural: 

oculus, i m – eye; cavum, i n – cavity; methodus, i f – method. 

4

2. Translate the terms into English, write down and learn the vocabulary 

form of the nouns and adjectives: 

1) Manubrium sterni. 2) Oculus dexter et sinister. 3) Cavum cranii. 4) 

Septum nasi osseum. 5) Nervus cardiacus. 6) Palatum durum. 7) Crystallus 

alba. 8) Tuberculum pharyngeum. 9) Ligamentum latum. 10) Nervus 

petrosus profundus. 11) Musculus longus colli. 12) Porus acusticus externus. 

13) Periodus critica morbi chronici. 14) Sulcus nervi petrosi majoris. 

3. Form the terms with the known meaning: 

a) encephal- (brain): 

stone in the brain, bleeding from the brain, brain hernia, softening of 

the brain, headache; 

b) neur- (nerve): 

cutting of the nerve, putting stitches on the nerve, extraction of the 

nerve, germ of the nerve cell; 

c) ophthalm- (eye): 

pain in the eye, disease of the eyes, paralysis of the eye muscles, 

leaking from the eye; 

d) enter- (intestine): 

science of the intestines, fixation of the intestine, transplantation of 

intestines, spasm of the intestine, artificial opening in the intestine; 

e) my- (muscle): 

knowledge of muscles, muscle pain, muscle spasm, disease of 

muscles, cutting of the muscle; 

f) gastr- (stomach): 

extraction of the stomach, stomach bleeding, extraction of the 

stomach and duodenum, stomach leaking. 


The second declension follows the rule already given for the first declension: 

base + endings. However, the endings differ from those of the first declension, 

5

except in the dative and the ablative plural. The nouns of this declension are 

regularly either masculine or neuter. Most second declension masculine nouns 

have a nominative singular ending in -us, while a few end in -er. The neuters end 

in -um and those derived from Greek end in -on. E. g.: 

musculus, i m – muscle 

cancer, cri m – cancer 

cavum, i n – cavity 

organon, i n – organ 

There are several nouns with the masculine endings, belonging to the 

feminine or neuter genders (as the exceptions): 

bolus, i f – clay 

crystallus, i f – crystal 

diameter, tri f – diameter 

methodus, i f – method 

periodus, i f – period 

virus, i n – virus; pathogenic organism 

The case endings of masculine and neuter nouns 

of the 2-nd declension 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

Singularis 

m 

n 

-us, -er -um, -on 

-i 

-o 

-um like in Nom. 

-o 

Pluralis 

m n 

-i -a 

-orum 

-is 

-os -a 

-is 

6

N. B. It should be helpful to note that some second declension endings are 

identical to those in the first (the Dat. and Abl. plur. in -is) and others are similar 

(e. g., -am/-um in the Acc. sing., -arum/-orum Gen. plur., and -as/-os Acc. plur.). 

The second declension neuter endings are the same as the masculine 

andings, except that the nominative and accusative are identical to one another 

(this is true of all neuters of all declensions): -um/-on in the singular, -a in the 

plural. 

The examples of declining 

Masculine gender 

Ventriculus, i m – stomach, ventricle 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

Sing. 

ventriculus 

ventriculi 

ventriculo 

ventriculum 

ventriculo 

Plur. 

ventriculi 

ventriculorum 

ventriculis 

ventriculos 

ventriculis 

paediater, tri m – p(a)ediatrician; puer, i m – boy, child 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Nom. 

paediater 

puer 

paediatri 

pueri 

Gen. 

paediatri 

pueri 

paediatrorum 

puerorum 

Dat. 

paediatro 

puero 

paediatris 

pueris 

Acc. 

paediatrum 

puerum 

paediatros 

pueros 

Abl. 

paediatro 

puero 

paediatris 

pueris 

7

Neuter gender 

cavum, i n – cavity; organon, i n – organ 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Nom. 

cavum 

organon 

cava 

organa 

Gen. 

cavi 

organi 

cavorum 

organorum 

Dat. 

cavo 

organo 

cavis 

organis 

Acc. 

cavum 

organon 

cava 

organa 

Abl. 

cavo 

organo 

cavis 

organis 

World-formation 

The suffixes of the second declension nouns 

The following suffixes are used in medical terminology more often: 

1) -ment-um points to the action or its result; e. g.: ligamentum, i n – 

ligament (from ligare – to tie) 

2) -ism-us means poisoning, unhealthy state, deviation from standard, e. g.: 

botulismus, i m – botulism, hard food poisoning; rheumatismus, i m – 

rheumatism 

3) -ŭl-us, -ŭl-um, -cŭl-us, -ŏl-us have diminutive or affectionate meaning, 

e. g.: 

tuberculum, i n – tubercle; 

musculus, i m – muscle 

4) -īn-um, -ōl-um point to the name of medicine, e. g.: 

penicillinum, i n; 

validolum, i n. 

The Latin-Greek equivalents of the masculine 

nouns of the second declension 

8

Latin word Greek stem Meaning 

animus, i m 

calculus, i m 

cancer, cri m 

digitus, i m 

fungus, i m 

humerus, i m 

locus, i m 

morbus, i m 

musculus, i m 

nasus, i m 

nervus, i m 

oculus, i m 

uterus, i m 

ventriculus, i m 

psychlithcarcindactylmyc-, 

mykbrachitopnos-, 

pathmyrhinneurophthalmmetr-, 

hystergastr- 

soul 

stone 

cancer 

finger 

mushroom, fungus 

shoulder 

place 

disease 

muscle 

nose 

nerve 

eye 

uterus 

stomach 

The Latin-Greek equivalents of the neuter 

nouns of the second declension 


caecum, i n 

cerebrum, i n 

crassum, i n 

intestinum, i n 

labium, i n 

ligamentum, i n 

medicamentum, i n 

typhlencephalcolentercheildesmpharmac- 

blind gut 

brain 

large intestine 

intestine 

lip 

ligament 

medicine 

9

ectum, i n 

venenum, i n 

proct- 

toxic-, tox- 

rectum 

poison 

The word terminations 

- malacia 

- metria 

- opsia 

- paedia 

- penia 

- pexia 

- phagia 

- philia 

- phobia 

- plastica 

- stomia 

- trophia 

- iater 

- blastus 

- lithus 

- logus 

- spasmus 

softening 

measurement 

(eye) sight 

correction of defects 

lack, shortage 

fastening, fixation 

swallowing, eating 

inclination, predisposition 

fear 

restoration, transplantation 

artificial opening 

nutrition 

doctor 

germ 

stone 

specialist 

spasm 


The tasks for self-control 

Task № 1 

10

Find the suffixes of the 2nd declension nouns and explain their meaning: 

Alveŏlus, rheumatismus, saccŭlus, Morphinum, somnambulismus, 

instrumentum, Menthōlum, ventriculus, capitulum, Ephedrinum. 

Task № 2 

Translate into Latin, write down and learn the vocabulary form of the nouns 

and adjectives: 

1) The right atrium, the left atrium. 2) The muscles and nerves of the eyes and 

nose. 3) The cavity of the nose. 4) The cervix of the mandible. 5) The symptoms of 

a dangerous disease. 6) The good method. 7) The white clay. 8) The mortal virus. 

9) A good friend. 10) The cancer of the stomach, lip, oesophagus. 

Task № 3 

Translate the terms into Latin, explain their structure: 

1). Extraction of the muscle. 2). The innate absence of the lips. 3). Pain in 

fingers. 4) Specialist on tissues. 5) Local pain. 6). Treatment with 

medicines. 7). Putting stitches on the blind gut. 8). Mental disease. 9). 

Intestinal stone. 10). Extraction of the large intestine. 11). Fixation of the 

rectum. 12). Fear to fall ill. 13). Knowledge of ligaments. 14) Science of 

stomach and intestinal diseases. 15). Extraction of the uterus. 16) 

Specialist on the eye diseases. 17). Softening of the eyeball. 18). Nose 

bleeding. 19). Nerve pain. 20). Fixation of the ligament. 21). Science of 

mushrooms. 


Test № 1 

Find the mistakes in the agreement of the adjectives with the nouns: 

11

1) diameter transverses; 2) brachium dexter; 3) periodus criticus; 4) nervus 

carotica; 5) methodus bonus; 6) labium superior. 

Test № 2 


1) antebrachium sinistrum a) yellow ligaments 

2) sulcus costae b) branch of the middle lobe 

3) ligamenta flava c) angle of the ventricle 

4) suturae cranii d) osseous septum of the nose 

5) ramus lobi medii e) left forearm 

6) septum nasi osseum f) fingers of the extremities 

7) angulus ventriculi g) sulcus of the rib 

8) digiti membrorum h) sutures of the skull 

Test № 3 

Find the mistakes in the spelling of the terms, if there are any: 

1) ophtalmoscopia, 2) hystologia, 3) encephalomalacia, 4) toxemia, 5) dysphagia, 

6) pharmacoterapia, 7) neuralgia, 8) rinorhagia, 9) citopenia, 10) histeropexia. 

Literature 

Basic. 

Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi M. The Latin language and the fundamentals 



2004. – 284 p. 

The methodical instructions are compiled by L. Grishchenko. 

12










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 







The system learning of the nouns and adjectives of 

the 1-st and 2-nd declensions as the way of 

building of anatomic and histological terms 

The system learning of the 1-st group adjectives. 

The vocabulary. The past participles. The 

vocabulary. The suffixes. The stable 

combinations. The Greek-Latin equivalents 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The considerable part of medical terms are attribute constructions, i. e. the 

word-combinations consisting of a noun and one or several adjectives. 

Mastering of the grammatical categories of adjectives, the rules of writing 

adjectives in the vocabulary, finding the stem of adjectives, the principles of 

agreement with nouns, the peculiarities of translation and use of some adjectives in 

medical terminology is directed to the forming of making up, translation and use 

habits of medical terms. 


1. To master the gender endings of the 1-st group adjectives. 

2. To learn to write down the 1-st group adjectives in the vocabulary form. 

3. To learn to write down the past participles in the vocabulary form. 

4. To know how to translate terminological word-combinations from Latin into 

English and on the contrary. 

5. To master the Greek-Latin equivalents of the first group adjectives and word 

terminations. 

6. To know how to form the clinical terms on the base of the Greek-Latin 

equivalents of the first group adjectives and word terminations. 








the determination of the adjective stem, 

the formation of the past participles. 


3



Term 

Definition 


2. Stem 

3. Past participle 


and number. 



Formed by adding the endings –us, -a, -um to the 

supine stem. 


1. How many groups of adjectives are there in Latin? 

2. What adjectives belong to the 1-st group? 

3. How is the stem of adjectives determined? 

4. How are the 1-st group adjectives declined? 

5. How are the past participles formed? 

6. Name the suffixes of the 1-st group adjectives and their meaning. Give 

examples. 

7. Name the Greek equivalents of the Latin 1-st group adjectives and word 

terminations. 



form of the words: 

1) linea alba 

2) porus acusticus 

3) nervus opticus 

4

4) palatum osseum 

5) fossa incisiva 

6) sulci palatini 

7) anulus fibrosus 

8) musculi obliqui 

9) bursa subcutanea 

10) ligamentum flavum 

2. Translate the terms into Latin, write down and learn the vocabulary form 

of the words: 

1) Transverse (process, ligament, diameter, sulcus, line). 

2) The closed fracture, the open fracture, the complete fracture. 

3) The compound joint. 

4) The circumpflex artery. 

5) The nameless line. 


Adjectives of the first group 

Depending on the gender of a noun it may belong to the first or the second 

declension. 

The masculine adjectives which end in -us, -er and the neuter ones which end 

in -um are declined like the nouns of the second declension. The feminine 

adjectives ending in -a are declined like the nouns of the first declension. While the 

base remains constant, the adjective has masculine, feminine, or neuter endings 

according to the gender of the noun with which it is used, and it likewise agrees 

with its noun in number and case. The full declension of magnus and dexter below 

provides a good review of the first two declensions. 

Nom. 

Sing. 

magnus, magna, magnum 

Plur. 

magni, magnae, magna 

5

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

magni, magnae, magni 

magno, magnae, magno 

magnum, magnam, magnum 

magno, magna, magno 

magnorum, magnarum, magnorum 

magnis, magnis, magnis 

magnos, magnas, magna 

magnis, magnis, magnis 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

Sing. 

dexter, dextra, dextrum 

dextri, dextrae, dextri 

dextro, dextrae, dextro 

dextrum, dextram, dextrum 

dextro, dextra, dextro 

Plur. 

dextri, dextrae, dextra 

dextrorum, dextrarum, dextrorum 

dextris, dextris, dextris 

dextros, dextras, dextra 

dextris, dextris, dextris 

The vocabulary form: magnus, a, um; dexter, tra, trum. 

Past Participles 

Past participles have the same endings that the adjectives of the 1-st group 

have: -us (m), -a (f), -um (n). E. g.: 

compositus, a, um – compound, complex 

laceratus, a, um – lacerated 

mixtus, a, um – mixed 

Past participles are declined like the adjectives of the 1-st group: the 

masculine and neuter genders like the nouns of the second declension, the feminine 

gender like the nouns of the first declension. Like an adjective, a past participle 

agrees with its noun in gender, number and case. 

articulatio, onis f 

compositus, a, um 

6

joint 

compound 

processus, us m 

process 

transversus, a, um 

transverse 

Substantivization 

In Latin there is a group of substantivized adjectives, i. e. those playing the 

part of nouns. 

E. g.: 

1) rectus, a, um – straight (adjective) – rectum, i n – rectum (noun); 

2) caecus, a, um – blind (adj.) – caecum, i n – blind gut, caecum (noun); 

3) aegrotus, a, um – ill, sick (adj.) – aegrotus, i m – patient (noun). 

The Latin-Greek equivalents 

of the first group adjectives 


albus, a, um 

angustus, a, um 

caecus, a, um 

crassus, a, um 

durus, a, um 

flavus, a, um 

griseus, a, um 

humidus, a, um 

magnus, a, um 

leuk-, leucstentyphlpachysclerxanthpolihygrmega-, 

megal-, macr- 

white 

narrow 

blind 

thick 

hard; solid 

yellow 

grey 

humid, damp 

large, big 

7

medius, a, um 

mortuus, a, um 

multus, a, um 

niger, gra, grum 

novus, a, um 

parvus, a, um 

ruber, bra, brum 

siccus, a, um 

tardus, a, um 

mesnecrpolymelanneoolig-, 

micrerythrxerbrady- 

middle 

dead 

numerous; much 

black 

new 

small 

red 

dry 

slow 

The word terminations 

- dermia 

- aesthesia 

- megalia 

- sthenia 

- kinesia 

skin 

feeling, sense 

increase 

strength, force 

movement, motion 



Task № 1 

Translate the terms into Latin, write and memorize the vocabulary form: 

spongy substance 

optic nerves 

acoustic passage 

infectious disease 

palatine sulcus 

8

fibrous rings 

mucous membrane 

lymphatic nodes 

Task № 2 

Agree the 1-st group adjectives with the 1-st and 2-nd declension nouns, 

translate the terms: 

1) dexter, tra, trum (clavicle, eye, scapula); 

2) caroticus, a, um (tubercle, nerve, ligament); 

3) sinister, tra, trum (eye, scapula, clavicle); 

4) transversus, a, um (diameter, hole, sulcus); 

5) internus, a, um (disease, nerve, artery). 

Task №3 

Form the terms with the known meanings: 

a) leuk- (white): 

white blood cell, lack of leucocytes, treatment with leucocytes, white 

blood, bleeding in the patients with leucosis; 

b) mega-, megal- (large): 

large eyes, large tongue, mania of greatness, increase of the large part of 

the brain; 

c) erythr- (red): 

red blood cell, red colouring of the urine, vision of objects in red 

colouring, germ of the red blood cell, swallowing of erythrocytes. 


Test № 1 

Determine the gender of the adjectives: 

9

1) sinistrum; 2) lata; 3) zygomaticus; 4) superior; 5) niger; 6) coccygea; 7) 

criticum; 8) dexter; 9) maius; 10) spinosum; 11) pharyngea; 12) asper. 


Test № 2 

Choose the second part of the term according to the meaning: 

1) periodus … a) latus, a, um 

2) tuberculum … b) dexter, tra, trum 

3) glandula … c) profundus, a, um 

4) ligamentum … d) criticus, a, um 

5) costa … e) mucosus, a, um 

6) oculus … f) longus, a, um 

7) nervus … g) verus, a, um 

8) vena … h) pharyngeus, a, um 

Test № 3 

Find the corresponding translation of the Latin clinical terms: 

1). Erythrodermia a) Dry skin 

2). Xerodermia b) Dryness in the nose 

3). Xerocheilia c) Vision of objects in yellow 

colouring 

4). Erythropenia d) Imaginary decrease of the 

visible objects 

5). Melanodermia e) Thick tongue 

6). Bradykinesia f) Lack of erythrocytes 

7). Proctorrhagia g) Increase of the urine quantity 

8). Xanthodermia h) Red colouring of the skin 

9). Pachyglossia i) Dryness of the eye 

10

10). Xerorhinia j) Slow movement 

11). Xanthopsia k) Dry lips 

12). Megalopsia l) Black skin 

13). Polyuria m) Yellow skin 

14). Xerophthalmia n) Bleeding from the rectum 

Literature 

Basic. 





11










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 1 

Content modules №№ 1-2 





1. Phonetics and the structure of anatomic and 


2. The system learning of the nouns and adjectives 


building of anatomic and histological terms 

The topic of the studies The practical skills to the content modules 1-2 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The list of practical habits on the discipline “Latin language and medical 

terminology” includes the free reading of the Latin text, the use of the alphabet 

while working with the dictionary, the correct writing of the sounds of the Latin 

alphabet; the practical use of the Greek letter combinations in the words derived 

from Greek; free mastering of the lexical material and the skill to classify the words 

by cases with the purpose of correct writing of endings, free constructing of 

anatomic and histological terms on the base of the acquired grammatical 

knowledge. That's why it is so important to work out the practical skills to the 

content modules 1-2. 


1. To know the Latin alphabet, the classification of vowels and consonants, 

diphthongs, letter combinations, long and short syllables, the rules of stress. 

2. To know the grammatical categories of the noun, the rules of writing nouns in 

the vocabulary, the determination of the stem, gender and declension of 

nouns. 

3. To know the grammatical categories of the adjectives, division into groups, 

gender endings, the rule of finding the stem. 

4. To know the rules of constructing and the ways of translation of the 

constructions “the agreed attribute”, morphological and syntactical structure 

of two- and many-word terms with different types of attributes. 

5. To know the typical signs of the 1-st and 2-nd declension nouns, the 

paradigm, the peculiarities of the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

6. To know the Greek-Latin equivalents of the 1-st and 2-nd declension nouns, 

the 1-st group adjectives, the word terminations. 

7. To know how to determine the stem, gender and declension of nouns and 

adjectives, to write them in the vocabulary form. 

8. To know how to agree adjectives with nouns, to form two- and many-word 

anatomic terms. 

3

9. To know how to translate the terms from Latin into English and on the 

contrary. 

10. To know how to form the clinical terms of separate terms-elements, to 

translate them from Latin into English and on the contrary. 




English language 


Russian language 





monophthongs. 



syllable, which is called “stress”. 





in the construction of terms. The 

grammatical categories of an adjective, 


determination of the adjective stem, the 

formation of the past participles. 




4

Term 

Alphabet 

Diphthong 

Phoneme 

Phonetics 

Stress 

Penult 

Antepenult 

Term 

Gender 

Number 

Case 

Declension 

Stem 


Definition 


order. 







language. 


words. 










plural. 








5




and number. 


1. Name the rules of pronunciation of vowels and consonants, diphthongs, letter 

combinations. 

2. Name the rules of stress, long and short syllables. 

3. Name the grammatical categories of the noun, the rules of writing nouns in 


nouns. 

4. Name the grammatical categories of the adjectives, division into groups, 

gender endings, the rule of finding the stem. 

5. Name the rules of constructing and the ways of translation of the 



6. Name the typical signs of the 1-st and 2-nd declension nouns, the paradigm, 

the peculiarities of the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

7. Name the prepositions used with Acc. and Abl., the peculiarities of using the 

prepositions in and sub. Give the example. 

8. Name the morphological signs of the 1-st group adjectives, the past 

participles, the rules of writing them in the vocabulary form. 

9. Name the Greek-Latin equivalents of the 1-st and 2-nd declension nouns, the 

1-st group adjectives, the word terminations. 


1. Read correctly the words, underline the Greek prefixes and roots, explain 

their meaning: hypogastricus, myologia, polyvaccinum, salicylicus, pyrosis, 

otomycosis, dystonia, hypertonicus, glycerinum, oxydatus. 

6

2. Translate the terms from Latin into English: 

1) incisura clavicularis manubrii sterni 

2) vena obliqua artii sinistri 

3) nervus petrosus minor 

4) foramen venae cavae 

5) fovea costalis processus transversi 

6) vasa auris internae 

3. Translate the terms from English into Latin: 

1) anterior rib surface 

2) inferior joint process 

3) mucous membrane of the gallbladder 

4) joint surface of the rib tubercle 

5) incisure of the heart apex 

6) transverse nerve of the neck 

4. Form the clinical terms of separate terms-elements, translate them into 

English: 

I. 1) phleb(o) – (-logia, -logus, -graphia, -rrhaphia, -rrhagia, -ectasia, - 

ectomia, -spasmus); 

2) dactyl(o) – (-odynia, -scopia, -algia, -graphia); 

3) my(o) – (-cele, -plegia, -rrhaphia, -blastus, -algia). 

II. 1) -pathia (my-, encephal-, neur-, ophthalm-, aden-); 

2) -logia (bio-, phyt-, cyt-, hist-, aeti-); 

3) -algia (ophthalm-, mast-, cyst-, cholecyst-, neur-, my-). 


The theses of the topic’s contents 

1. Recurrence of the alphabet, the rules of pronunciation of vowels and 

consonants, diphthongs, letter combinations. 

2. Recurrence of the rules of stress, long and short syllables. 

7

3. Recurrence of the grammatical categories of the noun, the rules of writing 

nouns in the vocabulary, the determination of the stem, gender and 

declension of nouns. 

4. Recurrence of the grammatical categories of the adjectives, division into 

groups, gender endings, the rule of finding the stem. 

5. Recurrence of the rules of constructing and the ways of translation of the 



6. Recurrence of the typical signs of the 1-st and 2-nd declension nouns, the 

paradigm, the peculiarities of the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

7. Recurrence of the prepositions used with Acc. and Abl., the peculiarities of 

using the prepositions in and sub. Give the example. 

8. Recurrence of the morphological signs of the 1-st group adjectives, the past 

participles, the rules of writing them in the vocabulary form. 

9. Recurrence of the Greek-Latin equivalents of the 1-st and 2-nd declension 

nouns, the 1-st group adjectives, the word terminations. 



Task № 1. 


aegrotus, a, um – homo, inis m 

tela, ae f 

cella, ae f 

cor, cordis n 

organismus, i m 

hepar, atis n 

ventriculus, i m 

8

organon, i n 

Task № 2. 


a) vertebra (thoracic, coccygeal, sacral, superficial, cervical); 

b) tubercle (anterior, posterior, carotic, pharyngeous, articular); 

c) fracture of the scapula, clavicle, vertebrae, ribs; good method; deep petrous 

nerve; transverse diameter; right (left) eye; the skull cavity; mandible of the 

breastbone. 

Task № 3. 

Translate the word-combinations with prepositions into Latin: 

1) in the external plate 

2) through the veins 

3) with the colleague 

4) between the vertebrae 

5) under the right scapula 

6) in capsules, in tablets, in ampoules 


Test № 1. 

Determine how the italicized letters (letter combinations) are pronounced: 

1) aёr 6) Iodum 

2) aeger 7) exitus 

3) iugularis 8) Aloё 

4) lagoena 9) Xeroformium 

5) oxydum 10) paediater 


9

a) ae; b) oe; c) e; d) i; e) j; f) ks; g) kz. 

Test № 2. 

Determine the stressed syllables: 

vertebra; maxilla; glutaeus; limpidus; tunica; cavernosus; incisura; dilutus; 

ventriculus; stomachus; apertura, capitulum; pelvinus; cerebrum; acidum. 

a) penult; b) antepenult. 

Test № 3. 

Find the mistakes in the agreement of the adjectives with the nouns: 

1) diameter transverses; 2) brachium dexter; 3) periodus criticus; 4) nervus carotica; 

5) methodus bonus; 6) labium superior. 

Test № 4. 

Add the corresponding ending instead of the dots: 

1) apertura sin … sphenoidalis 

2) basis ossis sacr … 

3) lamina et foramin … cribrosa 

4) oss … membri superioris 

5) facies articularis tuberculi cost … 

6) facies posterior part … petrosae 

7) pediculus arc … vertebrae 


a) –us; b) –i; c) –is; d) –a; e) –ae. 

Test № 5. 

Find the mistakes in the spelling of the terms, if there are any: 

10

1) ophtalmoscopia, 2) hystologia, 3) encephalomalacia, 4) toxemia, 5) 

dysphagia, 6) pharmacoterapia, 7) neuralgia, 8) rinorhagia, 9) citopenia, 10) 

histeropexia. 

Literature 

Basic. 





11










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 







The system learning of the 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th declension 

nouns, the 2 nd group adjectives, the degrees of 

comparison of adjectives 

The third declension nouns. The determination of 

stem, types, paradigm of all genders. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


In the system of Latin declensions the third declension is the most widespread 

and at the same time difficult for mastering. If in the nouns of the 1-sr, 2-nd, 4-th 

and 5-th declensions the gender is determined by the ending of Nom. sing., while 

determining the gender of the 3-rd declension nouns it is necessary to know not 

only the ending of Nom. sing., but also to take into consideration the typical 

endings of the stem in Gen sing., since just these endings are indicators of the noun 

gender (salus, salutis f, but ulcus, ulceris n; pes, pedis m, but tabes, tabis f etc.). 

While mastering this topic a special attention should be paid to the noun 

stem, as the most 3-rd declension nouns have a short stem in Nom. sing., but it 

shows itself in full only in Gen. sing. 


To know : 

− 

− 

the formal signs of the 3-rd declension nouns; 

the peculiarities of writing the 3-rd declension nouns in the vocabulary 

(including monosyllabic nouns); 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 

− 

the rule of finding the stem of nouns; 

the typical signs of the consonant type; 

the case endings of the consonant type; 

the typical signs of the vowel type; 

the peculiarities of the case endings of the vowel type; 

the typical signs of the mixed type; 

the peculiarity of the declining of the mixed type nouns; 

the group of nouns which are declined by the consonant type while having 

the typical signs of the mixed type. 

To know how: 

- to distinguish parisyllabic and imparisyllabic nouns; 

- to determine the practical stem and the stem type of the 3-rd declension 

nouns; 

- to decline the nouns belonging to the consonant, vowel and mixed types. 

3

To master: the lexical minimum of the 3-rd declension nouns (30 units). 



The names of the preceding disciplines The acquired knowledge 










Term 

Definition 

1. Case. 








3. Stem. 



4. Parisyllabic nouns. removing the inflection of the genitive singular. 

The nouns having an equal number of syllables in 

5. Imparisyllabic nouns. Nom. and Gen. sing. 

The nouns having a different number of syllables in 

Nom. and Gen. sing. 

4


1. Name the typical signs of the third declension nouns. 

2. What is the peculiarity of writing the third declension nouns in the 

vocabulary? 

3. How is the stem of nouns found? 

4. What nouns belong to the parisyllabic ones? 

5. What nouns belong to the imparisyllabic ones? 

6. What are the typical signs of the consonant type nouns? 

7. Name the case endings of the consonant type. 

8. What are the typical signs of the vowel type nouns? 

9. What are the peculiarities of declining of the vowel type nouns? 

10. What nouns belong to the mixed type? 

11. What is the difference of the mixed type from the consonant one? 


1. Determine, which of the given nouns belong to the imparisyllabic ones and which 

– to parisyllabic ones: 

1) axis, is m; 2) os, ossis n; 3) apis, is f; 4) apex, icis m; 5) os, oris n; 6) rete, is n; 7) 

cutis, is f; 8) cor, cordis n; 9) pes, pedis m; 10) naris, is f. 

2. Determine the type of declining of the nouns, given in the previous task. 


The masculine, feminine and neuter nouns having different endings in Nom. 

sing. and the typical ending –is in Gen. sing. belong to the third declension. The 

third declension nouns are subdivided into parisyllabic and imparisyllabic ones. The 

parisyllabic nouns have the same number of syllables in Nom. sing. and Gen. sing., 

the imparisyllabic ones have one syllable more in Gen. sing. than in Nom. sing. 

While studying the third declension nouns it is necessary to pay a special 

attention to the finding of stem, as it is short in Nom. sing. and shows itself in full 

5

only in Gen. sing. Besides it should be remembered that one-syllable nouns are 

written in full in Nom. sing. and Gen. sing., e. g.: cor, cordis n (heart); dens, dentis 

m (tooth); pars, parties f (part); os, ossis n (bone); os, oris n (mouth). 

Depending on the stem ending, the third declension nouns are subdivided into 

three types: consonant, vowel and mixed ones. 

The consonant type. 

The imparisyllabic nouns of all genders, whose stem ends in one consonant, 

belong to the consonant type. This type is the basic and most widely spread one. E. 

g.: flos, floris m; radix, īcis f; os, oris n. 

Table № 1. 

The case endings of the consonant type 

Casus Singularis Pluralis 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

different 

-is 

-i 

-em (m, f), as Nom. (n) 

-e 

-es (m, f), -a (n) 

-um 

-ĭbus 

-es (m, f), -a (n) 

-ĭbus 

The vowel type. 

The neuter nouns having the endings -e, -al, -ar in Nom. sing. belong to the 

vowel type. E. g.: rete, is n (net), animal, ālis n (animal), cochlear, āris n (spoon). 

The attention should be paid to the noun hepar, ătis n (liver) which is declined 

according to the consonant type. 

6

The case endings of the vowel type have the following differences from the 

consonant type: 

1) Abb. sing. -i (instead of -e); 

2) Nom. plur. and Acc. plur. -ia (instead of -a); 

3) Gen. plur -ium (instead of -um). 

Though the vowel type is not widely spread in the Latin medical terminology, 

it is necessary to memorize its peculiarities, because the second group adjectives are 

declined according to this type. 

The mixed type. 

Two groups of nouns belong to the mixed type: 

a) the parisyllabic nouns of masculine and feminine genders having the 

endings -es or -is in Nom. sing. E. g.: auris, is f (ear); canalis, is m 

(channel); fames, is f (hunger); 

b) the imparisyllabic nouns of all genders, whose stem ends in two 

consonant, e. g.: dens, dentis m (tooth) => stem dent-; pars, parties 

f (part) => stem part-: os, ossis n (bone) => stem oss-; here belong 

also formally parisyllabic nouns, whose stem ends in three 

consonants. E. g.: venter, tris m (belly) => stem ventr-. 

The nouns of the mixed type have the ending -ium (instead of -um) in Gen. 

plur. The rest of case endings don’t differ from the case endings of the consonant 

type. 

It is necessary to remember that some nouns, which have formal signs of the 

mixed type, are declined by the consonant type, e. g.: mater, tris f (mother; meninx); 

pater, tris m (father); canis, is m, f (dog). 


7


Task № 1. 

Fill in the table: 

Abl. 

Abl. 

Nom. 

Nom. 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Gen. 

sing. 

sing. 

plur. 

plur. 

plur. 

plur. 

plur. 

-e 

-i 

-es 

-a 

-ia 

-um 

-um 

1. ren, renis m 

2. rete, is n 

3. pes, pedis m 

4. aurus, is f 

5. secale, is, n 

6. flos, floris m 

7. mater, tris f 

8. corpus, oris n 

9. pars, parties f 

10. canalis, is m 


Test № 1. 

The third declension nouns are subdivided into: 

a) three types of declining; 

b) two types of declining; 

c) four types of declining. 

Test № 2. 

The stem of nouns is found by dropping: 

a) of the ending Nom. sing.; 

b) of the ending Gen. sing.; 

c) of the ending Abl. sing. 

8

Test № 3. 

Fill in the table. 

Case ending 

Type 

consonant vowel mixed 

Abl. sing. -e 

Abl. sing. -i 

Nom., Acc. plur. -a 

Nom., Acc. plur. -ia 

Gen. plur. -um 

Gen. plur. -ium 

9

Literature 

Basic. 





10










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module №1 


The topic of the 


Phonetic, lexical and grammatical provision 

of the studying of the topic “The structure of 


The system learning of the 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th 

declension nouns, the 2 nd group adjectives, the 

degrees of comparison of adjectives 

The agreement of the first group adjectives 

with the 3 rd declension nouns. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


Adjectives are as important as nouns in terms. Most of anatomic terms are the 

combinations of nouns with adjectives. The great number of anatomic and 

pharmaceutical terms are the combinations of the 3 rd declension nouns with the 1 st 

group adjectives (cor sanum, pars magna, radix cariosa, tumor benignus etc.) 

Mastering of the rules of agreement of the 1 st group adjectives with the 3 rd 

declension nouns helps to students to correcty form anatomic and pharmaceutical 

terms. 


1. To know the morphological signs of the 1 st group adjectives. 

2. To know what nouns belong to the 3 rd declension. 

3. To know how to agree the 1 st group adjectives with masculine nouns of 

the 3 rd declension. 

4. To know how to agree the 1 st group adjectives with feminine nouns of the 

3 rd declension. 

5. To know how to agree the 1 st group adjectives with neuter nouns of the 3 rd 

declension. 

6. To master the habits of translation of medical terms from Latin into 







The grammatical categories of a noun 

and an adjective, the description of 

declensions, the determination of the 

noun and adjective stem. 

3




Term 

1. Case. 


3. Stem. 


Definition 











and number. 


1) What adjectives belong to the 1 st group? 

2) What nouns belong to the 3 rd declension? 

3) How are the 1 st group adjectives agreed with the masculine nouns of 

the 3 rd declension? 

4) How are the 1 st group adjectives agreed with the feminine nouns of the 

3 rd declension? 

5) How are the 1 st group adjectives agreed with the neuter nouns of the 3 rd 

declension? 


4


1. Axis opticus. 2. Sanguis venosus and arteriosus. 3. Pancreas 

accessorium. 4. Systema nervosum. 5. Ren dexter and sinister. 6. 

Vas lymphaticum. 7. Cutis sicca. 8. Canalis nutritius. 9. Injectio 

subcutanea. 10. Tumor malignus. 

2. Translate the terms into Latin: 

1. Acute pain. 2. Coccygeal bone. 3. Right and left femur. 4. 

Profound head. 5. Long extremity. 6. Lymphatic system. 7. 

Middle ear. 8. Small tuber. 9. Right foot. 10. Black pepper. 


The structurological plan of the topic`s contents: 

Graph № 1. 

The agreement of the 1 st group adjectives with the masculine nouns of the 

third declension. 

pulmo, onis m 

left lung 

sinister, tra, trum 

flos, oris m 

white flower 

albus, a, um 

dens, dentis m 

carious tooth 

cariosus, a, um 

Graph № 2. 

5

The agreement of the 1 st group adjectives with the feminine nouns of the third 

declension 

pars, parties f 

petrous part 

petrosus, a, um 

extremitas, atis f 

right extremity 

dexter, tra, trum 

injectio, onis f 

subcutaneous injection 

subcutaneus, a, um 

Graph № 3. 

The agreement of the 1 st group adjectives with the neuter nouns of the third 

declension 

crus, uris n 

left crus 

sinister, tra, trum 

systema, atis n 

nervous system 

nervosus, a, um 

caput, itis n 

long head 

longus, a, um 

6



Task № 1. 


1) foramen, inis n (round, palatine, incised, large); 

2) rete, is n (venous, arterial, long, cutaneous); 

3) os, ossis n (zygomatic, palatine, wide, long, tympanic, hyoid); 

4) margo, inis m (zygomatic, squamous, interosseal, lambdoid); 

5) pars, rtis f (petrous, right, left, spinous) 

Task № 2. 

Decline the terms in Sing. and Plur.: 

1) canalis opticus – optic canal; 

2) tuberositas deltoidea – deltoid tuberosity; 

Task № 3. 

Put the terms in Gen.sing. and Nom. plur.: 

1) ulcus chronicum – chronic ulcer; 

2) radix cariosa – carious root; 

3) homo sanus – healthy man; 

4) symptoma periculosum – dangerous symptom; 

5) paries internus – internal wall; 

6) solutio spirituosa – spirituous solution. 


Test № 1. 

Determine the gender of the 3 rd declension nouns: 

7

1) margo, inis . . .; 2) os, ossis . . .; 3) apex, icis . . . ; 4) phalanx, ngis . . . ; 5) 

pulmo. onis . . ; 6) cor, cordis . . . ; 7) systema, atis . . . ; 8) corpus, oris . . . ; 

9) pes, pedis . . . ; 10) dens, dentis . . . ; 11) auris, is . . . ; 12) radix, icis . . .. 


a) masculinum; b) femininum; c) neutrum 

Test № 2 

Determine the group and declension of the adjectives: 

1) latus, a, um; 2) acer, acris, acre; 3) liber, are, erum; 4) profundus, a, um; 5) 

dexter, tra, trum; 6) medius, a, um; 7) saluber, bris, bre; 8) asper, era, erum; 9) 

ruber, bra, brum; 10) longus, a, um; 11) celer, eris, ere; 12) squamosus, a, um. 


a) 1 st group b) 2 nd group 

Test № 3 

Find the correct ending for the adjectives: 

1) pars petros . . .; 2) foramen rotund . . .; 3) paries extern . . .; 4) os 

hyoide . . .; 5) homo san . . .; 6) abdomen acut . . .; 7) canalis optic . 

. .; 8) tumor benign . . .; 9) tuberositas deltoide . . .; 10) margo 

interosse . . .; 11) cutis sicc . . .; 12) pancreas accessori . . .. 

a) –us b) –a c) –um 

Literature 

Basic. 

8





9










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 










The consonant type. The masculine gender. The 

exceptions. The stable combinations. The 

vocabulary. The Greek-Latin equivalents. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The systematization and processing of the lexico-grammatival material helps to 

realize the main purpose of teaching Latin in higher medical educational 

establishment – the practical mastering of medical terminology as a whole and its 

separate branches (anatomic, histologic, clinical, pharmaceutical). 


To master: 

− 

− 

− 

− 

the masculine endings of the 3-rd declension nouns; 

the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender; 

the suffixes of masculine nouns of the 3-rd declension; 

the Latin-Greek equivalents of the masculine nouns of the 3-rd declension. 

To know how: 

- to agree the 1-st group adjectives with the masculine nouns of the 3-rd 

declension and exceptions; 

- to form terms-composites of the given terms-elements; 

- to analyze the terms-composites. 


integration). 










3



Term 

1. Case. 


3. Stem. 

4. Parisyllabic nouns. 

5. Imparisyllabic nouns. 

Definition 















1. What are the endings of the masculine nouns of the 3-rd declension in 

Nom. sing. and Gen, sing.? 

2. What are the exceptions from the rule of masculine gender? 

3. What are the suffixes of the masculine nouns and their meaning? Give 

examples. 

4. Name the Greek equivalents of the Latin 3-rd declension masculine nouns 

and word terminations. 


4

1. Add Gen. sing. to the vocabulary form of these masculine nouns of the 3- 

rd declension: 

cortex, tumor, sapo, pollex, vomer, pes, aër, index, venter, flexor. 

2. Translate into English, write down and learn the vocabulary form of the 

words: 

1) Paries cardiacus. 2) Apex cordis. 3) Trochanter major et minor. 4) 

Musculus depressor anguli oris. 5) Cor bovinum. 6) Dolor ventris. 7) Gaster 

aegra. 8) Quies absoluta. 


The masculine nouns of the 3-rd declension have the following endings in 

Nom.sing.: -o (except those nouns which end in -io, -do, -go), -or, -os, -er, -es 

(imparisyllabic), -ex. 

It is necessary to memorize also the endings of genitive singular. 

Nom. sing. 

-o 

Endings 

Gen. sing. 

-ōnis 

-ĭnis 

Examples 

pulmo, pulmōnis m – lung 

homo, homĭnis m – man 

-or 

-oris 

dolor, dolōris m – pain 

-os 

-oris 

flos, floris m – flower 

-er 

-(t)ris 

-ĕris 

-ēris 

venter, ventris m – venter 

aether, aethĕris m – ether 

trochanter, trochantēris m – trochanter 

5

-es 

(imparisyllabic) 

-ĕtis 

-edis 

paries, pariĕtis m – paries 

pes, pedis m – foot 

-ex 

-gis 

-ĭcis 

rex, regis m – king, ruler 

apex, apĭcis m – top 

The exceptions from the rule of masculine gender 

Some nouns with masculine endings belong to feminine or neuter genders. 

They are exceptions, memorize them. 

Feminine gender: gaster, gastris f – stomach 

mater, matris f – mother; meninx 

quies,quiētis f – rest; peace 

lex, legis f – law 

Neuter gender: 

cor, cordis n – heart 

os, oris n – mouth 

os, ossis n – bone 

tuber, tubĕris n – tuber 

The suffixes of masculine nouns 

-or 

– points to the physical or mental state, e. g.: dolor, ōris m – pain; 

timor, ōris m – fear; liquor, ōris m – liquid; 

-sor, -tor 

– mean a person or a subject performing some action, e. g.: lector, 

ōris m – lecturer; doctor, ōris m – doctor, scientist; levator, ōris 

m – levator (muscle); depressor, ōris m – depressor (muscle). 

6


of the 3-rd declension masculine nouns 


calor, ōris m 

color, ōris m 

homo, ĭnis m 

pes, pedis m 

pulmo, ōnis m 

sudor, ōris m 

tumor, ōris m 

thermchrom-, 

chromatanthroppodpneum-, 

pneumonhidronc- 

heat; warmth 

colour 

man; human being 

foot 

lung 

sweat, perspiration 

tumour 

Exceptions 

cor, cordis n 

mater, tris f 

os, oris n 

os, ossis n 

cardimeningstomatoste-, 

ost- 

heart 

meninx 

mouth 

bone 



Task № 1. 

Agree adjectives with nouns, translate the terms: 

1) tumor, ōris m – tumour (benign, malignant); 2) pes, pedis m – foot (right, 

left); 3) os, ossis n – bone (zygomatic, palatine, hyoid, wide); 4) paries, ĕtis m – 

paries (front, back, external, internal); 5) flos, floris m – flower (white, yellow, red); 

6) homo, ĭnis m – man (good, sick, healthy). 

7

Task № 2. 

Translate into Latin, learn the vocabulary form of the words: 

1) The top of the left lung. 2) The bones of the foot. 3) The acute pain. 4) The 

right lung, the left lung. 5) The tuber of the maxilla. 6) The tumour of the brain. 7) 

Through the mouth, through the rectum. 


Test № 1. 

Determine the type of stem of the nouns: 

1) phalanx, ngis f; 2) pater, tris m: 3) fames, is f; 4) homo, ĭnis m; 5) hepar, 

ătis n; 6) exemplar, aris n; 7) ulcus, ĕris n; 8) solutio, ōnis f; 9) secale, is n; 10) 

dens, dentis m; 11) canalis, is m; 12) rete, is n; 13) cuspis, ĭdis f; 14) cutis, is f; 15) 

os, oris n. 


a) consonant; b) vowel; c) mixed. 

Test № 2. 

Add the corresponding endings instead of dots: 

1. In apic… pulmon… sinistr… 

2. Foetor ex or… 

3. Pro auctor… 

4. Apex oss… sacr… 

5. Incisura cardiaca pulmon… sinistr… 

6. Cavum or… 

7. Dolor acut… in regione cord… 

8. Planta ped… 

Variants of answers: 

8

a) –is; b) –i; c) –e; d) –us. 

Literature 

Basic. 





9










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 1 

Content module № 3 









The vowel type, the neuter gender endings. The 

exceptions. The peculiarities of declining of some 

neuter gender words – vas, gramma etc. The 

vocabulary. The Greek-Latin equivalents. The 

stable combinations. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The neuter nouns of the 3-rd declension are often met in the anatomic 

terminology. The Greek-Latin equivalents and suffixes of the neuter nouns of the 

3-rd declension, on the base of which many clinical terms are formed, are not less 

important and widely-used. 

The detailed learning of the neuter endings of the 3-rd declension with the typical 

endings of Gen. sing., the Greek-Latin equivalents and suffixes promotes the 

enrichment of the students' vocabulary, the consolidation of the habits of 

grammatically correct and well-considered use of medical terms. 


1. To know the peculiarities of the vowel type. 

2. To know the typical endings of the neuter nouns of the 3-rd declension in 


3. To know the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender in the vocabulary form. 

4. To know the Greek-Latin equivalents of the neuter nouns of the 3-rd 

declension and word terminations. 

5. To know the most important suffixes of the neuter nouns of the 3-rd 

declension nouns. 

6. To know the stable combinations with the neuter nouns of the 3-rd 

declension. 

7. To know how to determine the gender and the stem type of the 3-rd 

declension neuter nouns. 

8. To know how to agree the 1-st group adjectives with the 3-rd declension 

neuter nouns and the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

9. To know how to translate the terms with the 3-rd declension neuter nouns and 

the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

10. To know how to form the clinical terms with the Greek-Latin equivalents of 

the neuter nouns of the 3-rd declension and the suffixes, to translate the terms 

from Latin into English and on the contrary. 

3


integration). 












Term 

1. Case. 


3. Stem. 



Definition 















4

1. What are the peculiarities of declining the nouns of the vowel type? 

2. What are the endings of neuter nouns of the 3-rd declension in Nom. sing. 

and Gen. sing.? 

3. What are the exceptions from the rule of neuter gender? 

4. What are the suffixes of neuter nouns and their meaning? Give examples. 

5. Name the Greek equivalents of the Latin 3-rd declension neuter nouns and 

word terminations. 




1). Ulcus chronicum. 2) Abdomen acutum. 3) Systema nervosum. 4) Crus 

dextrum et sinistrum. 5) Corpus hominis. 6) Foramen caecum linguae. 7) Cavitas 

abdominis. 8) Ren dexter et sinister. 9) Ossa capitis. 10) Lobus hepatis. 11) Corpus 

linguae. 12) Ligamentum capĭtis femŏris. 

2. Agree the adjectives with the nouns: 

1) corpus, oris n – body (yellow, adipose, callous); 2) fofamen, inis n – 

foramen (round, palatine, incisive, big, nutritional, optic); 3) systema, atis n – 

system (nervous, lymphatic, peripheral, digestive, respiratory); 4) rete, is n – net 

(long, venous, arterial, cutaneous); 5) ulcus, ěris n – ulcer (callous, chronic, 

cutaneous, malignant, benign). 

3. Translate the terms into Latin, learn the vocabulary form of the words: 

5

1) The ulcer of the duodenum and stomach. 2) The sick kidneys. 3) The 

dangerous trauma. 4) The cavity of the abdomen. 5) The lacerated foramen of the 

breast. 

4. Form the nouns with the suffix –oma, explain their meaning: 

1) derma, derm- (skin); 2) mys, my- (muscle); 3) fibra, fibr- (fiber); 4) odus, 

odont- (tooth); 5) sarx, sarc- (meat). 


The neuter nouns of the 3-rd declension have the endings of Nom. sing. and 

Gen. sing. shown in the table below. 

Nom. sing. 

-e 

Endings 

Gen. sing. 

-is 

rete, retis n – net 

Examples 

-l 

-lis 

fel, fellis n – gall 

-ar 

-āris 

-ătis 

cochlear, cochleāris n – spoon 

hepar, hepătis n – liver 

-ur 

-ŏris 

-ŭris 

femur, femŏris n – thigh 

guttur, gutturis n – throat 

-us 

-ŏris 

-ūris 

-ěris 

corpus, corpŏris n – body 

crus, cruris n – shin 

ulcus, ulcěris n – ulcer 

6

-t 

-ĭtis 

caput, capĭtis n – head 

-c 

-tis 

lac, lactis n – milk 

-ma 

-ătis 

asthma, asthmătis n – asthma 

-en 

-ĭnis 

abdomen, abdomĭnis n – abdomen 

The exceptions from the rule of neuter gender 

sol, solis m – sun 

lien, lienis m – (Latin) spleen 

splen, splenis m – (Greek) spleen 

ren, renis m – kidney 

aden, aděnis m – gland 

The suffixes of the neuter nouns of the 3-rd declension 

-oma – points to the presence of tumour, e. g.: adenoma, ătis n – adenoma; 

myoma, ătis n – muscle tumour; 

-ema – points to the presence of rash, abscesses etc., e. g.: erythema, ătis n – 

erythema; exanthema, ătis n – exanthema; 

-men – means the consequence of action, e. g.: nomen, ĭnis n 

foramen, ĭnis n – foramen. 

The Latin-Greek equivalents of the 3-rd declension neuter nouns 

– name; 

7


abdomen, ĭnis n 

caput, ĭtis n 

corpus, ŏris n 

lac, lactis n 

pectus, ŏris n 

pus, puris n 

viscus, ěris n 

laparcephal-, 

kephalsom-, 

somatgalactstethpysplanchn- 

Exceptions 

abdomen 

head 

body 

milk 

breast, chest 

pus 

internal organ; 

viscera 

lien, ēnis m 

ren, renis m 

sol, solis m 

splen- 

nephr- 

heli- 

spleen 

kidney 

sun 



Task № 1. 

Agree the adjectives with the nouns and translate the terms into English: 

1) animal, alis n (domesticus, a, um) 

2) femur, oris n (sinister, tra, trum) 

3) crus, cruris n (dexter, tra, trum) 

4) caput, itis n (longus, a, um) 

5) abdomen, inis n (acutus, a, um) 

6) symptoma, atis n (certus, a, um; incertus, a, um) 

7) corpus, oris n (adiposus, a, um) 

8) cor, cordis n (sanus, a, um) 

8

Task № 2. 


nervous system, chronic ulcer, arterial vessel, long net, fracture of the thigh, 

foramen of the skull, long muscle of the head, disease of the nervous system, left 

lobe of the liver, edema of the lung, blood vessel, lymphatic vessel. 

Task № 3. 

Form the clinical terms and translate into English: 

I. 

1) lapar- (-tomia, -scopia, -algia, -rrhagia); 

2) splanchn- (-logia, -ectomia, -scopia, -algia); 

3) hepat- (-megalia, -ectomia, -therapia). 

II. 

1) -mycosis (bronch-, stomat-, dermat-); 

2) -lysis (chondr-, neur-, hydr-, haemat-); 

3) -ptosis (gastr-, nephr-, proct-, enter-). 


Test № 1. 


1) ren, renis… ; 2) animal, alis… ; 3) rete, is… ; 4) calcar, aris… ; 5) splen, 

enis… ; 6) femur, oris… ; 7) phren, enis… ; 8) caput, it is… ; 9) systema, atis… ; 

10) cor, cordis… ; 11) pulmo, onis… ; 12) pes, pedis… 

9

neutrum. 

a) masculinum; b) femininum; c) 

Test № 2. 

Add the correct endings: 

1) ossa capit… homin… 

2) angina pector… 

3) corpus lingu… 

4) symptomat… morbi 

5) neoplasma benign… 

6) sulfur depurat… 

7) foramina nutriti… 

8) cavum abdomin… 

9) ulcus duoden… 

10) plasma sanguine… 


a) –a; b) –ae; c) –us; d) –is; e) –um; f) –i. 

Test № 3. 


1) splanchnoptosis a) extraction of the kidney 

2) splenomalacia b) examining of the body 

3) nephrectomia c) sinking down of the liver 

4) adenoma d) blood tumor 

5) somatoscopia e) bleeding of the kidney 

6) haematoma f) sinking down of the inner 

organs 

7) cephalalgia g) cutting of the abdomen 

10

8) nephrorrhagia h) headache 

9) hepatoptosis i) tumor of the gland 

10) laparotomia j) softening of the spleen 

Literature 

Basic. 





11










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 1 










The feminine gender endings. The exceptions. The 

vocabulary. The Greek-Latin equivalents of 

feminine gender. The stable combinations. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The feminine nouns of the 3-rd declension are often met in the anatomic 

terminology. The Greek-Latin equivalents and suffixes of the feminine nouns of 

the 3-rd declension, on the base of which many clinical terms are formed, are not 

less important and widely-used. 

The detailed learning of the feminine endings of the 3-rd declension with the typical 

endings of Gen. sing., the Greek-Latin equivalents and suffixes promotes the 

enrichment of the students' vocabulary, the consolidation of the habits of 

grammatically correct and well-considered use of medical terms. 


1. To know the typical endings of the feminine nouns of the 3-rd declension in 


2. To know the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender in the vocabulary form. 

3. To know the Greek-Latin equivalents of the feminine nouns of the 3-rd 

declension and word terminations. 

4. To know the most important suffixes of the feminine nouns of the 3-rd 


5. To know the stable combinations with the feminine nouns of the 3-rd 

declension. 

6. To know how to determine the gender and the stem type of the 3-rd 

declension feminine nouns. 

7. To know how to agree the 1-st group adjectives with the 3-rd declension 

feminine nouns and the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

8. To know how to translate the terms with the 3-rd declension feminine nouns 

and the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

9. To know how to form the clinical terms with the Greek-Latin equivalents of 

the feminine nouns of the 3-rd declension and the suffixes, to translate the 

terms from Latin into English and on the contrary. 

3


integration). 












Term 

1. Case. 


3. Stem. 



Definition 















4

1. What are the endings of feminine nouns of the 3-rd declension in Nom. 

sing. and Gen. sing.? 

2. What are the exceptions from the rule of feminine gender? 

3. What are the suffixes of feminine nouns and their meaning? Give 

examples. 

4. Name the Greek equivalents of the Latin 3-rd declension feminine nouns 

and word terminations. 

The practical works (tasks) which are done at the studies: 



1) Tuberositas deltoidea. 2) Radix pulmonis. 3) Extremitas claviculae. 4) 

Cartilago thyreoidea. 5) Basis cranii externa. 6) Pars petrosa. 7) Cutis sicca. 8) 

Articulatio composita. 9) Cavitas pelvis. 10) Operatio chirurgica. 11) Extractio 

dentium. 12) Transfusio sanguinis. 13) Cuspis dentis. 14) Radix duplex. 15) 

Injectio intravenosa. 16) Solutio spirituosa. 

2. Translate the terms into Latin, write down and learn the vocabulary form 

of the words: 

1) The venous blood, the arterial blood. 2) The optic axis. 3) The cartilages of 

the larynx. 4) The blood vessel, the lymphatic vessel. 5) The examination of a 

patient. 6) The middle phalanx. 7) The body of the atlas. 8) The healthy teeth. 

3. Agree the adjectives with the nouns: 

1) pars, partis f – part (tympanic, petrous, squamate); 2) margo, inis m – 

margin (interosseous, zygomatic, front); 3) canalis, is m – channel (optic, 

nutritional, incisive, pterygoid); 4) dens, dentis m – tooth (lactic, incisive, carious, 

deciduous); 5) auris, is f – ear (external, internal, middle). 

5

4. Analyse the terms, translate them into English: 

1) pododynia (podalgia); 2) myocardiodystrophia; 3) gastrorrhaphia; 4) 

cardiomyopathia; 5) hidrorrhoea; 6) stomatologus; 7) otorhinolaryngologus; 8) 

stenothorax; 9) pyelotomia; 10) uropoësis; 11) pneumolўsis; 12) angiocarditis; 13) 

gastrorrhexis; 14) desmolўsis; 15) anthropogen ěsis; 16) enterostenosis; 17) 

odontopoësis; 18) phlebosclerosis; 19) polyarthritis. 


The feminine nouns of the 3-rd declension have the endings of Nom. sing. 

and Gen. sing. shown in the table. 

Endings 

Examples 

Nom. sing. Gen. sing. 

-io 

-do 

-go 

-ōnis 

-ĭnis 

-ĭnis 

solutio, solutiōnis f – solution 

valetudo, valetudĭnis f – health 

cartilago, cartilagĭnis f – cartilage 

-as 

-ātis 

extremitas, extremitātis f – extremity 

-is 

-es 

parisyllabic 

-is 

-is 

naris, naris f – nostril 

fames, famis f – hunger 

-is 

(imparisyllabic) 

-idis 

-it-idis 

cuspis, cuspidis f – cusp 

gastritis, gastritidis f – gastritis 

-us 

-ūdis 

-ūtis 

incus, incūdis f – incus 

salus, salūtis f – health 

6

-s (with previous 

consonant) 

-tis 

frons, frontis f – forehead 

pars, partis f – part 

-ax 

-ix 

-ox 

-ux 

-nx 

-acis 

-īcis 

-ocis 

-ucis 

-ngis 

pax, pacis f – peace 

radix, radīcis f – root 

vox, vocis f – voice 

nux, nucis f – nut 

phalanx, phalangis f – phalanx, phalange 

The exceptions to the rule of feminine gender 

The nouns below are the exceptions to the rule of feminine gender, they 

belong to masculine or neuter genders. 

The masculine gender: 

atlas, antis m – atlas 

axis, is m – axis 

canalis, is m – channel 

pulvis, ĕris m – powder 

sanguis, inis m – blood 

dens, dentis m – tooth 

thorax, ācis m – thorax 

larynx, yngis m – larynx 

pharynx, yngis m – pharynx 

coccyx, ÿgis m – coccyx 

tendo, ĭnis m – tendon 

margo, ĭnis m – margin 

7

The neuter gender 

pancreas, ătis n – pancreas 

vas, vasis n – vessel 

The suffixes of the feminine nouns of the 3-rd declension 

-io – means some action or the action result, e. g.: injectio, onis f – injection; 

auscultatio, onis f – auscultation; 

-īt-is – points to the inflammation. The terms are formed by adding the suffix -it- 

(with the ending -is) to the stem of the noun naming some organ, e. g.: 

encephălon, i n – encephalitis, itĭdis f; 

pancreas, ătis n – pancreatitis, itĭdis f; 

gaster, tris f – gastritis, itĭdis f; 

-ōs-is – points to the disease without inflammation, e. g.: 

mycosis, is f – mycosis; 

stenosis, is f – stenosis; 

sclerosis, is f – sclerosis; 

-iās-is – also means the disease without inflammation, e. g.: 

cholelithiāsis, is f – cholelithiasis; 

elephantiāsis, is f – elephantiasis. 


of the 3-rd declension feminine nouns 


8


auris, is f 

cartilago, ĭnis f 

cutis, is f 

pelvis renalis 

arthrotchondrdermat-, 

dermpyel- 

joint, articulation 

ear 

cartilage 

skin 

calix (of the kidney) 

Exceptions 

dens, dentis m 

sanguis, ĭnis m 

tendo, ĭnis m 

vas, vasis n 

odonthaemat-, 

haemtenangi- 

tooth 

blood 

tendon 

vessel 

Word terminations 

– geněsis 

– lўsis 

– paresis 

– poësis 

– ptosis 

– rrhexis 

– sclerosis 

– stasis 

– stenosis 

– mycosis 

– necrosis 

origin, appearance 

disintegration, destruction, release from scars 

paresis, partial paralysis 

formation, secretion 

prolapse of an organ 

break 

induration, callosity 

stagnation 

narrowing 

fungoid disease 

necrosis, mortification 



9

Task № 1. 

Form Gen. sing. and determine the stem of the 3-rd declension feminine 

nouns: 

sectio, cavitas, cutis (parisyllabic), 

(parisyllabic), phalanx, incus, hirudo, mucilago. 

solutio, salus, radix, pars, basis 

Task № 2. 

Translate the terms into English, determine the noun gender by the adjective 

endings: 

hydrops cardiacus, margo mastoideus, pancreas accessorium, vas capillare, 

operatio chirurgica, canalis incisivus, articulatio composita, cutis sicca. 

Task № 3. 

Form the terms of the given terms-elements: 

I. 1) odont(o) – (-algia, -rrhagia, -ectomia, -necrosis, -genes, -lithus); 

2) angi(o) – (-spasmus, -sclerosis, -paresis, -pathia, -necrosis, -tomia). 

II. 1) -sclerosis (arthr-, angi-, chondr-, ten-, pyel-); 

2) -mycosis (haemat-, stomat-, enter-, bronch-, colp-). 

Task № 4. 

Analyze the terms, determine the suffix and its meaning: 

cardiosclerosis, encephalitis, leucocytosis, hepatitis, nephritis, acidosis, 

chondrosis, duodenitis, stomatitis, arthrosis. 


10

Test № 1. 


1) vas, vasis; 2) tuberositas, atis; 3) dens, dentis; 4) palpatio, onis; 5) tussis, 

is; 6) larynx, ngis; 7) pancreas, atis; 8) atlas, antis; 9) margo, inis; 10) bilis, is; 11) 

cartilago, inis; 12) phalanx, ngis. 

a) masculinum; b) femininum; c) 

neutrum. 

Test № 2. 

Agree the adjective with the noun: 

1) injection a) subcutaneus, b) subcutanea, c) subutaneum; 

2) vas a) lymphaticus, b) lymphatica, c) lymphaticum; 

3) sanguis a) venosus, b) venosa, c) venosum. 

Test № 3. 


1) odontogenesis a) inflammation of the skin 

2) arthrectomia b) disease of the joints 

3) tenorrhaphia c) spasm of the vessel 

4) dermatitis d) formation of the blood 

5) arthropathia e) destruction of the cartilage 

6) haematopoësis f) hardening of the bone 

7) otoscopium g) excision of the joint 

8) chondrolysis h) instrument for examining of 

the ear 

9) angiospasmus i) formation of the teeth 

10) osteosclerosis j) suture of the tendon 

11

Literature 

Basic. 





12










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module №1 










The peculiarities of declining of the Greek 

nouns ending in “sis” and Latin nouns like 

“febris” and others. The vocabulary. The stable 

combinations. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The terms derived from Greek are widely used in anatomic, pharmaceutical 

and clinical terminologies. The considerable part of these terms has the ending “sis” 

(basis, dosis, narcosis, necrosis etc.) To know the case endings, peculiarities of 

declining and agreement of adjectives with the Greek nouns ending in “sis” helps to 

the students to better master the structure of terms. 


To know: 

- the peculiarities of declining of the Greek nouns ending in “sis”; 

- the peculiarities of deelining of the Latin nouns febris, tussis, pertussis, 

pelvis, sitis. 

To know how: 

- to agree adjectives with the Greek nouns ending in “sis”; 

- to use the Greek nouns ending in “sis” in anatomic terminology and in 

prescription –writing; 

- to translate the terms from Latin into English and on the contrary. 












3



Term 

1. Case. 


3. Stem. 



Definition 















1) What are the peculiarities of declining of the Greek nouns ending in –sis? 

2) What Latin nouns are declined like the Greek nouns ending in –sis? 

3) What are the peculiarities of declining of the Greek nouns with the ending –ma 

in Nom. sing. and –atis in Gen. sing.? 

4) What are the peculiarities of declining of the noun vas, vasis n? 



1) The tropic fever 2) The best prognosis 3) The worst prognosis 4) The large 

and small pelvis 5) The deep narcosis 6) The cirrhosis of the liver 7) The chronic 

dry cough 8) The dry necrosis 

4


1) internal basis of the skull 2) diaphragm of the mouth 3) pubic symphysis 4) 

nervous system 5) emphysema of lungs 6) cutaneous edema. 



Graph № 1 

The feminine nouns of 

Greek origin ending in 

–sis 

The case endings 

Singularis 

Nom. -sis 

Gen. -is 

Dat. -i 

Acc. -im 

Abl. -i 

Pluralis 

Nom. -es 

Gen. -ium 

Dat. -ibus 

Acc. -es 

Abl. -ibus 

Graph № 2 

The pattern of declining 

dosis, is f (dose) 

Nom. 

dosis 

Singularis 

doses 

Pluralis 

5

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

dosis 

dosi 

dosim 

dosi 

dosium 

dosibus 

doses 

dosibus 

Some Latin nouns are declined like these nouns of Greek origin, e.g.: 

febris, is f – fever 

pelvis, is f – pelvis 

tussis, is f – cough 

pertussis, is f – whooping cough 

sitis, is f – thirst 

Graph № 2 

The neuter nouns of Greek origin ending in-ma 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

The pattern of declining 

trauma, atis n (trauma) 

Singularis Pluralis 

trauma traumata 

traumatis traumatum 

traumati traumatis 

trauma traumata 

traumatis traumatis 

Nom. 

Gen. 

The noun vas, vasis n (vessel) 

Singularis Pluralis 

vas 

vasa 

vasis 

vasorum 

Graph № 3 

6

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

vasi 

vas 

vase 

vasis 

vasa 

vasis 



Task № 1. 

Translate and decline the word combinations: 

average dose; lymphatic vessel; large edema 

Task № 2. 

Agree the adjectives with the nouns and translate the terms into English; 

1) dosis, is f (maximus, a, um; minimus, a, um; letalis, e; toxicus, a, um); 

2) tussis, is f (humidus, a, um; siccus, a, um; chronicus, a, um); 

3) prognosis, is f (bonus, a, um; malus, a, um; optimus, a, um). 

Task № 3. 

Translate the terms into English: 

diaphragma pelvis; basis cranii externa; anastomosis venosa; asthma 

bronchiale; necrosis hepatis toxica. 


Test № 1. 

Determine the case of the nouns: 

1) dosim; 2) basi; 3) tussis; 4) narcosi; 5) diagnoses; 6) pelvim; 7) prognosis; 

8) dosium; 9) phasis; 10) febres 

a) Nom.sing.; b) Nom.plur.; c) Gen.sing.; d) Gen.plur.; e) Acc.sing.; b) 

Dat.sing.; g) Abl.sing. 

Test № 2 

7

Find the correctly agreed terms: 

1) dosis media; 2) tussis ticcus; 3) rhizoma magna; 4) vas lymphaticus; 

5) prognosis bona; 6) basis externum; 7) pelvis major et minus; 8) diagnosis optima 

profundus; 10) vas sanguiferum. 

Literature 

Basic. 





8










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module №1 










The third declension adjectives. The vocabulary. The 

stable combinations. The agreement with the nouns of the 

1-st, 2-nd, 3-rd declensions. The vocabulary. The present 

participles. The vocabulary. The use in the anatomic 

terminology. The degrees of comparison of adjectives in 

the medical terminology. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The most of medical terms are the agreed attributes by their syntactical 

structure. Mastering of the grammatical categories of adjectives and present 

participles, the degrees of comparison of adjectives, the lexical minimum allows to 

develop and consolidate the practical habits of construction and translation of 

medical terms. 


1. To know the division of the 3-rd declension adjectives into 3 subgroups 

depending on the number of gender endings. 

2. To know the peculiarities of declining of the 2-nd group adjectives. 

3. To know the rule of finding the stem of adjectives. 

4. To know the rule of forming the present participles. 

5. To know how to decline the 2-nd group adjectives. 

6. To know how to agree the 3-rd declension adjectives with the nouns of the 1- 

st, 2-nd and 3-rd declensions. 

7. To know how to form the comparative and superlative degrees of 

comparison. 

8. To know how to form two- and many-word anatomic terms on the base of 

new lexical material. 








the determination of the adjective stem, 

the degrees of comparison of adjectives. 

3




Term 

Definition 


2. Stem 

3. Present participle 

4. Comparison of 

adjectives 


and number. 



Formed by adding the ending –ns to the stems of the 

1-st and 2-nd conjugation verbs and the ending –ens 

to the stems of the 3-rd and 4-th conjugation verbs. 

The positive degree (gradus positivus), the 

comparative degree (gradus comparativus), the 

superlative degree (gradus superlativus). 


1. How many groups of adjectives are there in Latin? 

2. What adjectives belong to the 2-nd group? 

3. How is the stem of adjectives determined? 

4. How are the 3-rd declension adjectives declined? 

5. How are the present participles formed? 

6. How are the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives formed? 



1) Musculus biceps femoris. 2) Arteriae nasales posteriores laterales. 3) 

Canalis centralis medullae spinalis. 4) Arteriae gastricae breves. 5) Systema 

4

nervosum centrale. 6) Pars basilaris ossis ethmoidalis. 7) Ligamentum teres femoris. 

8) Venae pulmonales sinistrse. 9) Morbus insanabilis. 10) Injectio intramuscularis. 


1) Oval foramen. 2) Clavicular incisure of the chest bone. 3) Capillary vessel. 

4) Bronchial asthma. 5) The basic part of the occipital bone. 6) The facial nerve. 

7) The soft ulcer. 8) The frontal region. 9) The nasal bone. 10) The alveolar 

channel. 


The structurological plan. 

Graph № 1 

The 3-rd declension adjectives 

3 gender endings 

m f n 

-er -is -e 

celer, eris, ere 

acer, acris, acre 

saluber, bris, bre 

2 gender endings 

m f n 

-is -e 

frontalis, e 

dentalis, e 

articularis, e 

1 endings for all genders 

m f n 

Nom. sing. Gen. sing. 

par, paris 

recens, ntis 

Graph № 2 

The case endings of the 3-rd declension 

adjectives (the vowel type) 

5

Singularis 

Nom. different 

Gen. 

–is 

Dat. –i 

Acc em (m f) Nom (n) 

Pluralis 

Nom. –es (m, f) –ia (n) 

Gen –ium 

Dat. –ibus 

Acc es (m f) ia (n) 

Graph № 3 

The agreement of the 3-rd declension adjectives with the 1-st, 2-nd and 3-rd 


Pattern 1 

aqua, ae f 

remedium, i n 


aër, aëris m 

Pattern 2 

os, ossis n 

crista, ae f 

sacralis, e 

musculus, i m 

Pattern 3 

tinctura, ae f 

6

sirupus, i m 

simplex, icis 

pulvis, eris m 

Graph № 4 

The Present partisiples 

The 1-st and 2-nd conjugation 

werbs 

The 3-rd and 4-th conjugation 

werbs 

the Present stem 

the ending -ns 

the ending -ens 

Gen. sing. -ntis 

Graph № 5 

The formation of the comparative degree of adjectives 

7

E. g. Positivus Stem Comparativus 

long 

longus, a um 

long- 

longior (m, f), longius (n) 

red 


rubr- 

rubrior (m, f), rubrius (n) 

healthy 


salubr- 

salubrior (m, f), salubrius (n) 

short 

brevis, e 

brev- 

brevior (m, f), brevius (n) 

simple 

simplex, icis 

simplic- 

simplicior (m, f), simplicius (n) 

Graph № 6 

The formation of the superlative degree of adjectives 

E. g. Positivus Stem Superlativus 

long 

longus, a um 

long- 

longissimus, a, um 

short 

brevis, e 

brev- 

brevissimus, a, um 

simple 

simplex, icis 

simplic- 

simplissimus, a, um 

red 


rubr- 

ruberrimus, a, um 

healthy 


salubr- 

saluberrimus, a, um 

similar 

similis, e 

simil- 

simillimus, a, um 

dissimilar 

dissimilis, e 

dissimil- 

disimillimus, a, um 

facile 

facilis, e 

facil- 

facillimus, a, um 

difficult 

difficilis, e 

difficil- 

difficillimus, a, um 

graceful 

gracilis, e 

gracil- 

gracillimus, a, um 

humil 

humilis, e 

humil- 

humillimus, a, um 

8

Graph № 7 

Irregular comparisons 

Positivus Comparativus Superlativus 

bonus, a, um (good) 

malus, a, um (bad) 

magnus, a, um (big) 

parvus, a, um (small) 

multus, a, um (many) 

melior, ius (better) 

peior, ius (worse) 

maior, ius (bigger) 

minor, us (smaller) 

plus, pluris (more) 

optimus, a, um (the best) 

pessimus, a, um (the worst) 

maximus, a, um (the biggest) 

minimus, a, um (the smallest) 

plurimus, a, um (the most) 



Task № 1. 

Form the comparative and superlative degrees of the adjectives: 

1) latus, a, um (wide); 2) dulcis, e (sweet); 3) celer, ĕris, ĕre (fast); 4) liber, 

era, erum (free); 5) utilus, e (useful); 6) niger, gra, grum (black); 7) sapiens, ntis 

(clever); 8) mollis, e (soft); 9) longus, a, um (long); 10) recens, ntis (fresh), 

Task № 2. 

Agree the 3-rd declension adjectives with the 1-st, 2-nd and 3-rd declension 

nouns, translate the terms: 

1) sacralis, e (foramen, canal, crest); 

9

2) recens, ntis (milk, air, flower, decoction); 

3) renalis, e (vein, pelvis); 

4) centralis, e (artery, sulcus, vessel); 

5) abdominalis, e (cavity, aorta, region); 

6) saluber, bris, bre (ointment, juice, air, plant); 

7) lacrimalis, e (incisure, bone, part). 


Test № 1. 

Determine the group of the adjectives: 

1) sacralis, e; 2) recens, ntis; 3) acutus, a, um; 4) latus, a, um; 5) niger, gra, 

grum; 6) alveolaris, e; 7) saluber, bris, bre; 8) lateralis, e; 9) simplex, icis; 10) acer, 

acris, acre; 11) dentalis, e; 12) asper, era, erum. 

a) 1-st group; b) 2-nd group. 

Test № 2. 

Choose the correct variant of agreement: 

1) cartilago, inis f 

2) processus, us m a) articularis 

3) discus, i m 

4) facies, ei f b) articulare 

5) concha, ae f 

6) ligamentum, i n 

Test № 3 

Find the correctly agreed terms: 

10

1) foramen sacralis; 2) articulatio simplicis; 3) sulcus lacrimale; 4) ossa 

frontalia; 5) exitus letalis; 6) sinus renale; 7) herba saluber; 8) aёr recentis; 9) arteria 

centralis; 10) arcus dentale. 

Test № 4 

Find the corresponding translation of the Latin terms: 

1. Ramus perforans a) permanent teeth 

2. Costae fluctuantes b) corrective remedy 

3. Dentes permanentes c) returning typhus 

4. Pulvis laxans d) afferent vessels 

5. Aorta descendens e) perforating branch 

6. Remedium corrigens f) adjuvant remedy 

7. Typhus recurrents g) floating ribs 

8. Nervus perforans h) descending aorta 

9. Remedium adjuvans i) laxative powder 

10. Vasa afferentia j) perforating nerve 

Literature 

Basic. 





11










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module №1 










The learning of the fourth and fifth 

declension nouns. The exceptions. The 

vocabulary. The stable combinations. The current 

test control of the module. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The great number of medical terms are the 4 th and 5 th declension nouns 

(sinus, processus, genu, abscessus, facies, caries, species etc.) Mastering of the 

lexical minimum. case endings, the most important exceptions to the rules of gender 

promotes the replenishment of the vocabulary, broadens the grammatical habits of 

students. 


1. To know the typical signs of the 4 th and 5 th declension nouns and the most 

important exceptions to the rules of gender. 

2. To know how to decline the 4 th and 5 th declension nouns. 

3. To know how to agree the adjectives of the 1 st and 2 nd groups with the 4 th 

and 5 th declension nouns. 

4. To know how to form two- and many-word medical terms on the base of 

new lexical material. 


contrary. 












3



Term 

Definition 

1. Case. 


3. Stem. 











1) What nouns belong to the 4 th declension? Give examples. 

2) Name the case endings of the 4 th declension nouns. 

3) Name the exceptions to the rule of gender of the 4 th declension nouns. 

4) What nouns belong to the 5 th declension? Give examples. 

5) Name the case endings of the 5 th declension nouns. 



1) plexus venosus foraminis ovalis; 

2) genu dextrum and sinistrum; 

3) habitus bonus aegroti; 

4) articulatio genus; 

5) dies criticus morbi; 

6) cornu anterius et posterius; 

7) facies Hippocratica; 

4

8) facies articularis; 

9) caries dentium; 

10) usus internus. 


Arch of the aorta; 2) dislocation of the knee; 3) the acute period of the insult; 

4) the left hepatic duct; 5) cartilage of the acoustic meatus; 6) fingers of the right 

hand; 7) palmar venous arch; 8) the present state of the patient; 9) internal use, 

external use; 10) frontal sinus. 



Graph № 1. 

Declension 4 

Typical signs Case endings Examples 

Nom.sing. 

-us (m) 

-u (n) 

Singularis 

m n 

Nom. –us -u 

Gen. –us -us 

Dat. –ui -u 

Acc. – um -u 

Abl. –u -u 

arcus, us m 

processus, us m 

genu, us n 

cornu, us n 

Gen. sing. 

Pluralis 

Exceptions 

-us (m, n) 

m 

n 

manus, us f 

5

Nom. –us -ua 

Gen. –uum -uum 

Dat. –ibus –ibus 

Acc. –us -ua 

Abl. –ibus -ibus 

acus, us f 

quercus, us f 

pinus, us f 

Casus 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

Graph № 2. 

The pattern of declining of the 4 th declension nouns 

sinus, us m – sinus genu, us n - knee 

sin- -stem gen- -stem 

Singularis 

Pluralis 

m 

n m n 

sinus genu sinus genua 

sinus genus sinuum genuum 

sinui genu sinibus genibus 

sinum genu sinus genua 

sinu genu sinibus genibus 

Graph № 3. 

The pattern of agreement of the adjectives of the 1 st and 2 nd groups 

with the 4 th declension nouns. 

1) sinus, us m –sinus frontalis, e -frontal 

signoideus, a, um – sigmoid 

sacralis, e – sacral 

2) cornu, us n – horn coccygeus, a, um – coccygeal 

sacralis, e – sacral 

3) manus, us f – hand dexter, tra, trum – right 

sinister, tra, trum – left 

6

suffix 

-t -us 

-s -us 

-x -us 

Graph № 4 

The suffixes of the 4 th declension nouns 

Examples 

ductus, us m – (from duco, duxi, ductum, ere – to lead, to conduct) 

visus, us m – sight (from video, vidi, visum, ere – to look) 

plexus, us m – 

Declinatio 5 

Graph № 5 

Typical signs Case endings Examples 

Nom.sing. 

-es (f) 

Gen.sing. 

-ei 

Sing. Plur. 

Nom. –es -es 

Gen. – ei -erum 

Dat. – ei -ebus 

Acc. – em -es 

Abl. –e -ebus 

caries, ei f 

facies, ei f 

rabies, ei f 

scabies, ei f 

Exceptions 

meridies, ei m – south 

dies, ei m – day 

(in medical 

terminology) 

Casus 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Graph № 6 

The pattern of declining of the 5 th declension nouns 

facies, ei f – surfacc (stem faci); dies, ei m – day (stem di- 

Singularis 

Pluralis 

facies dies facies dies 

faciei diei facierum dierum 

7

Dat. 

faciei 

diei 

faciebus 

diebus 

Acc. 

faciem 

diem 

facies 

dies 

Abl. 

facie 

die 

facebus 

diebus 

Graph № 7 

The agreement of adjectives with the 5 th declension nouns 

1) facies, ei f – surface internus, a, um – internal 

dorsalis, e – dorsal 

2) caries, ei f – caries chronicus, a, um – chronic 

complicates, a, um – complicated 

3) dies, ei m – day criticus, a, um – critical 



Task № 1. 

Decline the terms: 

1) arcus zygomaticus (zygomatic arch) 

2) cornu sacrale (sacral horn) 

3) caries profunda (deep caries) 

4) manus dextra (right hand) 

Task № 2 

Agree the adjectives with the 4 th and 5 th declension nouns: 

1) cornu, us n – horn 

2) arcus, us m – arch 

3) plexus, us m – plexus 

coccygeus, a, um – cocygeal 

dentalis, e – dental 

cervicalis, e – cervical 

8

4) dies, ei m – day 

criticus, a, um - critical 

5) facies, ei f – surface 

anterior, ius – anterior 

6) caries, ei f – caries 

profundus, a, um – deep 

7) visus, us m – sight 

bonus, a, um – good 

8) processus, us m – process spinosus, a, um – spinous 

9) sinus, us m – sinus 

frontalis, e – frontal 

10)exitus, us m – exit 

letalis, e – lethal 

Task № 3 

Put the terms in Gen.sing. and Nom.plur. 

1) spiritus aethylicus – ethylic spirit 

2) manus sinistra – left hand 

3) cornu coccygeum – coccygeal horn 

4) genu dextrum – right knee 

5) sinus sigmoideus – sigmoid sinus 


Test № 1. 


1) processus, us . . .; 2) facies, ei . . .; 3) arcus, us . . .; 4) Quercus, us . . .; 5) 

meridies, ei . . .; 6) scabies, ei . . .; 7) pulsus, us . . .; 8) caries, ei . . .; 9) 

abscessus, us . . .; 10) manus, us . . .; 11) exitus, us . . .; 12) genu, us . . .; 13) 

habitus, us . . .; 14) cornu, us . . .; 15) sinus, us . . 


a) masculinum; b) femininum; c) neutrum 

Test № 2 

Determine the case of the nouns: 

1) ductuum; 2) genua; 3) spiritus; 4) cornua; 5) cariei; 6) diem; 7) rerum; 8) 

processus; 9) Quercus; 10) genus 

9


a) Nom.sing; b) Nom.plur; c) Gen.sing; d) Gen.plur; e) Acc.sing.; 

f) Acc.plur. 

Test № 3 

Find the terms agreed in a wrong way: 

a) cornu anterius et posterius; 

b) manus dextra; 

c) habitus bonum; 

d) sinus frontalis; 

e) cornu coccygeus; 

f) caries chronicus; 

g) genu dexter et sinister; 

h) spiritus aethylicus; 

i) plexus venosis; 

j) exitus letale; 

k) usus internus; 

l) facies Hippocratica 

Test № 4 

Choose the corresponding variant of translation of the Latin terms: 

1) arcus costalis 

a) Hippocrate’s face 

2) cornu dextrum et sinistrum b) alveolar process 

3) plexus nervosus 

c) bones of the face 

4) processus alveolaris 

d) caries of the tooth 

5) abscessus linguae 

e) sigmoid sinus 

6) sinus sigmoideus 

f) abscess of the tongue 

7) facies Hippocratica 

g) critical day 

8) ossa faciei 

h) right and left horn 

9) caries dentis 

i) costal arch 

10)dies criticus 

j) nervous plexus 

10

Literature 

Basic. 





11










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 1 







1. Phonetics and the structure of anatomic and 

histological terms. 

2. The system learning of the nouns and adjectives 



3. The system learning of the 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th 


degrees of comparison of adjectives. 

The summary module control. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2



terminology” includes the free reading of the Latin text, using of the alphabet in the 

work with the dictionary, the correct writing of the sounds of the Latin alphabet; the 

practical use of the Greek letter combinations in the words derived from Greek; free 

mastering of the lexical material, the skill to classify the words by cases with the 

purpose of correct writing of endings, free making up of anatomic and histological 

terms on the base of the acquired grammatical knowledge. The actuality of the topic 

“The summary test of the 1-st term” is in the checking of the quality of the 

knowledge, skills and habits acquired by students. 


1. To know the Latin alphabet, the classification of vowels and consonants, 

diphthongs, letter combinations, long and short syllables, the rules of stress. 

2. To know the grammatical categories of the noun, the rules of writing nouns in 


nouns. 

3. To know the grammatical categories of the adjectives, division into groups, 

gender endings, the rule of finding the stem, the rules of forming the degrees 

of comparison of adjectives. 

4. To know the rules of constructing and the ways of translation of the 



5. To know the typical signs of the nouns of all declensions, the paradigm, the 

peculiarities of the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

6. To know the Greek-Latin equivalents of the nouns of all declensions, the 1-st 

and 2-nd group adjectives, the word terminations. 

7. To know how to determine the stem, gender and declension of nouns and 

adjectives, to write them in the vocabulary form. 

3

8. To know how to agree adjectives with nouns, to form two- and many-word 

anatomic terms. 


contrary. 

10. To know how to form the clinical terms of separate terms-elements, to 

translate them from Latin into English and on the contrary. 




English language 







monophthongs. 



syllable, which is called “stress”. 





in the construction of terms. The 

grammatical categories of an adjective, 


determination of the adjective stem, the 

rules of forming the degrees of 

comparison of adjectives, the formation 

of the past and present participles. 

4




Term 

Alphabet 

Diphthong 

Phoneme 

Phonetics 

Stress 

Penult 

Antepenult 

Term 

Gender 

Number 

Case 

Declension 

Stem 

Definition 


order. 







language. 


words. 










plural. 




5









and number. 


1. Name the rules of pronunciation of vowels and consonants, diphthongs, letter 

combinations. 

2. Name the rules of stress, long and short syllables. 

3. Name the grammatical categories of the noun, the rules of writing nouns in 


nouns. 

4. Name the grammatical categories of the adjectives, division into groups, 

gender endings, the rule of finding the stem, the rules of forming the degrees 

of comparison of adjectives. 

5. Name the rules of constructing and the ways of translation of the 



6. Name the typical signs of the nouns of all declensions, the paradigm, the 

peculiarities of the nouns – exceptions to the rule of gender. 

7. Name the prepositions used with Acc. and Abl., the peculiarities of using the 

prepositions in and sub. Give the example. 

8. Name the morphological signs of the 1-st and 2-nd group adjectives, the past 

and present participles, the rules of writing them in the vocabulary form. 

9. Name the Greek-Latin equivalents of the nouns of all declensions, the 1-st and 

2-nd group adjectives, the word terminations. 

6


Test tasks for module control on the discipline “Latin language and medical 

terminology” 

(Module 1. Phonetic, lexical and grammatical provision of the studying of the 

topic “The structure of anatomic and histological terms”) 

Task 1 (8 points). 

Choose the right pronunciation variant of the consonant c: 

1) acidum; 2) cervicalis; 3) cranium; 4) clavicula; 5) occiput; 6) cyanosis; 7) 

caecus; 8) pancreas. 

Variants of answers: a) [ ts ] 

b) [ k ] 

c) [ ts ], [ k ] 

d) [ k ], [ ts ] 


Choose the right pronunciation variant of the consonant s: 

1) fissura; 2) extensor; 3) nasalis; 4) accessorius; 5) incisura; 6) dorsalis; 7) 

usus; 8) transfusio. 

Variants of answers: a) [ s ] 

b) [ z ] 


Determine what syllable is stressed: 

1) palpebra; 2) dentatus; 3) felleus; 4) pilula; 5) fibrosus; 6) Belladonna;7) 

tibia; 8) fissura; 9) frigidus; 10) decoctum. 

Variants of answers: a) penult 

b) antepenult 

7


The declension of nouns is determined by the ending of: 

a) Nom. sing.; 

b) Gen. sing.; 

c) Nom. plur.; 

d) Gen. plur. 


The gender of nouns is determined by the ending of: 




d) Gen. plur. 


The stem of a noun is found by dropping the ending of: 




d) Gen. plur. 


Latin adjectives are divided info: 

a) 2 groups; 

b) 3 groups; 

c) 4 groups; 

d) are not divided into groups. 


8

Determine the declension of the nouns: 

1) abscessus, us m; 2) haema, atis n; 3) scabies, ei f; 4) sulcus, i m; 5) 

apertura, ae f; 6) canalis, is m; 7) diameter, tri f; 8) corpus, oris n. 

a) I b) II c) III d) IV e) V 



1) cornu, us … ; 2) facies, ei … ; 

3) dens, dentis … ; 4) caput, itis … ; 

5) ductus, us … ; 6) os, ossis … ; 

7) struma, ae … ; 8) musculus, i … 



Choose the second part of the term according to the meaning: 

1) pelvis … ; 2) cornu … ; 3) periodus … ; 4) tuberculum … ; 5) facies … ; 

6) columna …; 

7) processus … ; 8) pars … . 


a) pharyngeus, a, um 

b) major, ius 

c) spinosus, a, um 

d) criticus, a, um 

e) basilaris, e 

f) vertebralis, e 

g) coccygeus, a, um 

h) articularis, e 


Determine the gender of the adjectives: 

9

1) ovalis; 2) simplex; 3) sinistrum; 4) lata; 5) zygomaticus; 6) superior; 7) 

dexter; 8) frontale. 




1) os 

2) incisura a) lacrimalis 

3) canalis b) lacrimale 

4) sacculus 


Choose the numbers of the rightly agreed terms: 

1) os brevis; 2) foramen ovale; 3) ligamentum latus; 4) facies interna; 5) 

articulatio simplex; 6) musculus profundum; 7) cornu coccygeum; 8) 

incisura claviculare. 

Literature 

Basic. 





10










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module №2 




Lexical and syntactical provision of the 

studying of the topic “Principles of prescriptionwriting”. 

Lexical provision of the studying of 

clinical terminology 

Lexical provision of the studying of the 

topic “Principles of prescription-writing” 

The verb: the verb categories. The 

imperative mood. The indicative mood of the 

present tense, active and passive voices. The 

subjunctive mood in the prescription – writing: the 

verb fio, fiĕri. Attention to the translation of the 

third person singular and plural of the passive 

voice. The stable prescription combinations. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The verb takes the important place in the system of medical terms. 

It is impossible to translate elementary sentences, to write and translate prescription 

without mastering the personal endings of active and passive voices, the principles 

of forming the imperative and subjunctive moods of verbs, the peculiarities of 

translation etc. 


1. To know the basic categories of the verb. 

2. To know the basic ending of the active and passive voices. 

3. To know the peculiarities of the forming of Praesens indicativi activi et 

passivi. 

4. To know the rules of the forming of the 2 nd person singular and plural of the 

imperative mood. 

5. To know the rules of the forming of the subjunctive mood. 

6. To know how to find the stem and to determine the conjugation of verbs. 

7. To know how to form Singular and Plural imperative of verbs. 

8. To know how to form Praesens inducativi activi et passivi of verbs. 

9. To know how to translate the verb forms from Latin into English. 

10. To know how to use the verbs in the prescription forms. 





Russian language and English language 

The grammatical categories of a verb, 

3

the description of conjugations, the 

determination of the verb stem, the 





Term 

Definition 

1. Person 

2. Number 

3. Tense 

4. Mood 

5. Voice 

6. Conjugation 

Who is the subject, i. e., who performs the action, 

from the speaker’s point of view. 

How many subjects, singular or plural. 

The time of action; Latin has six tenses. 

The manner of indicating the action or state of being 

of the verb; like English, Latin has the indicative 

(which “indicates” facts), the imperative (which 

orders actions), and the subjunctive (which describes, 

in particular, hypothetical or potential actions). 

An indication, with transitive verbs (those that can 

take direct objects), of whether the subject performs 

the action (the active voice) or receives it (passive). 

Latin verbs are divided into four conjugations. 


1. List five characteristics of Latin verbs. Characterize each of them. 

2. How many conjugations are Latin verbs divided into? 

3. How is the conjugation determined? 

4

4. In what forms are Latin verbs written down into the vocabulary? 

5. What are the personal endings for the active voice? 

6. What are the personal endings for the passive voice? 

7. In what way are the personal endings added to the verb stems? 

8. How is the singular imperative formed? 

9. How is the plural imperative formed? 


1. Determine the conjugation of the verbs: videre (to see); agitare (to shake 

up); scire (to know); dividere (to divide); tegere (to cover); curare (to 

treat); docere (to teach); repetere (to repeat); miscere (to mix); solvere 

(to dissolve). 

2. Find the stem of the verbs given in the task 1. 

3. Form Singular and Plural imperative of the verbs: 

agitare (to shake up) discere (to learn) 

vertere (to turn over) nutrire (to feed) 

addere (to add) 

docere (to teach) 

4. Translate into English: 

1. Solve tabulettam in aqua. 

2. Misce. Da. Signa. 

3. Da in tabulettis. 

4. Praepara tincturam. 

5. Studete linguam Latinam bene (well)! 

5. Translate into Latin: 

2. Be healthy. 

3. Sterilize the mixture. 

4. Give in gelatinous capsules. 

5. Prepare and divide the mass of the pills. 

6. Don`t injure! 

5


The structurological plan of the topic’s contents: 

Graph № 1. 

The verb (verbum) 

The verb categories 

Person 

Number 

Tense 

Mood 

Voice 

(persona) 

(numerus) 

(tempus) 

(modus) 

(vox) 

persona prima 

Singularis 

6 tenses 

Indicative 

Active 

(1 st person) 

Pluralis 

(only 

Imperative 

Passive 

persona 

Praesens is 

Subjunctive 

secunda 

learned) 

(2 nd person) 

persona tertia 

(3 rd person) 

Graph № 2. 

Conjugations 

The infinitive The stem The stem ending Conjugation 

signare – to designare 

studere – to study 

dividere – to divide 

diluere – to dissolve 

audire – to listen 

signa - 

stude - 

divid – 

dilu – 

audi – 

-a- 

-ethe 

consonant, 

rarely –u- 

-i- 

I 

II 

III 

IV 

6

N. B. To find the present stem, it is necessary to drop the –re from the 

infinitives of the 1 st , 2 nd and 4-th conjugations, and the -ere from the infinitives of 

the 3 rd conjugation. 

Graph № 3. 

The vocabulary form of verbs 

The 1 st person 

The 1 st person 

The supine (the 

The present active 

sing., 

present 

sing., past perfect 

verbal noun) 

infinitive 

active, 

indicative 

-i 

-um 

-re 

mood 

-o 

do 

dedi 

datum 

dare 

misceo 

miscui 

mextum 

miscere 

divido 

divisi 

divisum 

dividere 

constituo 

constitui 

constitutum 

constituere 

recipio 

recipi 

receptum 

recipere 

nutrio 

nutrivi 

nutritum 

nutrere 

forms. 

N. B. For medical students it is enough to know the first and the fourth verb 

Graph № 4. 

Imperative mood 

The singular imperative 

The plural imperative 

infinitive – -re te - I, II, IV 

conjugations 

Stem + 

ite - III 

conjugation 

7

Conjungation Infinitive Stem Singularis 

imperative 

Plural 

imperative 

first dare – to give da- da da-te 

second miscere – to mix misce- misce misce-te 

third dividere – to divide divid- divide divid-ite 

fourth audire – to listen audi- audi audi-te 

Graph № 5. 

The personal endings of the present indicative active and passive 

Person Active Passive 

Sing Plur Sing Plur 

1 st person 

2 nd person 

3 rd person 

-o 

-s 

-t 

-mus 

-tis 

-nt 

-or 

-ris 

-tur 

-mur 

-mini 

-ntur 

N. B. The personal endings are added to the present stem. 

Graph № 6. 

The verbs in prescription 

Infinitive Conjugation Imperative mood Subjunctive mood 

Recipere 

(to take) 

Miscere 

(to mix) 

Dare 

(to give) 

III 

II 

I 

Recipe (take) 

Misce (mix) 

Da (give) 

––– 

Misceatur/misceantur 

(let it be mixed let them 

be mixed) 

Detur (let it be given) 

Dentur (let them be 

given) 

8

Signare 

I 

Signa (mark) 

(to mark) 

Signetur (let it be 

Sterilisare 

I 

Sterilisa (sterilize) 

marked) 

(to sterilize) 

Solvere 

III 

Solve (solve) 

Sterilisetur (let it be 

(to solve) 

sterilized) 

Solvetur (let it be 

Repetere 

III 

Repete (repeat) 

solved); Solventur (let 

(to repeat) 

them be solved) 

Repetatur (let it be 

Formare 

I 

Forma (form) 

repeated) 

(to form) 

Vertere 

III 

Verte (turn) 

Formetur (let it be 

(to turn) 

formed) Formentur (let 

them be formed) 

Fieri 

irregular verb 

––– 

––– 

(to be made, to be 

formed) 

Fiat/Fiant (let there be 

made) 



1. Do ex. 1, p. 43 (the manual) 

2. Ex. 3, p. 43 

3. Translate the sentences into English: ex. 2, p. 43 

4. Learn the Latin sayings and aphorisms: p. 44. 

9


Test № 1. 

Determine the conjugation of the verbs: 

1) filtrare; 2) audire; 3) dividere; 4) nocere; 5) tegere; 6) formare; 7) habere; 8) 

nutrire; 9) sumere; 10) vertere; 11) vocare; 12) repetere; 13) miscere; 14) 

terere; 15) distinguere. 


a) I; b) II; c) III; d) IV. 

Test № 2 

Form the plural imperative of the verbs using the right ending: 

1) palpare; 2) munire; 3) recipere; 4) sterilisare; 5) miscere; 6) dividere; 7) 

auscultare; 8) nutrire; 9) vertere; 10) solvere; 11) dare; 12) repetere; 13) 

signare; 14) formare; 15) nocere. 


a) –te; b) –ite. 

Literature 

Basic. 





10










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module №2 










The chemical nomenclature. The names of 

elements, salts, oxides, esters. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


Chemical nomenclature is a classified system of the names of chemical 

elements and their compounds which are used as medicinal substances. Neither a 

formula nor the symbol of a chemical element but its Latin name is given in 

prescriptions. 

The peculiarities of using the names of chemical compounds in prescriptions 

are the important aspect of the topic, that’s why it is necessary to know how Gen. 

sing. of this compounds is formed. So it is important to know the Latin names of 

chemical elements, the ways of the forming of the names of acids, oxides, salts, 

esters and to know how to use them in prescriptions. 


1. To know what the chemical nomenclature is. 

2. To know what Latin names of chemical elements are. 

3. To know the kinds of acids, the way of the forming of Latin names of acids. 

4. To know the kinds of oxides, the way of the forming of Latin names of 

oxides. 

5. To know the kinds of salts, the way of the forming of Latin names of salts. 

6. To know how to translate the names of chemical compounds from Latin into 





School course of chemistry 


The Latin names of chemical elements, 

the structure of acids, oxides, salts and 

esters. 


3



Term 

Definition 

1. Chemical nomenclature 

2. Chemical element 

3. Acid 

4. Oxide 

5. Salt 

6. Ester 

A classified system of the names of chemical 

elements and compounds which are used as 

medicinal substances. 

The second declension neuter noun having the 

ending –um in Nom. sing. 

A chemical compound having a sour taste. 

Combination of elements of an average degree of 

oxidation with oxygen. 

Compound substance, combination of alkali and acid 

in one. 

Organic combination containing oxygen. 


1. What does chemical nomenclature include? 

2. What are the names of chemical elements? 

3. How are the names of acids formed? 

4. How are the names of oxides formed? 

5. How are the names of salts formed? 


1. Translate into English, put in Gen. sing.: 

Acidum chloricum, Acidum nitricum, Acidum nitrōsum, Acidum 

acetylsalicylicum, Acidum hydrosulfuricum, Zinci oxydum, Magnesii peroxydum, 

4

Ferri oxydum, Papaverini hydrochloridum, Natrii iodidum, Argenti nitras, Natrii 

salicylas, Natrii hydrocarbonas, Calcii phosphas, Bismuthi subnitras, Natrii nitris, 

Sulfacylum-natrium, Norsulfazolum-natrium, Thiopentalum-natrium, Adrenalini 

hydrotartras, Oxacillinum-natrium, Kalii sulfis, Kalii chloridum. 

2. Translate into Latin: 

Boric acid, salicylic acid, sulphureous acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, acetic 

acid, atropin sulphate, codeine phosphate, ephedrine hydrochloride, magnesium 

peroxide, sodium sulphite, sodium nitrite, ammonium bromide, potassium iodide, 

aluminium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, thiopentalum-sodium, sulphacylumsodium, 

sodium hydrocarbonate. 


Chemical nomenclature is a classified system of the names of chemical 

elements and their compounds which are used as medicinal substances. Neither a 

formula nor the symbol of a chemical element but its Latin name is given in 

prescriptions. 

The names of chemical elements 

The names of chemical elements are the neuter nouns of the 2-nd declension 

ending in -um. E. g.: Kalium, i n – potassium; Oxygenium, i n – oxygen; Zincum, i 

n – zinc. 

There are two exceptions: Sulfur, ǔris n – sulphur; Phosphorus, i m – 

phosphorus. 

The names of acids 

The names of acids consist of the noun acidum, i n and the agreed adjective 

characterizing the degree of oxidation. 

5

1. The names of the acids with high degree of oxidation are made up with the 

suffix -ic-um. E .g.: acidum salicylicum – salicylic acid; acidum sulfuricum – 

sulphuric acid. 

2. The names of the acids with low degree of oxidation are made up with the 

suffix -os-um. E.g.: acidum sulfurosum – sulphureous acid; acidum nitrosum – 

nitrous acid. 

3. The names of oxygenless acids are formed with the help of the prefix 

hydro – and the suffix -ic-um. E.g.: acidum hydrochloricum – hydrochloric acid; 

acidum hydrosulfuricum – hydrosulphuric acid. 

The names of oxides 

The names of oxides (oxydum, i n), peroxides (peroxydum, i n) and 

hydroxides (hydroxydum, i n) consist of two nouns: in the first place the name of 

cation is put (a neuter noun of the 2-nd declension in Genetivus), in the second 

place the name of anion is put (a neuter noun of the 2-nd declension in 

Nominativus). E.g.: Zinci oxydum – zinc oxide; Hydrogenii peroxydum – hydrogen 

peroxide; Calcii hydroxydum – calcium hydroxide. 

The names of salts 

The names of salts consist of the name of cation in Gen. sing. and the name 

of anion in Nom. sing. Both cation and anion are nouns. 

Salts Examples Prefixes or suffixes 

in 

the names of anions 

1. With larger 

Natrii sulfas 

-as 

content of oxygen 

(sodium sulphate) (Gen. sing. -atis) 

2. With smaller 

Natrii sulfis 

-is 

content of oxygen 

(sodium sulphite) (Gen. sing. -itis) 

6

3. Salts of 

oxygenless acids 

4. Salts of 

oxygenless acids with 

organic base 

Natrii bromidum 

(sodium bromide) 

Morphini 

hydrochloridum 

(Morphine 

hydrochloride) 

-ǐdum 

(Gen. sing. -ǐdi) 

hydro- 

-id-um 

The names of basic salts 

1. The names of basic salts are formed by adding the prefix sub- to the name 

of anion. E. g.: Magnesii subcarbonas – magnesium subcarbonate. 

2. The names of organic salts of sodium and potassium consist of the name 

of base and of the added to it through the hyphen the name natrium, kalium in 

Nominativus. E. g.: 

Barbitalum-natrium – barbitalum-sodium; 

Benzylpenicillinum-kalium – benzylpenicillinum-potassium. 



Task № 1. 

Translate into English: 

Argenti nitras; Kalii sulfus; Ferri oxydum; Magnesii peroxydum; acidum 

acetylsalicylicum; Natrii iodidum; Calcii phosphas; acidum hydrochloricum 

dilutum. 

Task № 2. 

Translate into Latin: 

Diluted solution of hydrogen peroxide; ointment of copper nitrate; the tablets 

of nicotinic acid; codeine phosphate in tablets; the solution of calcium chloride. 


7

Test № 1. 

The names of acids with high degree of oxidation are made up with the help 

of the suffix: 

a) -os-; b) -ic-; c) -ul-; d) -id-. 

Test № 2. 

The names of hydracids are formed with the help of the component: 

a) hyper-; b) hyp(o)-; c) hydr(o)-; d) hygr(o)-. 

Test № 3. 

Determine the names of anions: 

1) sulfas; 2) hydroiodidum; 3) mitris; 4) sulfidum; 5) arsenas; 6) 

hydrochloridum; 7) sulfis; 8) iodidum; 9) nitras; 10) hydrobromidum. 


a) salts of acids with larger content of oxygen; 

b) salts of acids with smaller content of oxygen; 

c) salts of hydracids; 

d) salts of hydracids with organic base. 

Test № 4. 

Determine the types of chemical compounds: 

1) acidum sulfuricum; 2) Argenti sulfas; 3) Hydrogenii peroxydum; 4) 

Hydrargyri cyanidum; 5) Calcii chloridum; 6) Benzylpenicillinum-natrium; 7) 

Aethylmorphini hydrochloridum; 8) Plumbi oxydum; 9) acidum hydrochloricum; 

10) Natrii benzoas. 


a) acids 

b) salts 

c) oxides 

8

Literature 

Basic. 





9










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module № 2 










The pharmaceutical frequency cuts in the 

preparation names showing the chemical 

composition of the preparation, the frequency cuts 

of therapeutic, anatomic, physiological and 

pharmacological character 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


Most chemical elements which are used as medications have two names: 

1. Scientific (systemic) name, in which the composition and location of 

components correspond to the composition and structure of a chemical compound’s 

molecule. 

2. Trivial (agreed) name, which does not reflect the systematic principles of 

scientific classification, but is convenient for practical use because of its simple 

phonetic and grammar structure and short form. 

Trivial names can denote the chemical composition of a medication, the 

pharmacological group it belongs to, its therapeutic effect, etc. That’s why it is 

necessary to know the combining forms denoting the chemical structure of the drug 

preparation and combining forms with therapeutic, anatomic, physiological and 

pharmacological meaning. 


1. To know the combining forms denoting the chemical structure of the drug 

preparation. 

2. To know the combining forms with therapeutic, anatomic, physiological and 


3. To know how to distinguish different combining forms in the names of 

medicinal preparations. 




Anatomy, histology 


The names of pathologies 


3



Term 

Definition 

1. Scientific (systemic) 

name 

2. Trivial (agreed) name 

The composition and location of components 

corresponding to the composition and structure of a 

chemical compound’s molecule. 

Convenient for practical use because of its simple 



1. What combining forms denote the chemical structure of the drug 

preparation? 

2. Name the combining forms with therapeutic, anatomic, physiological and 


3. Distinguish different combining forms in the names of medicinal 

preparations. 


1. Underline the combining forms in the names of preparations, explain their 

meaning: 

Cytophosphan, Amidopyrinum, Oxytocinum, Phlogex, Neodorm, 

Barbamylum, Biloton, Apothyrin, Mycoseptol, Cholenzymum, Testoviron, 

Morphocyclinum, Oxytetracyclinum, Diiodthyrosinum, Pyraphenum, Hypnogen, 

Viperalginum, Pyopan, Allergol, Methylsulfazinum, Anastress, Aminocainum. 

4


Trivial names can denote the chemical composition of a medication, the 

pharmacological group it belongs to, its therapeutic effect, etc. 

Latin trivial names of drug preparations are the second declension neuter 

nouns with the ending –um in Nom. sing. As a rule, English equivalents of these 

names do not have the ending -um. Modern names of drug preparations do not 

often have the ending –um either. However, they are the second declension neuter 

nouns. In prescriptions they are written in Genetivus and have the ending –i which 

is added to the name in Nom. sing. E. g.: 

Nom. Hypnogen Allergol 

Gen. Hypnogeni Allergoli 

Combining forms which preserve their semantic meaning in the names of 

drug preparations are also called pharmaceutical frequency parts (cuts) or termselements. 

Word-forming elements in the names of medicinal preparations 

№ Wordforminelement 

Meaning of term- 

Information about 

and its terms-elements Examples 

element origin 

1 2 3 4 5 

1. aesth- aesthesis (Greek) 

-feeling, sense 

anaesthetic 

Anaesthesinum 

2. aeth- ethyl, 

ethylene 

the presence of 

ethyl, ethylene 

Aethazolum, 

Aethylmorphinum 

5

3. alg- algos (Greek), 

-pain 

anaesthetic 

action 

Analginum 

4. asthm- asthma (Greek), 

-asthma 

5. bil- bilis (Lat.) 

-gall, bile 

it is used in the 

names of the 

preparations of antiasthmatic 

group 

cholagogue 

Asthmatinum 

Bilitrastum 

6. card- 

cardia (Greek) 

cardiac remedy 

Cardiovalenum, 

cardi- 

-heart 

Corvalolum 

cor- 

cor (Lat.) 

-heart 

7. -cid caed- (Lat.) 

-to kill 

it kills a pathogenic 

organism 

Streptocidum 

8. chol- chole (Greek) 

-gall, bile 

cholagogue 

Chologonum 

9. cycl- cyclos (Greek) 

-circle 

antibiotic 

Cyclobarbitalum, 

Tetracyclinum 

6

10. glyc- glykys (Greek) 

-sweet 

toning up remedy 

Glycerinum, 

Glycerophosphas 

11. haem- 

haema (Greek) 

ctyptic, 

Haemostimulinum, 

(aem-) 

-blood 

stimulating, 

Haematogenum 

blood-forming 

12. hydr- hydor (Greek) 

water 

water 

Hydrogenium 

13. menth- mentha (Greek) 

-mint 

sedative 

Mentholum 

14. morph- morphe (Greek) 

-sleep 

anaesthetic 

Morphinum 

15. myc- myces (Greek) – 

fungus 

antibiotic 

Erythromycinum 

16. phen- phenol, 

phenyl 


nitrogroup 

Phenobarbitalum 

7

17. suffixes 

nitrogen 


Phthivazidum, 

-zid- 

nitrogroup 

Norsulfazolum 

-zin- 

-zol- 

18. pyr- pyr (Greek) – 

fever, fire 

febrifuge 

Amidopyrinum 

19. -cillinum antibiotic of 

penicillin group 

preparations of 

penicillin group 

Oxacillinum, 

Penicillinum 

20. -yl- hyle- (Greek) – 

substance 

substance of certain 

group 

aethylicus, 

salicylicus, 

methylicus 



Task № 1. 

Distinguish the word-forming elements, explain their meaning, translate the 

terms into English: 

Oxytetracyclini hydrochloridum, Phenoxymethylpenicillinum, Lincomycini 

hydrochloridum, Laevomycetinum, Bicillinum, Chlortetracyclinum, 

8

Benzylpenicillinum-kalium, Oxacillinum-natrium, Erythromycinum, 

Synthomycinum. 

Task № 2. 


solution of amidopyrin, tetracycline ointment, liniment of synthomycin, 

solution of ethylmorphine hydrochloride, phenoxymethylpenicillin for suspension, 

oleandomycin phosphate in tablets, dragee of tetracycline with nistatin, pyridoxyn. 


Test. 

Find the corresponding meaning of the Latin combining forms: 

1) glyk- a) blood 

2) morph- b) circle 

3) aesth- c) fungus 

4) cycl- d) fever 

5) chol- e) pain 

6) haem- f) bile 

7) alg- g) sleep 

8) pyr- h) to kill 

9) myc- i) sweet 

10) cid- j) sense 

Literature 

Basic. 

9





10










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module № 2 










Botanical nomenclature. Biliarity. The use 

of botanical names in pharmacology. The plant 

names in the nomenclature of medicinal raw 

materials 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


Medicinal plants are widely used in pharmacology. The names of medicinal 

herbs in botanical nomenclature are very often different from the plant names which 

are used in pharmaceutics, i. e. in the nomenclature of medicinal remedies. 

It is necessary to differentiate botanical and pharmaceutical names of 

medicinal plants, to understand binominal nomenclature, according to which each 

plant (and animal) has two names: generic and specific, in order to use them 

correctly in prescriptions. 


1. To know what botanical nomenclature is. 

2. To differentiate botanical and pharmaceutical names of medicinal plants. 

3. To know the difference between generic and specific names of medicinal 

plants. 

4. To know the meaning of some botanical and pharmaceutical names of 

medicinal plants in English. 




Biology 


Methods of classifying different kinds 

of plants. The basic knowledge of 

generic and specific names of plants 




3

Term 

Definition 

1. Generic name of 

medicinal plant 

2. Specific name of 

medicinal plant 

is expressed by a noun in Nominativus 

is expressed by an adjective or (seldom) by a noun 


1. What does botanical nomenclature include? 

2. How are botanical and pharmaceutical names of medicinal plants 

differentiated? 

3. What is the difference between generic and specific names of medicinal 

plants? 

4. Name five patterns of binominal names of medicinal plants. 


Translate the word combinations into Latin: 

1. The seeds of wild mustard. 2. The juice of raspberry. 3. The flowers of 

violet. 4. The herb of anise. 5. The leaves and roots of belladonna. 


The history of biology and medicine goes back to antiquity. The Roman 

naturalist, writer and scientist Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) systematized flora and 

fauna in his work “Naturalis historia” (“History of nature”). 9 out of 37 books 

4

included the problems of medicine, the description of medicinal herbs and drug 

preparations. This work is regarded as an encyclopedia of the ancient medical 

knowledge. 

During Renaissance the fundamentals of medical and biological terminology 

were formed. Soon this terminology became international. 

In XVII-XVIII centuries there were a lot of botanical terms derived from 

Greek and Latin words. It was necessary to find new methods of classifying 

different kinds of plants. The Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) 

introduced binominal nomenclature, according to which each plant (and animal) 

had two names: generic and specific. A generic name is a noun in Nom. and a 

specific name is usually an adjective or (seldom) a noun. Depending on how a 

specific name is expressed there are five patterns of binominal names: 

1. A noun in Nom. + a noun in Nom.: Artemisia absinthium (common 

wormwood). 

2. A noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen.: Primula veris (primrose). 

3. A noun in Nom. + a noun that cannot be declined: Theobroma cacao 

(cocoa-tree). 

4. A noun in Nom. + a noun with an attribute: Arctostaphylos uva – ursi 

(bear berry). 

5. A noun in Nom. + an adjective: Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn). 

In the nomenclature of drug preparations the plants usually have only one 

name: generic or specific. 

If the botanical name corresponds to the first, third or fourth pattern, the 

name of medicinal substance (that is the pharmaceutical name of the plant) is as a 

rule a specific name. If the botanical name corresponds to the second or the fifth 

pattern, the name of medicinal substance is a generic name. E. g.: 

Pattern Botanical name Pharmaceutical name 

Pattern 1 Atropa belladonna Belladonna (deadly nightshade) 

5

Pattern 3 

Pattern 4 

Pattern 2 

Pattern5 

Theobroma cacao 

Dryopteris filix-mas 

Primula veris 

Hypericum perforatum 

Cacao (cocoa-tree) 

Filix mas (male fern) 

Primula (primrose) 

Hypericum (Saint-John’s-wort) 

g.: 

However, sometimes botanical and pharmaceutical names are the same. E. 

Botanical name Pharmaceutical name Meaning 

Adonis vernalis 

Anisum vulgare 

Helichrysum arenarium 

Ledum palustre 

Polygonum hydropiper 

Rhamnus cathartica 

Rubus idaeus 

Viola tricolor 

Adonis vernalis 

Anisum vulgare 

Helichrysum arenarium 

Ledum palustre 

Polygonum hydropiper 

Rhamnus cathartica 

Rubus idaeus 

Viola tricolor 

pheasant’s eye 

anise 

everlasting 

Labrador-tea 

water pepper 

purging buckthorn 

raspberry 

violet 

Some pharmaceutical names are completely different from the botanical 

names of plants. However, they are very few. 

Botanical name Pharmaceutical name English name 

Brassica nigra 

Cassia acutifolia 

(Cassia angustifolia) 

Sinapis 

Senna 

Black mustard 

Senna 

6

Sometimes the same plant can have two botanical names, which were 

given by the same or different naturalists in different epochs. E. g.: 

Brassica nigra or Sinapis nigra 

Cassia acutifolia or Senna alexandrina 

In such cases the pharmaceutical names are derived from the botanical names 

of plants which were used in the later period. 



Task № 1. 

Translate into English: 

1. Gemmae Betulae. 2. Baccae Rubi idaei. 3. Secale cornutum. 4. Herba 

Plantaginis. 5. Flores Calendulae. 6. Cortex Quercus. 7. Folia Cerasi. 

Task № 2. 


1. Flowers of hawthorn. 2. Berries of elder. 3. Lily of the valley. 4. Nettle 

herb. 5. Crataegus root. 6. Sunflower oil emulsion. 7. Mint water. 


Test № 1. 

Choose the English equivalents of the Latin names: 

1) Chelidonium; 2) Absinthium; 3) Digitalis; 4) Chamomilla; 5) Glycyrrhiza; 6) 

Mentha piperita; 7) Foeniculum; 8) Filix mas; 9) Hypericum; 10) Urtica. 

7


a) liquorice f) wormwood 

b) celadine g) pepper-mint 

c) St. John’s wort h) foxglove 

d) male fern i) camomile 

e) nettle j) fennel 

Test № 2. 

Choose the prescription variant of the compounds’ names: 

1. a) tinctura Crataegi ; 2. a) extractum Polygoni hydropiperis 

fluidum; 

b) tincturas Crataegi ; b) extracti Polygoni hydropiperis fluidi; 

c) tincturae Crataegi; c) extracto Polygoni hydropiperis fluido; 

3. a) pulveris radicis Frangulae; 4. a) aqua Menthae; 

b) pulveres radicis Frangulae; b) aquae Menthae; 

c) pulvis radix Frangula; c) aquam Menthae. 

Literature 

Basic. 





8










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module № 2 








The notion of prescription. The State 

Pharmacopoeia. 

The prescription, its grammatical structure, 

the patterns of prescription-writing. The structure 

of a prescription. The grammatical structure of the 

prescription phrase. The rules of prescriptionwriting. 

The detailed and brief samples of 

prescription-writing. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


Prescription is an address of a doctor to a pharmaceutical chemist with the 

instructions in medicine-preparing and giving it to a patient. Prescription is an 

important document, it should be written by a special form, without any corrections. 

While mastering the topic the student must know the structure of the 

prescription and the rules of prescription-writing. 


1) To know the definition of a prescription. 

2) To know the structure of the prescription. 

3) To know the rules of prescription-writing. 

4) To know the additional inscriptions in prescriptions. 




Foreign language 


instructions in medicine-preparing and 

giving it to a patient 




Prescription 

Term 

Definition 

Prescription is an address of a doctor to a 

pharmaceutical chemist with the instructions in 

medicine-preparing and giving it to a patient. 


1. What is a prescription? 

2. How many parts does a prescription consist of? Characterize each of them. 

3. What are the rules of prescription-writing? 

4. What are the additional inscriptions in prescriptions? 


Read the prescriptions, re-write them into the copy-book, write every word in 

the vocabulary form, translate the prescriptions into English: 

3

1) Recipe: Sulfuris depurati 2,0 

Glycerini 

Spiritus camphorati āā 5,0 

Aquae destillatae 60 ml 

Misce. Da. Signa 

2) Recipe: Anaesthesini 

Zinci oxydi 

Glycerini ana 10,0 

Aquae Plumbi ad 100 ml 

Misce. Da. Signa 

3) Recipe: Natrii tetraboratis 

Natrii hydrocarbonatis āā 20,0 

Natrii chloridi 10,0 

Olei Menthae guttas III 

Misce, ut fiat pulvis. 

Da. Signa 


Prescription is an address of a doctor to a pharmaceutical chemist with the 

instructions in medicine-preparing and giving it to a patient. Prescription is an 

important document, it should be written by a special form, without any corrections. 

A prescription consists of such parts: 

The structure of a prescription 

1. Inscriptio (inscription), which includes the name of a medical 

establishment, its address, code and telephone number. 

2. Datum – the date of prescription – writing (day, month, year). 

3. Nomen et aetas aegroti – a patient’s name and age. 

4. Nomen medici – a doctor’s name. 

5. Invocatio, or ordinatio – the doctor’s address “Recipe” which means 

“Take”. 

6. Designatio materiarum – the enumeration of the medicinal substances of 

which the medicine consists. 

The prescription is called simple, if only one substance is written in it. If 

there are several substances in the prescription, it is called a compound one. In the 

compound prescription the names of preparations are written in certain order: 

1) Basis (a basic remedy) – the substance with which a doctor is 

going to treat a patient; 

4

2) remedium adjuvans (an auxiliary remedy) – the substance 

which intensifies or weakens the basic remedy’s effect; 

3) remedium corrigens (a correcting remedy) – the substance 

which improves a medicine’s taste and smell; 

4) remedium constituens (a form-making remedy) – the 

substance which gives a final form to a medicine. 

It is natural that the compound prescription may not contain all these 

ingredients. The names of toxic and narcotic remedies are always written in the 

beginning of the ingredients’ list. 

7. Subscriptio (subscription) – is the instruction to a pharmaceutical chemist 

about the following: 

a) what is necessary to do with the substances (to mix, to 

sterilize etc.); 

b) what form the medicine should have (tablets, powder, 

ointment, suppository etc.); 

c) how many doses should be given to a patient; 

d) in what packing (in the waxed or paraffined paper, in the 

dark glass etc.). 

8. Signatura (designation). In this part after the verb “Signa” or “Signetur” 

the rules of using the medicine are given in that language which a patient 

can understand. 

9. Nomen medici et sigillum personale – the doctor’s signature and personal 

seal. 

The rules of prescription-writing 

1. Nothing should be written under the word “Recipe”. 

2. All the names of the medicinal substances are written in column, one 

under another. 

3. The names of the medicinal substances are written in the genitive case 

(Gen.). 

4. The first word in the prescription line is always written with a capital 

letter. 

5. If the name of one medicinal substance (when it consists of several words) 

doesn’t go into one line, it should be carried over to the next line, a little 

way away from the beginning of the line. 

6. In the middle of the prescription line we should write with a capital letter: 

a) the names of medicinal plants; 

b) the names of medicinal preparations; 

c) the names of chemical elements; 

d) the names of cations in salts and oxides. 

7. We should write with a small letter in the middle of the prescription line: 

5

a) the names of plants’ parts (root, leaves, flowers etc.); 

b) adjectives and participles; 

c) the names of anions in salts and oxides. 

8. The quantity of medicinal substances is written to the right of them: 

a) the quantity of solid and dry substances is given in grammes and 

parts of a gramme. The words “gramme”, “decigramme”, 

“centigramme”, “milligramme” are not written in preseriptions, and 

the quantity is written by arabic numerals in a shape of decimal 

fractions, e. g.: 1,0 – one gramme; 0,3 – three decigrammes; 0,05 – 

five centigrammes etc.; 

b) the quantity of liquid substances is given in millilitres. E. g.: 100 

ml. If the quantity of a liquid is smaller than 1 ml, it is measured in 

drops. The quantity of drops is given by roman numerals, before 

which they write the word “drop” or “drops” in Acc. (the Latin). 

E. g.: guttam I – (take) one drop; 

guttas II – (take) two drops etc. 

c) there are substances which are measured out by units of action 

(UA). E. g.: 500 000 UA. 

9. If two or more substances are prescribed in equal quantities, they are 

written one under another and near the last one the word “ana” (āā) is put 

which means “equally”. E. g.: 

Recipe: Tincturae Belladonnae 

Tincturae Convallariae 

Tincturae Menthae āā 50 ml 

Misce. Da. Signa. 

10. It is allowed to write two prescriptions on one form. They are separated 

from each other by such sign: # 

11. While prescribing some medicinal forms (pastes, suppositories) the 

quantity of a form-making substance may not be indicated. Then a 

pharmaceutical chemist may take as much as it is necessary (quantum 

satis). 

The additional inscriptions in prescriptions 

1. When a medicine is needed urgently, a doctor writes at the top of the 

prescription the words “Cito!” (quickly) or “Statim!” (immediately). 

2. If a doctor prescribes some medicine for himself, he writes in the 

prescription after the word “Signa” (or “Signetur”): “pro me” (for me) or 

“pro auctore” (for the author). 


1. The tasks for self-control 

6

Task. 

Write every word in the vocabulary form, translate the prescriptions into 

Latin, memorize the spelling: 

1. Take: Of calcium chloride 10,0 

Of the distilled water 200 ml 

Mix. Give. Label. 

2. Take: Of castor oil 1,0 

Give such doses number 15 in gelatinous capsules 

Label. 

3. Take: Of silver nitrate 

Of the precipitated sulphur equally 1,5 

Of ethyl alcohol 96% 

Of glycerine equally 25 ml 

Of the distilled water 200 ml 

Mix. Give in the dark glass. 

Label. 

4. Take: Of the tincture of the pepper-mint 4 ml 

Of the tincture of the wormwood 6 ml 

Of the tincture of the valerian 8 ml 

Mix. Give. Label. 

5. Take: Of mercury salicylate 

Of the peach oil up to 180 ml 

Mix. Sterilize. Give. 

Label. 


Test № 1 

Choose the prescription variant of the compounds’ name: 

1. a) spiritus aethylicus; 2. a) sulfur praecipitatum; 

b) spiritus aethylici; b) sulfuri praecipitato; 

c) spiritum aethylicum; c) sulfuris praecipitati; 

3. a) solutionis Iodi spirituosae; 4. a) aqua Menthae; 

b) solutio Iodi spirituosa; b) aquae Menthae; 

7

c) solutiones Iodi spirituosae; c) aquam Menthae; 

Test № 2. 

Insert the omitted verb in the prescription: 

Recipe: Synthomycini 0,2 

Butyri Cacao 3,0 

Misce, ut … suppositorium rectale 

Signa. 

a) fiunt 

b) fiant 

c) fit 

d) fiat 

e) fias 

Literature 

Basic. 





8










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module № 2 










Latin nomenclature of medicinal forms. The 

additional inscriptions in prescriptions. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


Medicinal substances are such substances which are able in the certain 

quantity to remove the pathological process or to stand in the way of its 

development. They are contained by raw materials. The products of medicinal raw 

materials which are formed by the way of purification from the ballast substances or 

with the help of chemical synthesis are called medicinal preparations. According to 

the degree of purification from the ballast substances the medicinal preparations are 

subdivided into simple and compound ones. Depending on the using of the 

constituent substances the medicinal forms are subdivided into solid, liquid and soft 

ones. The peculiarities of writing the medicinal substances in prescriptions are the 

important aspect of the topic, that’s why it is necessary to know how Gen. sing. of 

the medicinal preparations is formed. 


1. To receive a common view of medicinal forms and to get acquainted with 

the peculiarities of writing them out: 

spelling; 

a) to learn to classify medicinal forms and know their characteristics; 

b) to master the vocabulary form of the names of each medicinal form, their 

c) to learn to correctly write out solid, liquid and soft medicinal forms; 

d) to correctly use the verb forms of imperative and subjunctive moods which 

are used in prescriptions. 

2. To know the additional inscriptions in prescriptions. 







Instructions in medicine-preparing and 


3




Term 

Definition 

Prescription 

Dosage forms of 

medications 

Solid, liquid, soft 

Dosage routes: 

- enteral 

- parenteral 




Final products administered to the patient. 

All the medications divided according to the 

consistence of ingredients. 

Means of access to the site of action or systemic 

circulation: 

- through the alimentary canal; 

- not through the alimentary canal, but rather by 

injection. 


1. How are the medicinal forms classified according to the consistence of 

ingredients? 

2. Into what groups are dosage routes divided? 

3. What medicinal forms belong to solid ones? 

4. What medicinal forms belong to liquid ones? 

5. What medicinal forms belong to soft ones? 

6. Give the vocabulary form of the names of each medicinal form. 


4




1. Take: Of the flowers of camomile 

Of the fruits of fennel equally 10,0 

Of the root of liquorice 

Of the leaves of pepper-mint equally 20,0 

Mix, let the herbal collection forms. 

Give. 

Label. 

# 

2. Take: Of the aloe syrup with iron 100 ml 

Give. 

Label. 

# 

3. Take: Of codeine phosphate 0,15 

Of phenobarbital 1,0 

Of potassium bromide 

Of sodium bromide equally 7,0 

Of sodium nitrate 1,0 

Of the distilled water up to 300 ml 

Mix. Give. 

Label. 

# 

5

4. Take: Of the spirituous solution of iodine 5% 2 ml 

Of tannin 3,0 

Of glycerine 10 ml 

Mix. Give. 

Label. 

# 

5. Take: Of white streptocide 5,0 

Of penicillin 200000 UA 

Mix, let the finest powder forms. 

Give. 

Label. 

# 

6. Take: Of hydrocortisone ointment 1% 10,0 

Give. 

Label. 


Final products administered to the patient are called dosage forms of 

medications. 

According to the consistence of ingredients all the medications are divided 

into solid (formae medicamentorum durae), liquid (formae medicamentorum 

fluidae), soft (formae medicamentorum molles). 

6

Medications used for injections (formae medicamentorum pro injectionibus), 

for eye diseases (formae medicamentorum pro oculis), for infants and children 

under 3 years old (formae medicamentorum pro infantibus) form separate groups. 

Dosage routes (i. e. means of access to the site of action or systemic 

circulation) are divided into two groups: enteral (enterales) – through the alimentary 

canal; parenteral (parenterales) – not through the alimentary canal, but rather by 

injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, 

intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. 

Solid medicinal forms 

pulveres (pulvis, ĕris m) – powders 

aspersiones (aspersio, onis f) – aspersions 

capsulae (capsula, ae f) – capsules 

tabulettae (tabuletta, ae f) – tablets 

pilulae (pilula, ae f) – pills 

glossettae (glossetta, ae f) – glossets 

granulae (granula, ae f) – granules 

dragée (indeclinable) – caramels 

species (species, ei f) – herbal collection 

charta sinapisata – mustard-poultice 

pulveres dentifrici – tooth-powders 

suppositoria (suppositorium, i n) – suppositories 

Liquid medicinal forms 

solutiones (solutio, onis f) – solutions 

guttae (gutta, ae f) – drops 

tincturae (tinctura, ae f) – tinctures 

extracta (extractum, i n) – extracts 

infusa et decocta (infusum, i n; decoctum, i n) – infusions and decoctions 

7

emulsa (emulsum, i n) – emulsions 

suspensiones (suspensio, onis f) – suspensions 

mixturae (mixtura, ae f) – mixtures 

mucilagines (mucilago, inis f) – mucilages 

sirupi (sirupus, i m) – syrups 

Soft medicinal forms 

unguenta (unguentum, i n) – ointments 

linimenta (linimentum, i n) – liniments 

pastae stomatalogicae – stomatalogic pastes 

pastae dentales – toothpastes 

The additional inscriptions in prescriptions 

1. When a medicine is needed urgently, a doctor writes at the top of the 

prescription the words “Cito!” (quickly) or “Statim!” (immediately). 

2. If a doctor prescribes some medicine for himself, he writes in the 

prescription after the word “Signa” (or “Signetur”): “pro me” (for me) or 

“pro auctore” (for the author). 



Task. 



1. Take: Of ichthyol 10,0 

8

Of salicylic acid 5,0 

Of turpentine 10,0 

Of lanolin 100,0 

Mix, let ointment forms. 

Give. Label. 

2. Take: Of the dense extract of male fern 6,0 

Divide into 6 equal parts. 

Give in gelatinous capsules. 

Label. 

3. Take: Of the infusion of senna leaves 10,0 – 150 ml 

Of the tincture of mint 1 ml 

Mix. Give. 

Label. 

4. Take: Of the fluid extract of nettle 

Of the fluid extract of wormwood equally 25 ml 

Mix. Give. 

Label. 


Test № 1. 

9

Choose the soft medicinal forms: 

Variant 1 Variant 2 

1) tabuletta, ae f 1) pilula, ae f 

2) unguentum, i n 2) linimentum, i n 

3) infusum, i n 3) decoctum, i n 

4) pulvis, eris m 4) species, ei f 

5) emplastrum, i n 5) emulsum, i n 

6) dragee 6) sirupus, i m 

7) pasta, ae f 7) suppositorium, i n 

Test № 2. 

I. Suspension belongs to: 

1) soft medicinal forms; 

2) solid medicinal forms; 

3) liquid medicinal forms. 

II. Mustard-poultice belongs to: 




Test № 3. 

Choose the lines in which there are only liquid medicinal forms: 

1) decoctum, extractum fluidum; 

2) infusum, linimentum; 

3) mucilago, emulsum; 

4) solutio, species; 

5) mixtura, sirupus. 

10

Literature 

Basic. 





11










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 2 









The topic of the studies Prescription-writing of solid medicinal 

forms. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The medicinal forms are subdivided into solid, liquid and soft ones. Solid 

forms of medications are widely used in prescriptions. The peculiarities of writing 

out the solid medicinal substances in prescriptions are the important aspect of the 

topic, that’s why it is necessary to know how Genetivus of the solid forms of 

medications is formed. 


1. To learn to classify medicinal forms and know their characteristics. 

2. To master the vocabulary form of the names of each solid medicinal form, 

their spelling. 

3. To learn to correctly write out solid medicinal forms. 












Term 

Definition 

Powder 

Aspersion 

A substance made up of an aggregation of small 

particles, as that obtained by the grinding or 

trituration of a solid drug. 

3

Capsule 

Tablet 

Pill 

Glosset 

Granule 

Caramel 

Species 

Mustard-poultice 

Tooth-powder 

Suppository 

The most frequently used form of undivided powder 

which is prescribed for external use. 

A structure in which something is enclosed. 

A solid dosage form, which contains a medicinal 

substance in pure or diluted form. 

A dosage form for internal use. 

(Greek glossa – tongue) A small tablet prescribed for 

using under the tongue. 

A small pill made from sucrose; its mass is 

approximately 0,05. 

A sugar-coated pill or medicated confection. 

A mixture of some dried medicinal herbs or their 

parts which is used to prepare drug preparations. 

A sheet of paper coated with a thin layer of mustard 

powder. 

A white color powder the basic component of which 

is calcium carbonate. 

A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the 

rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body. 



ingredients? 

2. What medicinal forms belong to solid ones? 

3. Give the vocabulary form of the names of each solid medicinal form. 


4



1. Take: Of the tincture of St. John’s wort 10,0 

Of the tincture of valerian 20,0 

Of the tincture of celadine 10,0 

Mix. Give. 

Label. 

2. Take: Of naphthalane 40,0 

Of the precipitated sulphur 

Of tar equally 15,0 

Of the green soap 30,0 

Mix, let ointment forms. 

Give. Label. 

3. Take: The tablets of raunatin 0,002 number 100 

Give. Label. 

4. Take: Of the extract of belladonna 0,01 

Of the magnesium oxide 

Of the sodium hydrocarbonate equally 0,3 

Mix, let a powder forms. 

Give such doses number 12. 

Label. 

5


Solid medicinal forms 

(Formae medicamentorum durae) 

pulveres (pulvis, ĕris m) – powders 

aspersiones (aspersio, onis f) – aspersions 

capsulae (capsula, ae f) – capsules 

tabulettae (tabuletta, ae f) – tablets 

pilulae (pilula, ae f) – pills 

glossettae (glossetta, ae f) – glossets 

granulae (granula, ae, f) – granules 

dragée (indeclinable) – caramels 

species (species, ei f) – species, herbal collection 

charta sinapisata – mustard-poultice 

pulveres dentifrici – tooth-powders 

suppositoria (suppositorium, i n) – suppositories 

Powders – pulveres 

Powder is a substance made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that 

obtained by the grinding or trituration of a solid drug. 

According to the number of ingredients the powders are divided into simple 

powders (pulveres simplices) and compound powders (pulveres compositi). 

According to the way of use: 

- pulveres ad usum externum (pro usu externo) – for external use; 

- pulveres ad usum internum (pro usu interno) – for internal use. 

According to the dosage: 

- pulveres divisi – divided powders; 

- pulveres indivisi – undivided powders. 

6

According to the way of administration: 

- pulveres pro dosi – powders to be taken only once; 

- pulveres pro die – powders for one day, daily dose. 

Powders are taken: 

- per os – by mouth; 

- per aspersionem – by aspersion; 

- per insufflationem – by insufflation; 

- per injectionem – by injection; 

- per rectum – through rectum; 

- per gargarisma – through gargling. 

Powders are given: 

- in capsulis operculatis – in coated capsules; 

- in capsulis chartaceis – in paper capsules; 

- in charta cerata – in waxed paper; 

- in charta paraffinata – in paraffin paper; 

- in charta pergaminata – in parchment paper. 

You should write: “Misce, ut fiat pulvis” in Subscriptio when prescribing 

compound powders. 

Aspersions – aspersiones 

Aspersion is the most frequently used form of undivided powder. It is 

prescribed for external use. 

When aspersions are prescribed, the therapeutic concentration of a medicinal 

substance is considered to be the basic value. Starch or talc are used as filters. 

Capsules – capsulae 

Capsule is a structure in which something is enclosed, such as a hard or a 

soft, soluble container of a suitable substance, for enclosing a dose of medication, 

usually of that medication which has bad taste, smell or can affect mucous 

7

membrane of the oral cavity and teeth. It dissolves quickly in stomach or small 

intestine. 

There are: 

- capsulae (gelatinosae) durae operculatae – solid (gelatinous) capsules with 

a lid; 

- capsulae (gelatinosae) molles – semisolid (gelatinous) capsules; 

- perlae gelatinosae – gelatinous pearls, or capsules which have oval form 

and the form of balls; 

- perlettae – capsules which are implanted subcutaneously by means of 

surgery; 

- capsulae rectales – rectal capsules, or capsules which are inserted through 

rectum (per rectum). 

When prescribing drugs in gelatinous capsules, it is necessary to indicate the 

kind of capsules in Subscriptio as different capsules deliver medications to different 

parts of alimentary canal. 

Tablets – tabulettae 

Tablet is a solid dosage form, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may 

be moulded or compressed, and which contains a medicinal substance in pure or 

diluted form. 

According to the way of preparing the tablets are divided into: 

1. Oriblettae or tabulettae per os, tabulettae perorales – peroral tablets. 

2. Resoriblettae or tabulettae sub linguam, tabulettae sublinguales – 

sublingual tablets. 

3. Injectabulettae or tabulettae pro injectionibus – tablets for injectable 

solutions. 

4. Implantabulettae or tabulettae pro implantatione, tabulettae implantatae – 

tablets prepared in aseptic conditions for implantation. 

5. Solublettae or tabulettae pro gargarismatis, pro perlotionibus – tablets 

used to prepare solutions for gargling and irrigation. 

8

A lot of drug preparations are administered in enteric-coated tablets. 

Tablets are prescribed in two ways: 

1. When tablets do not have a code name, the names of their ingredients and 

doses are indicated. The amount and dosage form are indicated in 

Subscriptio. 

2. The ingredients are not indicated when combined tablets (which have a 

code name) are prescribed. 

The weight of a tablet is not indicated only if the weight of an ingredient is 

fixed (standard). 

Pills – pilulae 

Pill is a dosage form for internal use. Pills have the form of balls with the 

mass of 0,1 to 0,5, prepared of the mass of pills. The pills with the mass more than 

0,5 are called boli (bolus, i m). 

The formula of prescribing the pills: Misce, ut fiant pilulae numero … (Mix 

to get the pills number …). 

Glossets – glossettae 

Glossets are small tablets prescribed for using under the tongue. The name 

“glossetta” is derived from Greek glossa – tongue. 

Granules – granula 

Granule is a small pill made from sucrose; its mass is approximately 0,05. 

Granules usually contain medicinal and additional substances (sugar, starch, 

talc, cocoa, chocolate, etc.). 

Granules are usually prescribed in a short form, as they are made at the 

pharmaceutical factories. Their total amount is usually indicated. 

Caramels – dragee 

9

Caramel is a sugar-coated pill, or medicated confection. Vitamins are usually 

prescribed in the form of caramel. Caramels are prescribed in two ways: 

Rp.: Aminazini 0,025 Rp.: Dragee Aminazini 0,025 N 12 

D.t.d. N 12 in dragee 

D.S.: 1 dragee twice a day 

S.: 1 dragee twice a day 

Species – species 

Species is the mixture of some dried medicinal herbs or their parts (flowers, 

leaves, berries, roots, rootstock, etc.) which is used to prepare drug preparations. 

There are such groups of species: 

1. Species ad infusa et de cocta – species for infusions and decoctions. 

2. Species fumales – species for smoking. 

3. Species pro balneis – species for having a bath. 

The officinal species (prepared at the pharmaceutical factories) are prescribed 

in a short form whereas the magistral species (prepared in a pharmacy according to 

the physician’s prescription) are prescribed in a more detailed form. 

Mustard-poultice – charta sinapisata 

Mustard-poultice is a sheet of paper coated with a thin layer of the powder of 

the skimmed mustard seeds. This officinal form is prescribed in a short form. 

Tooth-powders – pulveres dentifrici 

Tooth-powder is a powder of white color, the basic component of which is 

calcium carbonate. To get the finest chalk powder the method of chemical 

precipitation is used. 

10

Besides the precipitated calcium carbonate tooth-powders include essential 

oils (mint oil, oil of cloves, eucalyptus oil, anis oil), which impart pleasant smell 

and deodorant properties to them. 

Tooth-powders are divided into hygienic and medical preventive ones. 

Suppositories - suppositoria 

Suppository is a medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, 

vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body; suppository bases are solid at room 

temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Common bases for 

suppositories are: butyrum Cacao (cocoa butter), olea vegetabilia (vegetable oils), 

mixtura cum cera (cerated mixture), Lanolinum (lanolin). 

Other bases include glycerinated gelatine, hydrogenated vegetable oils, 

polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of 

polyethylene glycol. The suppositories which are inserted through rectum are called 

suppositoria rectalia (rectal suppositories) and those which are inserted through 

vagina are called suppositoria vaginalia (vaginal suppositories). According to the 

form vaginal suppositories are divided into globuli (globules), bacilli (medicated 

bacilli), pessaria (pessaries). Suppositories are prescribed in a full or short form. If 

suppositories have a code name, the word Recipe is followed by the word 

Suppositoria and the name. 



Task. 



Take: 10 tablets of furacin for external use. 

Give. Label: Dissolve 2 tablets in one glass of water. 

Use to gargle throat. 

11

Take: Analgin 0,25 

Amidopyrin 0,25 

Mix, let there be made some powder. 

Give 12 such doses. 

Label: one powder 3 times a day. 

Take: Reduced iron 1,0 

Give 15 such doses in gelatinous capsules. 

Label: 2 capsules 3 times a day after meals. 

Take: Antiasthmatic species 50.0 

Give in a sac. 

Label. 

Take: Dragee “Revitum” 

Give 100 such doses. 

Label: one dragee 3 times a day. 

Take: Leaves of peppermint 40,0 

Flowers of matricary 40,0 

Flovers of clover 20,0 

Milfoil 20,0 

Mix, let there be made some species. 

Give. 

Label: boil one tablespoon of mixture in 0,5 glass of water. 

Take 3 times a day. 


12

Test № 1. 

The maximum mass of the tablet “ad usum internum” must not be more than: 

a) 0,5 b) 1,0 c) 0,1 

Test № 2. 

tea”: 

Choose the pharmaceutical term corresponding to the English one “sedative 

a) species diaphoreticae; 

b) species nervinae; 

c) species antiasthmaticae; 

d) species cholagogae; 

e) species carminative 

Test № 3. 

Choose the lines in which there are only solid medicinal forms: 

1) suspensio, tinctura; 

2) pulvis, granulum; 

3) emulsum, dragee; 

4) solutio, linimentum; 

5) sirupus, mucilago 

Literature 

Basic. 





13










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 2 









The topic of the studies Prescription-writing of soft medicinal 

forms. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The medicinal forms are subdivided into solid, liquid and soft ones. Soft 


out the soft medicinal substances in prescriptions are the important aspect of the 

topic, that’s why it is necessary to know how Genetivus of the soft forms of 




2. To master the vocabulary form of the names of each soft medicinal form, 


3. To learn to correctly write out soft medicinal forms. 












Term 

Definition 

Ointment 

Liniment 

A semisolid preparation for external application to 

the body, usually containing a medicinal substance 

and a special base. 

3

Paste 

A liquid ointment which looks like homogeneous 

mucilaginous mass or dense liquid which melts 

under the body temperature. 

A semisolid preparation, generally for external use, 

of a fatty base, a viscous or mucilaginous base, or a 

mixture of starch and petrolatum. 



ingredients? 

2. What medicinal forms belong to soft ones? 

3. Give the vocabulary form of the names of each soft medicinal form. 



English, memorize the spelling: 

1. Rp.: Unguenti Furacillini 1,0% 25,0 

Da. 

Signa: lubricate the affected skin regions. 

2. Rp.: Ichthyoli 4,0 

Zinci oxydi 

Amyli ana 10,0 

Lanolini 80,0 

Misce, fiat pasta. 

Da. 

Signa: zinc paste. 

4

3. Rp.: Acidi salicylici 1,0 

Hydrargyri amidochloridi 

Bismuthi subnitratis аnа 3,0 

Vaselini 

Lanolini ana 15,0 

Misce, fiat unguentum 

Da. 

Signa: ointment to геmоvе freckles. 

4. Rp.: Natrii fluoratis 

Bolus albae аnа 1,0 

Glycerini 1,2 

Misce, fiat pasta 

Da. 

Signa: to embrocate the paste into the sensitive 

dentine fог 2-3 months. 

5. Rp.: Extracti Belladonnae 0,015 

Novocaini 0,2 

Xeroformii 0,1 

Ichthyoli 0,2 

Butyri Сасао quantum satis, ut fiat suppositorium rectale 

Da tales doses numero 20. 

Signa: оnе suppository 2 times а day. 


Soft medicinal forms 

(Formae medicamentorum molles) 

unguenta (unguentum, i n) – ointments 

linimenta (linimentum, i n) – liniments 

5

pastae stomatalogicae – stomatologic pastes 

pastae dentales – toothpastes 

Ointments – unguenta 

Ointment is a semisolid preparation for external application to the body, 

usually containing a medicinal substance and a special base. Vaselinum – vaseline, 

Lanolinum – lanolin, adeps suillus depuratus (or axungia porcina) – depurated 

pork lard are common bases for an ointment. 

Eye ointments are called: oculenta or unguenta ophthalmica or unguenta 

pro oculis. 

The prescriptions for ointments are written in a full or short form. 

Officinal ointments and the ointments containing only one medicinal 

substance are prescribed in a short way. 

When ointments are prescribed in a full form, the names of medicinal 

substances, the base for an ointment and their amount are indicated. You should 

write in Subscriptio: Misce, fiat unguentum. 

Liniments – linimenta 

Liniment is a medicinal form for external use. Liniments are liquid ointments 

which look like homogeneous mucilaginous mass or dense liquid which melts under 

the body temperature. Liniments are used for rubbing into the skin and grinding, for 

application to wounds, burns, ulcers. The bases for liniments are vaseline oil, 

linseed-oil, sunflower oil and other oils. Before using a liniment should be shaked. 

Pastes – pastae 

Paste is a semisolid preparation, generally for external use, of a fatty base, a 

viscous or mucilaginous base, or a mixture of starch and petrolatum. It is the 

undivided form of medications. Thus, a paste consists of different powders (talc, 

starch or zinc oxide) and a base. It is a preparation similar to an ointment, but 

6

thicker and stiffer, that penetrates the skin less than an ointment. Pastes are 

prescribed in the same way as ointments. 

Stomalogic pastes 

A special version of pastes is stomatologic pastes which are prepared in small 

amounts in the presence of a patient. The composition of such pastes includes 

powderlike medicinal preparations (sometimes in the combination with liquid ones) 

to which as a filler glycerine, vaseline oil, vegetable oils are added to reach the 

necessary consistence. 

Stomatologic pastes are prescribed only in a full form, specifying all the 

ingredients. 

Toothpastes 

Toothpastes are allocated into a separate version. They are subdivided into 

two groups: 

1) hygienic toothpastes; 2) medical preventive toothpastes. 



Task № 1. 



1. Rp.: Iodoformii 0,01 

Butyri Сасао quantam satis. 

Misce, ut fiat bacillus longitudine 6 сm et diametro 3 mm 

Dа tales doses numеro 6. 

Signa: insert оnе suppository 2 times а day. 

7

2. Rp.: Emplastri Рlumbi simplicis 50,0 

Da. 

Signa: apply to the affected skin region. 

3. Rp.: Extracti Bursae раstoгis sicci 

Extracti Secalis cornuti аnа 3,0 

Pulveris radicis Glycyrrhizae quantum satis, 

ut fiant pilulae numеro 30. 

Da. 

Signa: оnе рill 3 times а day after meals. 

4. Rp.: Unguenti Tetracyclini ophthalmici 10,0 

Da. 

Signa: eye ointment. Apply to the lower eyelid 3-5 times a day 

5. Rp.: Suppusitoria “Bethiolum” numero 10 

Da. 

Signa: for hemorrhoids and anal fissures. 

Task № 2. 

Traпslate the prescriptioпs iпto Latiп. Prescribe: 

1. 50 grams of ointment for freezing (frost-bite). Тhе patient should rub а 

little ointment onto open skin regions. 

2. Ointment which consists of: one gram of resorcin, 10 grams of 

vaseline. Label: ointment. Apply to the affected skin regions. 

3. 60 pills which include: 0,03 of crystallized sodium arsenate; 3,0 of 

quinine hydrochloride; extract and powder of licorice root as muсh as 

is required. Тhe patient should take one pill 2-3 times а day. 

4. 40 rectal suppositories. Тhе constituents are: 0,3 euphylline, 3,0 сосоа 

8

utter. Тhе patient should insert 1 suppository 2 times а day. 

5. 10 suppositories with glycerin. Тhе patient should insert 1 suppository 

once а day 15-20 minutes after meals. 


I. Liniment belongs to: 




Test № 1. 

II. Suppository belongs to: 




Test № 2. 

Choose the soft medicinal forms: 









Test № 3. 

9

Choose the lines in which there are only soft medicinal forms: 


2) unguentum, linimentum; 




Literature 

Basic. 





10










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 2 










Prescription-writing of liquid medicinal 

forms. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The medicinal forms are subdivided into solid, liquid and soft ones. Liquid 


out the liquid medicinal substances in prescriptions are the important aspect of the 

topic, that’s why it is necessary to know how Genetivus of the liquid forms of 




2. To master the vocabulary form of the names of each liquid medicinal form, 


3. To learn to correctly write out liquid medicinal forms. 












Term 

Definition 

Solution 

A liquid preparation containing one or several 

soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in 

water or other dissolving medium. 

3

Drop 

Tincture 

Extract 

Infusion 

Decoction 

Emulsion 

Suspension 

Mixture 

Mucilage 

Syrup 

A minute sphere of liquid as it hangs or falls. 

An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared 

from animal or vegetable drugs or from chemical 

substances. 

A concentrated preparation of a vegetable or animal 

drug obtained by removing the active constituents 

therefrom with a suitable menstruum, evaporating all 

or nearly the solvent and adjusting the residual mass 

or powder to a prescribed standard. 

A product of steeping of a substance in water for the 

extraction of its medicinal principles. 

A medication or other substance prepared by boiling. 

A preparation of one liquid distributed in small 

globules throughout the body of a second liquid. 

A preparation of a finely divided drug intended to be 

incorporated (suspended) in some suitable liquid 

vehicle (water, oil, glycerine) before it is used, or 

already incorporated in such a vehicle. 

A liquid medicinal form which is formed by 

dissolving one or several solid substances or by 

mixing two or more substances between themselves. 

An artificial viscid paste of gum or dextrin used in 

pharmacy as a vehicle or excipient or in therapy as a 

demulcent. 

A concetrated solution of sugar, such as sucrose, in 

water or other aqueous liquid, sometimes with some 

medicinal substance added. 

4



ingredients? 

2. What medicinal forms belong to liquid ones? 

3. Give the vocabulary form of the names of each liquid medicinal form. 




1. Rp.: Solutionis Proserini 0,05% 1 ml 

Da tales doses numero 6 in ampullis 

Signa: one ml 1-2 times a day. 

2. Rp.: Extracti Polygoni hydropiperis fluidi 

Extracti Viburni fluidi ana 20 ml 

Misce. Da. 

Signa: 25-30 drops two times a day. 

3. Rp.: Infusi florum Arnicae ex 10,0 – 200 ml 

Da. 

Signa: one tablespoon 3 times a day. 

4. Rp.: Suspensionis Griseofulvini 100,0 

Da. 

Signa: one dessertspoon 3 times a day. 

5. Rp.: Emulsi olei jecoris Aselli 100 ml 

5

Da. 


6. Rp: Tincturae Strophanthi 5,0 

Tincturae Convallariae 

Tincturae Valerianae ana 10,0 

Misceatur. Detur. 

Signetur: 20 drops 3 times a day. 

7. Rp.: Sirupi Aloёs 30 ml 

Da. 



Liquid medicinal forms 

(Formae medicamentorum molles) 

solutiones (solutio, onis f) – solutions 

guttae (gutta, ae f) – drops 

tincturae (tinctura, ae f) – tinctures 

extracta (extractum, i n) – extracts 

infusa et decocta (infusum, i n; decoctum, i n) – infusions and decoctions 

emulsa (emulsum, i n) – emulsions 

suspensiones (suspensio, onis f) – suspensions 

mixturae (mixtura, ae f) – mixtures 

mucilagines (mucilago, inis f) – mucilages 

sirupi (sirupus, i m) – syrups 

Solutions – solutiones 

6

Solution is a liquid preparation containing one or several soluble chemical 

substances usually dissolved in water or other dissolving medium (solvent) for 

various reasons. 

According to the purpose of use solutions are divided into: 

1. Solutiones pro injectionibus – solutions for injections. 

2. Solutiones ad usum externum – solutions for external use: gargarismata – 

for gargling; lotiones – for lotions; collutoria – for rinsing mouth; enemata 

or clysmata – for enemas; liturae – for lubrication; perlotiones – for 

irrigation; frictiones – for embrocation. 

3. Solutiones ad usum internum – solutions for internal use. 

There are also solutiones pro anaesthesia (solutions for anaesthesia), 

solutiones plasmosubstituentes (solutions for the substitution of plasma). 

Solutions are given in: ampullis (ampules); rectiolis (rectal pipettes, which 

contain 3-5 ml of solution for microenemas). 

Prescriptions for solutions are written in a short and full forms. 

In a short form the word Recipe is followed by the word Solutionis, the name 

of medicinal substance, the concentration of solution in percents and its amount, 

In a full form the word Recipe is followed by the name of a medicinal 

substance, its amount and the name of a solvent. 

Drops – guttae 

Drop is a minute sphere of liquid as it hangs or falls. 

There are: 

Oculoguttae – eye drops (medicated oil or water to be dropped into eyes). 

Nasoguttae – nose drops (medicated solution to be dropped into the nose). 

Otoguttae – ear drops (medicated oil or water to be dropped into the external 

auditory meatus). 

Guttae “Denta” – dental drops. 

Small amount of drops (5-10 ml) is prescribed in a full or short form. 

7

Dental drops are usually officinal and are prescribed in a short form. 

Tinctures – tincturae 

Tincture is an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from animal or 

vegetable drugs or from chemical substances. Tinctures usually have some colour. 

They are officinal drug forms. 

When some tincture is prescribed, the word Recipe is followed by the name 

of a dosage form (that is: Tincturae) and then by the name of a plant and total 

amount in ml. When alcoholic tincture is prescribed, the word spirituosae is not 

written. But if ether tincture is prescribed, the word aethereae should be written. 

Extracts – extracta 

Extract is a concentrated preparation of a vegetable or animal drug obtained 

by removing the active constituents therefrom with a suitable menstruum, 

evaporating all or nearly all the solvent and adjusting the residual mass or powder to 

a prescribed standard. 

According to the extractor all extracts are divided into: 

extracta aquosa (water extracts); 

extracta oleosa (oil extracts); 

extracta spirituosa (spirituous, alcoholic extracts); 

extracta aetherea (ethereous extracts). 

NB! Only one etherous extract is used: Extractum Filicis maris aethereum. 

According to their consistency extracts are divided into: extracta fluida 

(fluid), spissa (thickened), sicca (dry), that is they are prepared in three forms: 

semiliquid or of syrupy consistency, pilular or solid, and as dry powder. 

Extracts are prescribed in the same way as tinctures, but their consistency 

should be indicated. 

8

Infusions and decoctions – infusa et decocta 

Infusion is a product of steeping of a substance in water for the extraction of 

its medicinal principles. 

Decoction is a medication or other substance prepared by boiling. 

Infusions and decoctions are prescribed only in a short form. The amount of 

vegetable raw materials and the amount of infusion and decoction are indicated. 

Emulsions – emulsa 

Emulsion is a preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules 

throughout the body of a second liquid. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official 

standards have been promulgated include cod-liver oil emulsion, cod-liver oil 

emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalen in liquid 

petrolatum emulsion. 

There are emulsa oleosa (oil or false emulsions) and emulsa seminalia or 

emulsa seminum (true emulsions). 

Emulsions are prescribed in a full or short form. 

Suspensions – suspensiones 

Suspension is a preparation of a finely divided drug intended to be 

incorporated (suspended) in some suitable liquid vehicle (water, oil, glycerine) 

before it is used, or already incorporated in such a vehicle. 

Suspensions are used pro injectionibus (for injections); ad usum externum 

(for external use); ad usum internum (for internal use). 

Suspensions can be siccae (dry) and ex tempore (which should be prepared). 

Suspensions are prescribed in a full or short form. 

Mixtures – mixturae 

9

Mixture is a liquid medicinal form which is formed by dissolving one or 

several solid substances or by mixing two or more substances between themselves 

(solutions, tinctures, extracts, mucilage etc.). Mixtures can be limpid, turbid and 

with sediment. 

Mixtures are prescribed for both internal and external use. 

Mucilages – mucilagines 

Mucilage – 1) an artificial viscid paste of gum or dextrin used in pharmacy as 

a vehicle or excipient or in therapy as a demulcent; 2) a naturally formed viscid 

principle in a plant, consisting of a gum dissolved in the juices of the plant (gummi 

arabicum – arabic gum, gummi Armeniacae – gum of the apricot, amylum – starch, 

semina Lini – seeds of the flax, radix Althaeae – root of marsh-mallow). 

Mucilages are rarely prescribed separately (per se). They are usually 

prescribed in mixtures, that is 20-25 % of mucilages are added to the mixtures. 

Syrups – sirupi 

Syrup is a concetrated solution of sugar, such as sucrose, in water or other 

aqueous liquid, sometimes with some medicinal substance added. The officinal 

preparation is a solution of sucrose in purified water, and is used as a flavoured 

vehicle in pharmaceutical preparations. E. g.: 

sirupus Rhei – syrup of rhubarb; 

sirupus Althaeae – syrup of marsh-mallow; 

sirupus Glycyrrhizae – syrup of licorice; 

sirupus simplex – simple syrup; 

sirupus Rubi idaei – syrup of raspberry. 


10


Task № 1. 



1. Rp.: Solutionis Glucosi 40 % 20 ml 

Dа in ampullis numero 6. 

Signa. 

2. Rp.: Suspensionis Hydrocortisoni acetatis 2,5 % 5 ml 

Da. 

Signa: one ml once a week (5 injections for the course of treatment). 

3. Rp.: Oxytetracyclini 1,0 

Olei Amygdalarum ad 100,0 

Misce, fiat suspensio 

Da. 

Signa: оnе teaspoon 3 times а day. 

4. Rp.: Seminum Amygdalarum dulcium 10,0 

Aquae destillatae ad 100 ml 

Misce, fiat emulsum 

Da. 


5. Rp.: Xeroformii 

Picis liquidae ana 3,0 

Olei Ricini 100 ml 

11

Misce, fiat linimentun 

Da. 

Signa: balsamic liniment. 

Task № 2. 

Traпslate the prescriptioпs iпto Latiп. Prescribe: 

1. 6 ampules of 2,5 % promethazine hydrochloride solution. The patient should be 

given 1 ml intramuscular injections. 

2. 200 ml of tincture made from 20 grams of water pepper. The patient should take 

one tablespoon 3 times a day. 

3. 6 ampules of 2,5 % desoxycorticosterone trimethylacetat. The patient should be 

given 1 ml intramuscular injections for two weeks. 


Test № 1 

Choose the prescription form of the term: 

a) spiritus aethylicus; 

b) spiritui aethilico; 

c) spiritum aethylicum; 

d) spiritus aethylici; 

e) spiritu aethylico. 

Test № 2 

Choose the liquid medicinal forms: 

12









Test № 3. 

Choose the lines in which there are only liquid medicinal forms: 


2) unguentum, linimentum; 




Literature 

Basic. 





13










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module № 2 










Abbreviations in prescriptions and 

abbreviation-reading. The current control of the 

module. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


When prescribing drugs physicians often use set abbreviations. They have 

fixed form to avoid ambiguity. Many Latin abbreviations are still in use. 

Knowledge of these abbreviations is essential for the dispensing pharmacist and 

often useful for the prescriber. 


1) To know the definition of an abbreviation. 

2) To know the rules of abbreviating in prescriptions. 

3) To know what names of ingredients are not abbreviated. 

4) To know how words can be shortened in Praescriptio. 












Term 

Definition 

Abbreviation 

A conventional reduction of words while writing, 

and also a word composed by reduction of two or 

more words. 

3


1. What is an abbreviation? 

2. What are the rules of abbreviating in prescriptions? 

3. What names of ingredients are not abbreviated? 

4. How can words be shortened in Praescriptio? 


Read the prescriptions, re-write them into the copy-book, write every word in 

the vocabulary form, translate the prescriptions into English: 

1. Rp.: Choles medicatae conservatae 250,0 

Da. 

Signa. 

2. Rp.: Olei Terebinthinae 

Olei Camphorae 

Chloroformii ana 100,0 

Misce. Da. 

Signa. 

3. Rp.: Extracti Frangulae fluidi 0,15 

Extracti Viburni fluidi 

Herbae Thymi ana 20 ml 

Misce. Da. 

Signa. 

4. Rp.: Olei Ricini 1,0 

Da tales doses numero 15 in capsulis gelatinosis. 

Signa. 

4

5. Rp.: Acidi hydrochlorici diluti 5 ml 

Pepsini 2 ml 

Aquae purificatae 180 ml 

Sirupi Cerasi 200 ml 

Misce. Da. 

Signa. 


When prescribing drugs physicians often use set abbreviations. They have 

fixed form to avoid ambiguity. Many Latin abbreviations are still in use. 

Knowledge of these abbreviations is essential for the dispensing pharmacist and 

often useful for the prescriber. 

There are some rules of abbreviating in prescriptions: 

1. The names of dosage forms, galenicals, plants’ structures, directions given 

to the pharmacist and some expressions are usually shortened. 

2. Abbreviations always end in a consonant. If a syllable which is to be 

shortened ends in two or more consonants all of them are written in an abbreviation. 

E. g. : supp. is the abbreviation of the word suppositorium. 

3. Ingredients having a similar name are not abbreviated to avoid confusion, 

e. g.: sulfas and sulfis. 

4. The names of poisonous and drastic drugs are not abbreviated. 

5. In Praescriptio words can be shortened to one letter: D.t.d.N. – Da 

(Dentur) tales doses numero… 

The most important prescription abbreviations 

Abbreviation Full writing in Latin Translation into English 

5

āā 

ac, acid. 

amp. 

aq. 

aq. destill. 

but. 

D. 

D. S. 

D. t. d. 

Div. in p. aeq. 

extr. 

f. 

fl. 

fol. 

gttm. 

gtts. 

inf. 

in ampull. 

in tab. 

lin. 

M. 

N. 

ol. 

pil. 

ppt., praec. 

pulv. 

q. s. 

r., rad. 

Rp. 

Rep. 

ana 

acidum 

ampulla 

aqua 

aqua destillata 

butyrum 

Da 

Da. Signa 

Da tales doses 

Divide in partes aequales 

extractum 

fiat (fiant) 

flos 

folium 

guttam (sing.) 

guttas (plur.) 

infusum 

in ampullis 

in tabulettis 

linimentum 

Misce 

numero 

oleum 

pilula 

praecipitatus 

pulvis 

quantum satis 

radix 

Recǐpe 

Repĕte 

equally 

acid 

ampoule, ampule 

water 

the distilled water 

butter 

Give 

Give. Mark. 

Give such doses 

Divide into equal parts 

extract 

let … forms (form) 

flower 

leaf 

drop 

drops 

infusion 

in ampoules 

in tablets 

liniment 

Mix 

number 

oil 

pill 

precipitated 

powder 

as much as nesessary 

root 

Take 

Repeat 

6

hiz 

S. 

simpl. 

sir. 

sol. 

Steril. 

supp. 

tab. 

t-ra, tinct., tct. 

ung. 

vitr. 

rhizoma 

Signa 

simplex 

sirupus 

solutio 

Sterilisa 

suppositorium 

tabuletta 

tinctura 

unguentum 

vitrum 

rhizome 

Mark 

simple 

syrup 

solution 

Sterilize 

suppository 

tablet 

tincture 

ointment 

glass 



Task № 1. 

Translate the prescriptions into Latin,write them in the full and short forms: 

1. Take: The tablets “Aёronum” number 10 

Give. 

Label. 

2. Take: Of valerian tincture 

Of lily of the valley tincture 10 ml 

Of belladonna tincture 2,5 ml 

Of menthol 0,1 

Mix. Give. 

Label. 

7

3. Take: Of camphor oil 20 % 1 ml 

Give in ampules number 6 

Label. 

4. Take: Of infusion of the labrador-tea herb 10,0 – 150 ml 

Of marsh-mallow syrup 25,0 

Mix. Give. 

Label. 

5. Take: Of ointment of white precipitated mercury 5 % 30,0 

Give. 

Label. 

Task № 2. 

Write the prescriptions without abbreviations, translate them into English: 

Rp.: Supp. cum Euphyllino 0,2 № 6 

D. 

S. 

Rp.: Ac. borici 5,0 

Zinci oxydi 25,0 

Ung. Naphthalani 45,0 

Am. Tritici 25,0 

M. D. S. 

Rp.: Mentholi 0,1 

Ol. Persicorum 10,0 

8

M. D. S. 


Test № 1. 

If the tablets are written out in the short form the word “tablets” is put in: 

a) Nom. plur. 

b) Gen. plur. 

c) Acc. Plur. 

Test № 2 

Choose the correct answer: 

1) The abbreviation “D.” means: 

a) decoctum; 

b) dilutus; 

c) depuratus; 

d) Da. 

2) The abbreviation “f.” means: 

a) flos; 

b) fiat; 

c) fluidus; 

d) folium. 

Literature 

Basic. 

9





10










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 2 


Latin language. 





Clinical terminology. 

studies 


The notion “clinical term”. The kinds of 

clinical terms. The structure of terms-composites 

in Latin and English. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The better you can analyze medical terms, that is know how to find their 

stems, suffixes, prefixes, and comprehend the meaning of Greek and Latin 

components, the easier you will learn them. 

There are two main ways of forming new words in Latin: 

1. Affixation (adding prefixes and suffixes to the stem). 

2. Word combination (when two or more stems go together to form a new 

word). 

As far as clinical terms are formed mainly by the old Greek language, the 

students should learn Greek stems and other combining forms of the Latin words, 

including word terminations. 

Clinical terminology is one of the most difficult subsystems of the medical 

terminology. It includes both the names of diseases or pathologic processes and the 

ways of their examination and treatment. 


1) To know what languages are used in medical naming. 

2) To know the way of forming of the most clinical terms. 

3) To know what clinical terms are by position. 

4) To know how terms-elements are joined into terms. 








3



Term 

Definition 

Clinical term 

Affixation 

Word combination 

Word termination 

A compound word formed by the joining of two or 

more word-forming elements derived from Greek on 

the whole. 

Adding prefixes and suffixes to the stem. 

Joining of two or more stems to form a new word. 

A steady element of a compound word which has 

constant meaning and can form several terms. 


1. What languages are used in medical naming? 

2. What is the way of forming of the most clinical terms? 

3. What are clinical terms by position? 

4. How are terms-elements joined into terms? 


Translate the terms intoEnglish: 

Embryologia, brachycephalia, histologia, odontogenes, sphygmographia, 

stomatomycosis, cryotherapia, pyuria, angiopathia, hyperacusia, tocologia, 

galactorrhoea, chirurgia, laparotomia, somatometria, dysosmia, haemostasis, 

phlebostenosis, splanchnoptosis, otorrhagia. 


4

It has turned out historically that the Greeks have originated sciences and 

have given their lexical material for the naming of scientific and everyday objects. 

Later on this word-forming tradition passed to the Romans. Both Greek and Latin 

languages are used in scientific naming. Greek terms-elements are used more often 

in the clinical terminology, Latin ones – in the anatomic terminology. 

A lot of clinical terms (names of diseases, pathological processes, methods of 

investigation and treatment etc.) are compound words formed by the joining of two 

or more word-forming elements derived from Greek on the whole. By their position 

terms-elements may be initial (standing in the beginning of a word), intermediate 

(in the middle of a word), finite (in the end of a word). E. g.: 

hyper-glyk-aemia (the heightened content of sugar in the blood); 

chole-cyst-itis (the inflammation of the gall-bladder). 

One and the same term-element may be initial as well as finite. Depending on 

the position it may change its form: haem-o-philia, haemat-uria, ur-aemia. 

Terms-elements are joined between themselves directly or with the help of 

connecting vowels. If the second term-element begins with a vowel, the connecting 

vowel is usually not used. If the second term-element begins with a consonant, the 

joining vowel is used. When Greek terms-elements are joined the connecting vowel 

-o- is used, when Latin ones are joined, the connecting vowels -i- or -o- are used. 



Task 


1. Any joint disease. 2. Displacement of the liver. 3. Excision of the kidney. 

4. A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. 5. Bile in the blood. 6. 

5

The scientific study of the problems of ageing. 7. Very rapid breathing. 8. 

Abnormally increased muscular function or activity. 9. Narrowing of the vessel. 10. 

A chronic disease of adults characterized by enlargement of many parts of the 

skeleton. 11. Science which studies psychical diseases. 12. Surgical incision of the 

gallbladder. 


Test № 1 

The term-element sten- has the meaning: 

a) strength; 

b) narrowing; 

c) sternum 

Test № 2 

The term-element hidr- has the meaning: 

a) water; 

b) sweat; 

c) humidity 

Test № 3 

Choose the Greek stems corresponding to the Latin terms: 

1) cerebrum a) anthrop- 

2) ruber b) chir- 

3) pectus c) prosop- 

4) gustus d) encephal- 

5) homo e) steth- 

6) dulcis f) erythr- 

6

7) articulatio g) dacry- 

8) manus h) glyk- 

9) lacrima i) geus- 

10) facies j) arthr- 

Literature 

Basic. 





7










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 2 






clinical terminology. 


studies 


Word-formation. Latin prepositions in the 

role of prefixes. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The word-formation with the help of prefixes is called “with a prefix” way of 

the word-formation. “With a prefix” way is productive and wide-spread in the 

medical terminology. Prefixes are always added to the root and form new words of 

the same lexical grammatical class. Thus, the learning of Latin prefixes broadens 

the students’ vocabulary. The knowledge of the “with a prefix” word-forming 

components helps to comprehensive perception of terms and memorizing for a long 

time. 


1) To know what languages are used in medical terminology. 

2) To know in what terminology Latin prefixes usually occur. 

3) To know the meaning of the most widely used prefixes formed by Latin 

prepositions and particles. 

4) To know the rules of assimilation of the final consonant of a prefix with the 

first consonant of a stem. 










Term 

Definition 

3

Affixation 

Prefix 


A part of a word, a morpheme, standing before a 

root. 


1) What languages are used in medical terminology? 

2) In what terminology do Latin prefixes usually occur? 

3) What is the meaning of the most widely used prefixes formed by Latin 

prepositions and particles? 

4) What are the rules of assimilation of the final consonant of a prefix with the 

first consonant of a stem? 


Find the prefixes in the terms, determine the their meaning, translate the 

terms into English: 

1. Foveola suprameatica. 

2. Musculus depressor septi nasi. 

3. Foramina intravertebralia. 

4. Sulcus arteriae subclaviae. 

5. Margo superciliaris. 

6. Venae conjunctivales. 

7. Musculus extensor digiti minimi. 

8. Pars postsulcalis posterior. 

9. Arteria recurrens. 

10. Musculus adductor pollicis. 

11. Complexus ossium. 

4

12. Impressiones digitatae. 

13. Transfusio sanguinis. 

14. Insufficientia valvae mitralis. 

15. Articulatio composita. 

16. Nervus sublinguales. 

17. Nodi lymphatici praepericardiales. 


Both Latin and Greek prefixes are used in medical terminology. Some of 

them are formed by prepositions and particles and have literal meaning. They can 

also express non-literal meaning (especially in clinical disciplines). These prefixes 

do not change the meaning of a stem but intensify it. 

Latin prefixes usually occur in anatomical and histological terminology and 

Greek ones are widely used in clinical terminology. 

Combining forms derived from adjectives (Greek mes(o) – from mesos – 

middle), and Latin or Greek numerals (Latin uni – one, single; bi – twice; Greek 

mono – one, single; di – twice) which are placed in front of a word are also called 

prefixes. 

The final consonant of a prefix is often assimilated with the first consonant of 

a stem, e. g.: afferens – afferent, conveying towards the centre (from ad – ferens); 

difficilis – difficult (from dis – facilis). 

The prefix in- followed by the consonants b, m, p changes into im-, e. g.: 

imberbis – beardless (from in – barba – beard); immobilis – immobile (from in – 

mobilis – mobile); impotentia – impotence (from in – potentia – potency). 

The prefix in- followed by the consonants l and r changes into il- and ircorrespondingly, 

e. g.: illaesus – not damaged, without lesion (from in – laesus – 

hurt, damaged); irrationalis – irrational (from in – rationalis – rational). 

Latin prepositions are usually attached to Latin stems, and Greek ones are 

attached to Greek stems, e. g.: pertussis – whooping cough (from Latin per – 

5

throuhg, tussis – cough); anaemia – anaemia (from Greek an – neg., -aemia – 

blood). 

There are exceptions to this rule, i. e. there are some cases when a Greek 

prefix is attached to the stem of a Latin word, and a Latin prefix is attached to the 

stem of a Greek word, e. g.; endocervicalis – endocervical (from Greek prefix 

endo- and Latin word cervicalis); intrathoracalis – intrathoracic (from Latin prefix 

intra- and Greek word thoracalis). 

PREFIXES FORMED BY LATIN PREPOSITIONS AND PARTICLES 

Latin prefix Meaning Examples 

a-, ab-, 

absadantecircumcum-: 

colcom- 

away from, from 

to or toward, 

addition to 

prior to or 

in front of 

around 

with or together 

abasia abasia – inability to walk 

abductio abduction – the act of abducting 

(drawing away) or state of being abducted 

abstinentia abstinence – a retaining from the 

use of or indugence in food, stimulants, or 

sexual intercourse 

adductor adductor – the muscle which adducts 

(is drawn toward) 

afferens afferent – conveying toward a centre 

antebrachium antebrachium – the part of the 

upper member of the body between the elbow 

and the wrist 

antenatalis antenatal – prenatal 

circumscriptus cirtumscribed – bounded or 

limited; confined to a limited space 

collateralis collateral – secondary or accessory; 

not direct or immediate 

compositus – compound 

6

concorcocontradedidise-, 

exextra- 

against, opposed 

1) deterioration, 

becoming 

worse; 

2) down or 

away from 

cessation, 

reversal, or 

removal; 

3) negation or 

privation 

apart 

reversal or 

separation, or 

duplication 

away from, 

outside 

outside of, 

beyond, or in 

addition 

1) in or into; 

concentratio concentration: 1) increase in 

strength by evaporation; 2) the ratio of the mass 

or volume of a solute to the mass or volume of 

the solution or solvent 

correlatio correlation – the degree to which 

one phenomenon or random variable is 

associated with or can be predicted from another 

coordinatio co-ordination – the harmonious 

functioning of interrelated organs and parts 

contraindicatio contraindication – any 

condition, especially any condition of disease, 

which renders some particular line of theatment 

undesirable or improper 

denervatio denervation – resection or removal 

of the nerves to an organ or part 

descendens descending – extending inferiorly 

destructivus destructive – causing destruction, 

destroying 

divergentia divergence – a spreading or 

tending apart 

disseminatio dissemination – distribution over 

a considerable area 

eventratio eventration – protrusion of the 

bowels from the abdomen 

7

ininfrainterintraobperpostpraeproresesubsuper-; 

supra- 

2) not 

interior to, below 

or beneath 

between or 

among 

within, into, or 

during 

against, toward 

throughout in 

space or time 

after or behind 

before, in front 

of 

before, in front 

of 

back, again 

apart 

under, or 

subordinate 

1) above, more 

than normal, 

excessive; 

exitus exitus: 1) death; 2) an exit or outlet 

extracellularis extracellular – outside a cell or 

cells 

incapsulatio encapsulation – the formation of 

a capsule 

insanabilis incurable – not susceptible of 

being cured 

infraorbitalis infraorbital – lying on or under 

the inferior surface of the orbit 

intervertebralis intervertebral – situated 

between two contiguous vertebrae 

intravenosus intravenous – within a vein or 

veins 

obturatio obturation – the act of closing or 

occluding 

perforatio perforation: 1) the act of boring or 

piercing through a part; 2) a hole made through a 

part or substance 

posticus posticus – posterior 

posthaemorrhagicus posthaemorrhagic – that 

which appeared or happened after haemorrhage 

praematurus premature – occuring before the 

proper time 

prominentia prominentia – a prominence, 

protrusion, or projection 

reversio reversion – a returning to a previous 

condition; regression 

8

trans- 

2) next, above in 

rank 

through, across 

or beyond 

revaccinatio revaccination – a second 

vaccination 

separatio separation – the process of taking 

apart or the state of having been taken apart 

sublingualis sublingual – located beneath the 

tongue 

subacutus subacute – somewhat acute; 

between acute and chronic 

superficialis superficial – pertaining to or 

situated near the surface 

suprarenalis suprarenal – situared superior to 

a kidney 

superinfectio superinfection – a new infection 

complicating the course of antimicrobal therapy 

of an existing infectious process, and resulting 

from invasion by bacteria or fungi resistant to 

the drugs in use 

transfusio – transfusion 



Task № 1. 

Write every word in the vocabulary form, translate the terms into English, 

memorize the spelling: 

Anatomical terms 

Histological terms 

vas afferens 

substantia intercellularis 

9

ursa subcutanea 

musculus extensor 

margo interosseus 

fovea sublingualis 

stratum intermedium 

textus connectivus 

tubulus transversus 

canaliculus intracelularis 

tubulus convolutus 

Clinical terms 

abscessus cerebri; graviditas extrauterina tubaria; divergentia absoluta; 

arthritis posttraumatica; vitium cordis congenitum; fractura intraarticularis; 

perforatio ulceris. 


Test № 1. 

The English prefix “inside” corresponds to the Latin prefix: 

a) infrab) 

intrac) 

interd) 

suprae) 

post- 

Test № 2. 

Which Latin prefix corresponds to the English prefix “between”: 

a) extrab) 

infrac) 

intrad) 

inter- 

10

e) supra- 

Literature 

Basic. 





11










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 2 








studies 


Greek prefixes. The analysis of the termscomposites 

written in Latin and English. The Greek 

alphabet, the rules of reading of letter combinations and 

aboveline signs. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The word-formation with the help of prefixes is called “with a prefix” way of 

the word-formation. “With a prefix” way is productive and wide-spread in the 

medical terminology. Prefixes are always added to the root and form new words of 

the same lexical grammatical class. Thus, the learning of Greek prefixes broadens 

the students’ vocabulary. The knowledge of the “with a prefix” word-forming 

components helps to comprehensive perception of terms and memorizing for a long 

time. 


1) To know what languages are used in medical terminology. 

2) To know in what terminology Greek prefixes usually occur. 

3) To know the meaning of the most widely used Greek prefixes. 

4) To know the rules of assimilation of the final consonant of a prefix with the 

first consonant of a stem. 

5) To be acquainted with the Greek alphabet, the rules of reading of letter 

combinations and aboveline signs. 










3

Term 

Definition 

Affixation 

Prefix 



root. 


1) What languages are used in medical terminology? 

2) In what terminology do Greek prefixes usually occur? 

3) What is the meaning of the most widely used Greek prefixes? 

4) What are the rules of assimilation of the final consonant of a prefix with the 

first consonant of a stem? 

5) What are the rules of reading of letter combinations and aboveline signs in 

the Greek language? 


Find the prefixes in the terms, determine their meaning, translate the terms 

into English: 

1. Vena hemiazygos accessoria. 

2. Apophysis anularis. 

3. Canalis hypoglossus. 

4. Processus paramastoideus. 

5. Synchondroses sternales. 

6. Capsula fibrosa perivascularis. 

7. Ductus endolymphaticus. 

8. Musculus epicranius. 

4

9. Tractus mesencephalicus nerve trigeminalis. 

10. Pars sympathica. 

11. Toberculum epiglotticum. 

12. Fascia parotidea. 


Both Latin and Greek prefixes are used in medical terminology. Some of 

them are formed by prepositions and particles and have literal meaning. They can 

also express non-literal meaning (especially in clinical disciplines). These prefixes 

do not change the meaning of a stem but intensify it. 

Latin prefixes usually occur in anatomical and histological terminology and 

Greek ones are widely used in clinical terminology. 

Combining forms derived from adjectives (Greek mes(o) – from mesos – 

middle), and Latin or Greek numerals (Latin uni – one, single; bi – twice; Greek 

mono – one, single; di – twice) which are placed in front of a word are also called 

prefixes. 

The final consonant of a prefix is often assimilated with the first consonsnt of 

a stem, e. g.: afferens – afferent, conveying towards the centre (from ad – ferens); 

difficilis – difficult (from dis – facilis). 

The prefix in- followed by the consonants b, m, p changes into im-, e. g.: 

imberbis – beardless (from in – barba – beard); immobilis – immobile (from in – 

mobilis – mobile); impotentia – impotence (from in – potentia – potency). 

The prefix in- followed by the consonants l and r changes into il- and ircorrespondingly, 

e. g.: illaesus – not damaged, without lesion (from in – laesus – 

hurt, damaged); irrationalis – irrational (from in – rationalis – rational). 

Latin prepositions are usually attached to Latin stems, and Greek ones are 

attached to Greek stems, e. g.: pertussis – whooping cough (from Latin per – 

throuhg, tussis – cough); anaemia – anaemia (from Greek an – neg., -aemia – 

blood). 

5

There are exceptions to this rule, i. e. there are some cases when a Greek 

prefix is attached to the stem of a Latin word, and a Latin prefix is attached to the 

stem of a Greek word, e. g.; endocervicalis – endocervical (from Greek prefix 

endo- and Latin word cervicalis); intrathoracalis – intrathoracic (from Latin prefix 

intra- and Greek word thoracalis). 

GREEK PREFIXES 

Greek 

prefix 

Meaning 

Examples 

a-, anamphianaantiapo- 

negative prefix 

on both sides; 

around or about; 

double 

upward, excessive, 

or again 

effective against, 

opposing, or 

opposite, counter 

acting 

apathia apathy — lack of feeling or emotion, 

indifference 

amphiarthrosis amphiarthrosis — a form of 

articulation permitting little motion, the apposed 

surfaces of bone being connected by fibrocartilage 

anaphoria anaphoria — a tendency for the visual 

axes of both eyes to divert above the horizontal 

plane 

anamnesis anamnesis — recollection 

antirabicus — for rabies 

antidiuresis antidiuresis — suppression of urinary 

excretion 

separation or 

derivation from 

apophysis apophysis — any outgrowth or 

swelling, especially a bony outgrowth that has 

6

dia- 

dys- 

ec-, ecto- 

through, apart, 

between, across or 

completely 

bad, improper, 

disordered, 

abnormal 

never been entirely separated from the bone of 

which it forms a part, such as a process, tubercle, 

or tuberosity 

apoplexia apoplexy: 1. sudden neurologic 

impairment due to a cerebrovascular disorder, 

either an arterial occlusion or an intracranial 

haemorrhage. 2. copious extravasation of blood 

within any organ. 

diaphoresis diaphoresis — perspiration, especially 

profuse perspiration 

diagnosis diagnosis: 1. the determination of the 

nature of a case of disease. 2. the art of 

distinguishing one disease from another 

en- 

ex, exo- 

outside, or 

situated on the 

outside 

in, on 

dysphagia dysphagia - difficulty in swallowing 

ectomia ectomy — excision of an organ or part 

ectoderma ectoderm - the outermost layer of cells 

of the three primary germ layers of the embryo 

endo- 

out of, outside, 

away from 

encephalon encephalon — the brain: that part of 

the central nervous system, contained within the 

cranium 

enuresis enuresis — involuntary discharge 

of urine 

epi- 

inside, inward 

situation, within 

exanthema exanthem - a skin eruption or rash 

exogenes exogenous — developed or originating 

7

outside the organism, as exogenous disease 

eu- 

hemi- 

hyper- 

upon, above, 

beside 

well, easily, good 

one half 

endogenus endogenous: 1. growing from 

within. 2. developing or originating within 

the organism, or arising from causes within 

the organism 

epicondylus epicondylus — a general term for an 

eminence upon a bone, above its condyle 

epithelium epithelium — the covering of internal 

and external surfaces of the body, including the 

lining of vessels and other small cavities 

hypo- 

eupnoe eupnea — easy or normal respiration 

mesometaparaperi- 

above, beyond, 

more than normal, 

or excessive 

beneath, under, 

below normal, or 

deficient 

in the middle, 

intermediate, or 

moderate 

change, 

transformation, or 

exchange 

hemispherium hemispherium - a general 

term denoting half of a spherical or spheroid 

structure 

hemiplegia hemiplegia — paralysis of one side of 

the body 

hypernephroma hypernephroma — renal cell 

carcinoma 

hypogastrium hypogastrium alternative for 

regio pubica 

hypostasis hypostasis — poor or stagnant 

circulation in a dependent part of the body or 

organ, as in venous insufficiency 

8

pro- 

syn-, 

sym- 

a) beside, near 

b) abnormal 

around 

precursor 

union 

association 

or 

mesothelium mesothelium — the layer of flat 

cells, derived from the mesoderm, which 

lines the coelom or body cavity of the embryo 

metastasis metastasis — the transfer of disease 

from one organ or part to another not directly 

connected with it 

parotis — parotid gland 

paratriehosis — the growth of hair in an unusual 

place 

perigastritis perigastritis — the 

inflammation of the peritoneal coat of the stomach 

prophylaxis prophylaxis — the prevention 

of disease; preventive treatment 

progeria progeria — a syndrome of uncertain 

genetic inheritance, characterized by precocious 

senility of striking degree, with death from 

coronary artery disease requently 

occurring before 10 years of age 

syndactylia syndactyly - the most common 

congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by 

persistence of the webbing between adjacent 

digits, so they are more or less completely attached 

symblepharon symblepharon — an adhesion 

9

etween the tarsal conjunctiva and the bulbar 

conjunctiva 

THE GREEK ALPHABET 

Greek letters The name of the letter Latin transcription 

Α α 

Β β 

Γ γ 

Δ δ 

Ε ε 

Ζ ζ 

Η η 

Θ θ 

Ι ι 

Κ κ 

Λ λ 

Μ μ 

Ν ν 

Ξ ξ 

Ο ο 

Π π 

Ρ ρ 

Σ σ ς 

Τ τ 

Υ υ 

Φ φ 

Χ χ 

Ψ ψ 

alpha 

beta 

gamma 

delta 

epsilon 

dzeta 

eta 

theta 

iota 

kappa 

lambda 

my 

ny 

xi 

omicron 

pi 

rho 

sigma 

tau 

ypsilon 

phi 

chi 

psi 

a 

b 

g 

d 

e (short) 

z 

e (long) 

th 

i 

c, k 

l 

m 

n 

x 

o (short) 

p 

r 

s 

t 

y 

ph 

ch 

ps 

10

Ω ω omega o (long) 

In the Old Greek alphabet there are 24 letters. The vowels: ε, η, ι, o, υ, ω, the 

rest are consonants. 

Writing and pronunciation of the Greek letters 

1. Sigma has two graphic signs: σ – in the beginning and in the middle of a 

word; 

ς – in the end of a word. 

2. Gamma (γ) is pronounced as English [g]. 

Gamma is pronounced as English [n] before λ, χ, κ, ξ. 

The Greek diphthongs 

The diphthongs are pronounced as a single syllable. All of them are long by 

nature. 

Greek diphthong Latin writing 

αι 

ae 

ει 

i 

oι 

oe 

oυ 

u 

αυ 

au 

ευ 

eu 

The aboveline signs 

Greek words which are beginning with a vowel, a diphthong or “ρ” have a 

spirit (spiritus). 

There are two kinds of a spirit: thick and thin. 

11

The thick spirit (spiritus asper) is designated by the sign (‛) above the 

beginning vowel. 

The thin spirit (spiritus lenis) is designated by the sign (’) above the 

beginning vowel. This sign doesn’t influence its pronunciation. 

The sign of a spirit is put also above “ρ” in the beginning of a word but it 

doesn’t influence its pronunciation. 



Task № 1. 

Write every word in the vocabulary form, translate the terms into English, 

memorize the spelling: 

Anatomical terms 

Histological terms 

anastomosis 

aponeurosis 

apophysis 

(vena) azygos 

epigastrium 

hypoglossus 

metaphysis 

perichondrium 

synistosis 

symphysis 

anaphasis 

metaphasis 

prophasis 

endothelium 

mesothelium 

epithelium 

endomysium 

perimysium 

synapsis 

parametrium 

Clinical terms 

diarrhoea, dyspnoё, hemianaesthesia, endometritis, parametritis, perimetritis, 

hypoglykaemia, hypertrophia, apodia, prognosis. 

12

Pharmaceutical terms 

Anaesthesinum; anhydricus, a, um; antacidus, a, um; antidotum 

physiologicum; diaphoreticus, a, um; Euphyllinum; Parathyreoidinum; 

Synoestrolum; syntheticus, a, um. 


Test № 1. 

The English prefix “around” corresponds to the Greek prefix: 

a) metab) 

hypoc) 

perid) 

endoe) 

ana- 

Test № 2. 

Which Greek prefix corresponds to the English prefix “above”: 

a) hemib) 

apoc) 

epid) 

diae) 

anti- 

Test № 3. 

13

Determine the terms with prefixes which have the meaning: 

a) covering membrane of an organ 

b) inner membrane of an organ 

c) cellular tissue around an organ 

1) endophlebitis; 2) paratyphlitis; 3) periosteum; 4) endometrium; 5) 

periodontium; 6) endothelium; 7) paranephritis; 8) endocardium; 9) parodontium; 

10) peritonaeum. 

Literature 

Basic. 





14










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module № 2 









The formation of terms-composites with the 

given morphemes and terms-elements. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


The modern clinical terminology has been being formed during many 

centuries, being developed and perfected in all its components. 

Clinical terms are mainly formed by the way of joining of several 

components. The components of the compound terms which have a constant, steady 

meaning and form several terms of the same contents line are called termselements. 

In order to understand and consciously use the scientific clinical terminology 

it is necessary to memorize the Greek equivalents of the Latin words and the Greek 

word-forming elements. 


1) To know what languages are used in medical naming. 

2) To know the way of forming of the most clinical terms. 

3) To know what clinical terms are by position. 

4) To know how terms-elements are joined into terms. 










Term 

Definition 

3

Clinical term 

Affixation 


Term-element 



the whole. 






1. What languages are used in medical naming? 





Task № 1 

Form the terms with the known meanings: 

a) leuk- (white): 

white blood cell, lack of leucocytes, treatment with leucocytes, white 

blood, bleeding in the patients with leucosis; 

b) mega-, megal- (large): 

large eyes, large tongue, mania of greatness, increase of the large part of 

the brain; 

c) erythr- (red): 

red blood cell, red colouring of the urine, vision of objects in red 

colouring, germ of the red blood cell, swallowing of erythrocytes. 

4

Task № 2. 

Form the terms of the given terms-elements: 

I. 1) odont(o) – (-algia, -rrhagia, -ectomia, -necrosis, -genes, -lithus); 

2) angi(o) – (-spasmus, -sclerosis, -paresis, -pathia, -necrosis, -tomia). 

II. 1) -sclerosis (arthr-, angi-, chondr-, ten-, pyel-); 

2) -mycosis (haemat-, stomat-, enter-, bronch-, colp-). 


There are two basic ways of forming new words in Latin: 

1. Affixation (adding prefixes and suffixes to the stem). The words formed by 

affixation are called derived words. 

2. Word combination (when two or more stems go together to form a new 

word). The words formed this way are called compound ones. 

Latin words are joined by the vowels -i- and -o-, e. g.: mult-i-cellularis 

(multicellular); sacr-o-lumbalis (sacrolumbar); cerebr-o-spinalis (cerebrospinal). 

Greek words are joined by the vowel -o-, e. g.: arthr-o-pathia (the disease of 

joints). When the second word begins with a vowel, then -o- is often dropped, e. g.: 

neuralgia (neuralgia); adenectomia (adenectomy). 

The stems of the words in Gen. sing. are most frequently used to form 

compound and derived words, e. g.: dermatitis (from derma, dermat-is (skin)) 

means inflammation of the skin, dermatologia is the science about skin diseases. 

Sometimes the stem of the word in Nom. sing. (the so-called pseudostem) is 

used for better pronunciation, e. g.: py-o-derm-ia (purulent inflammation of the 

skin); epi-derm-is (epidermis). 

In a compound noun an attribute usually comes first whereas the head word is 

the final element (it is called a word termination or a term-element), e. g.: 

5

dermatologia (derma, atis – skin; logia – science) is the science which studies skin 

diseases. 

A term-element is a steady element of a compound word. It has constant 

meaning and can form several terms, e, g.: the term-element – algia denotes the 

pain of inorganic origin, e. g.: 

gastralgia (stomachache); odontalgia (toothache); myalgia (pain in the 

muscles), etc. 

As far as clinical terms are formed mainly by the old Greek language, the 

students should learn Greek stems and other combining forms of the Latin words, 

including word terminations. 

Clinical terminology is one of the most difficult subsystems of the medical 

terminology. It includes both the names of diseases or pathologic processes and the 

ways of their examination and treatment. 



Task №1. 

Make up the terms of the given terms-elements: 

I. 1) gloss (o) – (-algia, -ectomia, -pathia, -plegia, -scopia) 

2) myel (o) – (-cele, -graphia, -pathia, -odynia) 

3) phleb (o) – (-logia, -graphia, -rrhaphia, -rrhogia, -ectasia) 

II. 1) –tomia (phleb-, cholecyst-, tonsilt-, spondyl-, blephar-) 

2) –logia (bio-, phyt-, cyt-, aeti-, hist-) 

3) –algia (mast-, cyst-, aden-, blephar-, cholecyst-) 

Task №2. 

6

Form the terms with the known meaning: 

a) encephal- (brain): 

stone in the brain, bleeding from the brain, brain hernia, softening of 

the brain, headache; 

b) neur- (nerve): 

cutting of the nerve, putting stitches on the nerve, extraction of the 

nerve, germ of the nerve cell; 

c) ophthalm- (eye): 

pain in the eye, disease of the eyes, paralysis of the eye muscles, 

leaking from the eye; 

d) enter- (intestine): 

science of the intestines, fixation of the intestine, transplantation of 

intestines, spasm of the intestine, artificial opening in the intestine; 

e) my- (muscle): 

knowledge of muscles, muscle pain, muscle spasm, disease of muscles, 

cutting of the muscle; 

f) gastr- (stomach): 

extraction of the stomach, stomach bleeding, extraction of the stomach 

and duodenum, stomach leaking. 


Test № 1. 

Find the Latin term corresponding to the English one “vision of subjects in 

the yellow colour”: 

a) cyanopsia; 

b) erythropsia; 

c) macropsia; 

d) xanthopsia. 

7

Test № 2. 

Find the Latin term corresponding to the English one “lowering of the pain 

sense”: 

a) hyperalgesia; 

b) hypalgesia; 

c) analgesia; 

d) anaesthesia. 

Test № 3. 

Find the English term corresponding to the Latin one “myopathia”: 

a) disease of the spinal cord; 

b) progressing muscle dystrophy; 

c) neurastheny of the spinal cord. 

Test № 4. 

Find the English term corresponding to the Latin one “pneumectomia”: 

a) cutting of the lung; 

b) excision of the lung; 

c) breaking of the lung. 

Literature 

Basic. 




8


9










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 




studies 


Module № 2 









The formation of terms-names of the 

inflammatory, uninflammatory and tumour 

diseases. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


Affixation is adding prefixes and suffixes to the stem. It is one of the main 

ways of forming new words in Latin. 

In order to form the clinical terms – the names of the inflammatory, 

uninflammatory and tumour diseases, the corresponding suffixes are used. The 

students must know these suffixes, their meaning and the rules of adding them to 

the stem. This knowledge together with practical skills and habits of forming 

clinical terms helps the students to master clinical terminology. 


1) To know what affixation is. 

2) To know the suffixes used to form the terms-names of the inflammatory, 

uninflammatory and tumour diseases. 

3) To know how to add the suffixes to the stems. 










Term 

Definition 

Afixation 


3

Suffix 

A word-forming morpheme, a part of a word 

between a root and an ending. 


1. What is affixation? 

2. What are the suffixes used to form the terms-names of the inflammatory, 

uninflammatory and tumour diseases? 

3. How are the suffixes added to the stems? 


Form the terms with the help of the suffixes, translate into Latin: 

1. -itis, itidis f: inflammation of: the tongue, the mucous membrane of the 

mouth cavity, the brain, the tear gland, the blind gut, the calix and 

bladder, the tooth pulp, the ear, the intestine, the stomach. 

2. -osis, is f: uninflammatory disease: excessive pigmentation of the skin, 

functional disorder of the nervous system, disease of vertebrae, 

narrowing, poisoning, temporary increase of leukocyte number in 

the blood, hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, increase of thrombocyte 

number. 

3. -iasis, is f: uninflammatory disease: stone disease, bladder stone disease , 

gallbladder stone disease, kidney stone disease, tooth stone disease, 

ear stone disease, vein stone disease. 


4

In Latin clinical terminology the following suffixes meaning the names of the 

inflammatory, uninflammatory and tumour diseases are used: 

1. The suffix -it-is (Gen. sing. -itid-is) is a word termination denoting 

inflammation of the part indicated by the word stem to which it is attached. E. g.: 

Latin noun 

Stem of the Greek 

noun 

Examples 


glandula, ae f 

vas, vasis n 

auris, is f 

oculus, i m 

ren, renis m 

vena, ae f 

gaster, gastris f 

arthradenangiotophthalmnephrphlebgastr- 

arthritis, itidis f (inflammation of 

joints) 

adenitis, itidis f (inflammation of a 

gland or lymphatic node) 

angiitis, itidis f (inflammation of the 

walls of blood vessels) 

otitis, itidis f (inflammation of the ear) 

ophthalmitis, itidis f (inflammation of 

the eye or of the conjunctiva or deeper 

structures of the eye) 

nephritis, itidis f (inflammation of the 

kidney) 

phlebitis, itidis f (inflammation of the 

vein) 

gastritis, itidis f (inflammation of the 

stomach) 

2. The suffix -os-is is a word termination denoting a process, especially a 

disease or morbid process, and sometimes conveying the meaning of abnormal 

increase. The suffix is added either to the stem of a Greek or Latin noun. E. g.: 

5

Latin noun 

Stem of the Greek 

noun 

Examples 


ren, renis m 

fungus, i m 

arthr- 

nephr- 

myc- 

arthrosis, is f (a disease of a joint) 

nephrosis, is f (any disease of the 

kidneys 

characterized by purely degenerative 

lesions 

of the renal tubules) 

mycosis, is f (a fungoid disease) 

3. The suffix -ias-is is a word termination meaning the process or the 

condition resulting therefrom, particularly of a morbid condition. It is usually 

attached to the stem of a Greek noun. E. g.: 

psoriasis, is f psoriasis (from the Greek psoriasis psoriasis) – a common 

chronic, squamous dermatosis with polygenic inheritance and a fluctuating course; 

leontiasis, is f leontiasis (from the Greek leon, leontos (lion) leontiasis) – 

the leonine face of lepromatous leprosy, due to nodular invasion of the 

subcutaneous tissue of the face, giving it a vaguely leonine appearance; 

trichiasis, is f trichiasis (from the Greek trix, trichos (hair) trichiasis) – 1) 

a condition of ingrowing hairs about an orifice, or of ingrowing eyelashes; 2) the 

appearance of hairlike filaments in the urine. 

4. The suffix -oma means a tumour. All nouns with the suffix -oma are 

neuter. E.g.: 

adenoma, atis n – adenoma, tumour (a benign epithelial tumour in which the 

cells form recognizable glandular structures or in which the cells are clearly derived 

from glandular epithelium (from Greek aden, adenis m gland); 

6

fibroma, atis n – fibroma (a tumour composed mainly of fibrous or fully 

developed connective tissue, called also fibroid and fibroid tumour (from Latin 

fibra, ae f fiber)). 



Task № 1. 

Form the terms with the suffixoma, explain their meaning: 

1. Derma, dermat-. 2. Hepar, hepat-. 3. Mys, my-. 4. Fibra, fibr-. 5. Chondros, 

chondr-. 6. Neuron, neur-. 7. Lipos, lip-. 8. Odus, odont-. 9. Sarx, sarc-. 10. 

Ganglion, gangli-. 11. Sialon, sial-. 12. Lymph-. 13. Pleur-. 14. Papill-. 15. Oste-. 

Task № 2. 

Find the suffixes which have the meaning: 

a) inflammatory diseases; b) tumours; c) uninflammatory diseases. 

1. Pulpitis. 2. Leontiasis. 3. Acidosis. 4. Spodylosis. 5. Keratoma. 6. 

Myosarcoma. 7. Periostitis. 8. Osteosis. 9. Mycosis. 10. Cholelithiasis. 11. Parotitis. 

12. Leucocytosis. 13. Lymphoma. 14. Arthritis. 15. Melanosis. 16. Psychosis. 17. 

Meningioma. 18. Elephantiasis. 19. Mastosis. 20. Laryngitis. 21. Urolithiasis. 22. 

Kyphosis. 23. Encephalosis. 24. Stomatitis. 25. Hepatosis. 


Test № 1. 

7

organ: 

Choose the term in which the suffix means the inflammatory process in the 

a) arthrosis; 

b) arthralgia; 

c) arthropathia; 

d) arthritis; 

e) arthrodynia. 

Test № 2. 

Choose the term in which the suffix means the tumour: 

a) nephrosis; 

b) nephritis; 

c) nephroma; 

d) nephropexia; 

e) nephropathia. 

Test № 3. 

Choose the term in which the suffix means the uninflammatory disease: 

a) osteoma; 

b) ostitis; 

c) osteotomia; 

d) osteosis; 

e) osteopathia. 

Test № 4. 

8

Find the term corresponding to the meaning “inflammation of the 

periosteum”: 

a) periodontitis; 

b) periostitis; 

c) periostosis; 

d) parodontitis. 

Test № 5. 

Find the English term corresponding to the Latin one “pyelonephritis”: 

a) inflammation of the calix and bladder; 

b) inflammation of the calix and kidney; 

c) purulent inflammation of the kidneys. 

Literature 

Basic. 





9










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 2 




Lexical and syntactical provision of the studying 

of the topic “Principles of prescription-writing”. 

Lexical provision of the studying of clinical 

terminology. 


The translation of some diagnoses of the basic 

sections of medicine: therapy, surgery, nervous 

diseases, haematology, stomatology and others 

into Latin. The current content control. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2


To know how to diagnose the case is very important for a doctor. 

While being acquainted with some diagnoses and training in the translation of 

some diagnoses of the basic sections of medicine the students learn to use Latin 

clinical terminology.This will be helpful in their future practice. 


1) To know what a diagnosis is. 

2) To know the common clinical terms used in diagnoses. 

3) To know how to translate some diagnoses of the basic sections of medicine. 









Term 

Definition 

Diagnosis 

The determination of a disease on the grounds of a 

patient’s examination. 


1. What is a diagnosis? 

2. Name some common clinical terms used in diagnoses. 

3. Translate some diagnoses from Latin into English and on the contrary. 


3

Write down and memorize the vocabulary form of every word, translate the 

clinical diagnoses into English: 

1. Oedema haemorrhagicum membrorum. 2. Necrosis hepatis toxica. 3. Asthma 

bronchiale, forma infectiosoallergica. 4. Bronchitis endogena toxica cum 

syndromo obstructivo manifesto, cursus gravis. 5. Insufficientia renalis. 6. Hernia 

umbilicalis incarcerata. 7. Aneurysma parietis anterioris ventriculi sinistri 

acutum. 8. Abscessus lobi superioris pulmonis dextri acutus. 9. Phlebectasia 

membrorum inferiorum. 10. Tuberculosis lobi superioris pulmonis dextri focalis. 


While being acquainted with some diagnoses and training in the translation of 

some diagnoses of the basic sections of medicine: therapy, surgery, nervous 

diseases, haematology, stomatology and others from Latin into English and from 

English into Latin, the students learn to use Latin clinical terminology. 

A lot of clinical terms (names of diseases, pathological processes, methods of 

investigation and treatment etc.) are compound words formed by the joining of two 

or more word-forming elements derived from Greek on the whole. By their position 

terms-elements may be initial (standing in the beginning of a word), intermediate 

(in the middle of a word), finite (in the end of a word). E. g.: 

hyper-glyk-aemia (the heightened content of sugar in the blood); 

chole-cyst-itis (the inflammation of the gall-bladder). 

These clinical terms are used in making the diagnoses. 



Task № 1 

Write down and memorize the vocabulary form of every word, translate the 

clinical diagnoses into Latin: 

1. Emphysema of lungs, respiratory insufficiency, stage I. 2. Thrombosis of 

the central vein of retina. 3. Cutaneous edema with necrosis. 4. Penetrating ulcer. 5. 

Fulminant hepatitis. 6. Trembling palsy. 7. Recurrent endomyocarditis. 8. 

4

Myocardial infarction of the anterior wall of the left ventricle. 9. Cirrhotic 

tuberculosis of the upper lobe of the left lung. 10. Paresis of the lower limbs. 

Task № 2 

Traslate into English the record of the post-mortem examination: 

Endocarditis chronica fibrosa valvulae mitralis. Vitium cordis. Stenosis et 

insufficientia valvulae mitralis. Hypertrophia et dilatio cordis. Cirrhosis hepatis. 

Ascites. Anasarca. Arteriosclerosis generalisata.Cicatrices myocardii. 

Nephrocirrhosis arteriosclerotica. Emphysema pulmonum senile. 


Test № 1 

Choose the diagnosis with the meaning “pulmonary tuberculosis”: 

a) abscessus pulmonum; 

b) infiltratio pulmonum tuberculosa; 

c) phthisis pulmonum. 

Test № 2 

Choose the second part of the clinical term corresponding by sense: 

1. diabetes; 2. otitis; 3. parotitis; 4. sclerosis; 5. rhinitis; 6. cirrhosis; 7. 

atrophia 

a) purulenta; 

b) allergica; 

c) splenogenes; 

d) myelopathica; 

e) mellitus; 

f) epidemica; 

g) disseminata 

Literature 

5

Basic. 





6










Docent _____________ 

Sologor I.M. 

“____” ________200__ 





Module № 2 




Lexical and syntactical provision of the studying 

of the topic “Principles of prescription-writing”. 

Lexical provision of the studying of clinical 

terminology. 

1. Lexical provision of the studying of the topic 

“Principles of prescription-writing”. 

2. The notion of prescription. The state pharmacopoeia. 

3. Clinical terminology. 

The summary module control. 

Year 1 

Department 

medical 


2



terminology” includes the practical use of the rules of the prescription-writing in the 

translation and in solving the prescription tasks; the automatism in writing the 

names of the pharmaceutical preparations which contain the specialized 

pharmacological, therapeutic, chemical and other information; the automatism in 

the perception and written representation of the terms-composites of the Greek and 

Latin origin; the easy translation of the main clinical diagnoses of the principal 

medical branches – therapy, surgery, nervous diseases, stomatological diseases, 

gynaecology and others. The actuality of the topic “The summary module control” 

is in the checking of the quality of the knowledge, skills and habits acquired by 

students. 


1. To know how to use the verbs in the prescription form. 

2. To know what the chemical nomenclature is. 

3. To know what Latin names of chemical elements are. 

4. To know the kinds of acids, oxides and salts, the ways of forming their 

Latin names. 

5. To know how to translate the names of chemical compounds from Latin 

into English and on the contrary. 

6. To know the combining forms denoting the chemical structure of the drug 

preparation. 

7. To know the combining forms with therapeutic, anatomic, physiological 

and pharmacological meaning. 

8. To know how to distinguish different combining forms in the names of 

medicinal preparations. 

9. To know the meaning of some botanical and pharmaceutical names of 

medicinal plants in English. 

10. To know the definition and the structure of a prescription. 

3

11. To know the rules of prescription-writing. 


13. To know the medicinal forms and the peculiarities of writing them out. 


15. To know the rules of abbreviating in prescriptions. 

16. To know the way of forming of the most clinical terms. 

17. To know what clinical terms are by position. 

18. To know how terms-elements are joined into terms. 

19. To know the meaning of the most widely used prefixes formed by Latin 

prepositions and particles. 

20. To know the meaning of the most widely used Greek prefixes. 

21. To know the suffixes used to form the terms-names of the inflammatory, 

uninflammatory and tumour diseases. 

22. To know how to translate some diagnoses of the basic sections of 

medicine. 




Russian language and English language 

School course of chemistry 

School course of botany 

The grammatical categories of a verb, 

the description of conjugations, the 

determination of the verb stem, the 


The Latin names of chemical elements, 

the structure of acids, oxides, salts and 

esters. 

Methods of classifying different kinds 

of plants. The basic knowledge of 

generic and specific names of plants 

4




Term 

Person 

Number 

Tense 

Mood 

Voice 

Conjugation 

Chemical nomenclature 

Chemical element 

Acid 

Oxide 

Salt 

Ester 

Scientific (systemic) name 

Definition 

Who is the subject, i. e., who performs the action, 

from the speaker’s point of view. 

How many subjects, singular or plural. 

The time of action; Latin has six tenses. 

The manner of indicating the action or state of being 

of the verb; like English, Latin has the indicative 

(which “indicates” facts), the imperative (which 

orders actions), and the subjunctive (which describes, 

in particular, hypothetical or potential actions). 

An indication, with transitive verbs (those that can 

take direct objects), of whether the subject performs 

the action (the active voice) or receives it (passive). 

Latin verbs are divided into four conjugations. 

A classified system of the names of chemical 

elements and compounds which are used as 

medicinal substances. 

The second declension neuter noun having the 

ending –um in Nom. sing. 

A chemical compound having a sour taste. 

Combination of elements of an average degree of 

oxidation with oxygen. 

Compound substance, combination of alkali and acid 

in one. 

5

Trivial (agreed) name 

Prescription 

Dosage forms of 

medications 

Solid, liquid, soft 

Abbreviation 

Clinical term 

Affixation 


Word termination 

Prefix 

Suffix 


Term-element 

Organic combination containing oxygen. 

The composition and location of components 

corresponding to the composition and structure of a 

chemical compound’s molecule. 

Convenient for practical use because of its simple 





Final products administered to the patient. 

All the medications divided according to the 

consistence of ingredients. 

A conventional reduction of words while writing, 

and also a word composed by reduction of two or 

more words. 



the whole. 






root. 

A word-forming morpheme, a part of a word 

between a root and an ending. 




6


1. How many conjugations are Latin verbs divided into? 

2. How is the conjugation determined? 

3. How is the singular imperative formed? 

4. How is the plural imperative formed? 

5. What does chemical nomenclature include? 

6. What are the names of chemical elements? 

7. How are the names of acids, oxides and salts formed? 

8. What combining forms denote the chemical structure of the drug 

preparation? 

9. Name the combining forms with therapeutic, anatomic, physiological and 


10. What is a prescription? 

11. How many parts does a prescription consist of? Characterize each of 

them. 

12. What are the rules of prescription-writing? 


14. What medicinal forms belong to solid, liquid and soft ones? 

15. What is an abbreviation? What are the rules of abbreviating in 

prescriptions? 




19. What is the meaning of the most widely used prefixes formed by Latin 

prepositions and particles? 

20. What is the meaning of the most widely used Greek prefixes? 

21. What suffixes are used to form the terms-names of the inflammatory, 

uninflammatory and tumour diseases? 

22. Name some common clinical terms used in diagnoses. 

7


Test tasks for total module control on Latin language and medical terminology 

(Module 2) 

“Lexico-syntactical provision of the topic “Pharmaceutical terminology”. 

Lexical and analytico-syntactical studying of the topic “Clinical terminology”. 

Task 1 (5 marks). Determine the conjugation of the verbs: 

1) habere; 2) audire; 3) sterilisare; 4) signare; 5) miscere; 6) servare; 7) 

vertere; 8) dare; 9) recipere; 10) repetere. 


a) I; b) II; c) III; d) IV. 

Task 2 (5 marks). Choose the numbers of the verbs given in Task 1 which 

form Plural imperative with the help of the suffixes: 

a) -te; b) -ĭte. 

Task 3 (1 mark). The names of chemical elements in Latin are: 

a) masculine nouns of the 3-rd declension; 

b) neuter nouns of the 2-nd declension; 

c) feminine nouns of the 1-st declension. 

Task 4 (1 mark). The names of acids with high degree of oxidation are made 

up with the help of the suffix: 

a) -os-; b) -ic-; c) -ul-; d) -id-. 

Task 5 (1 mark). The names of oxygenless acids are formed with the help of 

the component: 

a) hyper-; b) hyp(o)-; c) hydr(o)-; d) hygr(o)-. 

8

prefix: 

Task 6 (1 marks). The names of basic salts are formed with the help of the 

a) super-; b) sub-; c) supra-; d) ultra-. 

Task 7 (1 mark). A prescription consists of: 

a) 6 parts; b) 9 parts; c) 10 parts. 

Task 8 (5 marks). Choose the English equivalents of the Latin names: 

1) Chelidonium; 2) Absinthium; 3) Digitalis; 4) Chamomilla; 5) Glycyrrhiza; 

6) Mentha piperita; 7) Foeniculum; 8) Filix mas; 9) Hypericum; 10) Urtica. 


a) liquorice f) wormwood 

b) celadine g) pepper-mint 

c) St. John’s wort h) foxglove 

d) male fern i) camomile 

e) nettle j) fennel 

Task 9 (4 marks). Choose the prescription variant of the compounds’ names: 

1. a) spiritus aethylicus; 2. a) sulfur praecipitatum; 

b) spiritus aethylici; b) sulfuri praecipitato; 

c) spiritum aethylicum; c) sulfuris praecipitati; 

3. a) solutionis Iodi spirituosae; 4. a) aqua Menthae; 

b) solutio Iodi spirituosa; b) aquae Menthae; 

c) solutiones Iodi spirituosae; c) aquam Menthae; 

Task 10 (5 marks). Determine the names of anions: 

1) sulfas; 2) hydroiodidum; 3) mitris; 4) sulfidum; 5) arsenas; 6) 

hydrochloridum; 7) sulfis; 8) iodidum; 9) nitras; 10) hydrobromidum. 

9


a) salts of acids with larger content of oxygen; 

b) salts of acids with smaller content of oxygen; 

c) salts of oxygenless acids; 

d) salts of oxygenless acids with organic base. 

Task 11 (5 marks). Determine the types of chemical compounds: 

1) acidum sulfuricum; 2) Argenti sulfas; 3) Hydrogenii peroxydum; 4) 

Hydrargyri cyanidum; 5) Calcii chloridum; 6) Benzylpenicillinum-natrium; 7) 

Aethylmorphini hydrochloridum; 8) Plumbi oxydum; 9) acidum hydrochloricum; 

10) Natrii benzoas. 


a) acids 

b) salts 

c) oxides 

Task 12 (5 marks). Agree the adjectives with the nouns: 

1) remedium (cardinalis, e) 

2) pulvis (subtilis, e) 

3) aqua (destillatus, a, um) 

4) succus (naturalis, e) 

5) capsula (gelatinosus, a, um) 

6) vitrum (fuscus, a, um) 

7) extractum (spissus a, um) 

8) sirupus (simplex, icis) 

9) solutio (spirituosus, a, um) 

10) acidum (boricus, a, um) 

Task 13 (1 mark). The term “pyelocystitis” means the inflammation of: 

a) calix and kidney; 

10

) gall-bladder; 

c) calix and bladder; 

d) urino-genital system. 

Task 14 (5 marks). Add the second part of the term according to the meaning: 

1) oto… (fungoid disease of the ear); 2) xero… (dry lips); 3) teno… (release 

of the tendon from scars); 4) haemo… (treatment with the blood); 5) nephro… 

(kidney bleeding). 

Task 15 (5 marks). Add the first part of the term according to the meaning: 

1) …ectasia (vein dilation); 2) …pathia (disease of the gall-bladder); 3) 

…therapia (theatment with plants); 4) …pexia (fixation of the intestine); 5) …cele 

(brain hernia). 

Task 16 (5 marks). Choose the Greek stems corresponding to the Latin terms: 

1) ventriculus a) anthrop- 

2) humerus b) lapar- 

3) glandula c) cardi- 

4) cor d) erythr- 

5) cartilago e) aden- 

6) abdomen f) pharmac- 

7) ruber g) col- 

8) medicamentum h) brachi- 

9) crassum i) gastr- 

10) homo j) chondr- 

Task 17 (5 marks). Choose the English equivalents of the terms-elements: 

1) -tomia a) science, knowledge 

2) -ectomia b) softening 

11

3) -stomia c) reactivity of an 

organism 

4) -plegia d) displacement 

5) -penia e) artificial opening 

6) -algia f) paralysis 

7) -logia g) cutting 

8) -malacia h) pain 

9) -ergia i) extraction 

10) -ectopia j) lack 

Task 18 (5 marks). Find the terms which mean the inflammation: 

1) cystoplegia; 2) myelopathia; 3) poliomyelitis; 4) hidrosis; 5) glossitis; 6) 

rhinitis; 7) leucosis; 8) emcephalitis; 9) nephrolithiasis; 10) pyonephritis. 

Task 19 (10 marks). Form the terms with the given meaning: 

1. treatment with water: 

2. numerous inflammation of joints: 

3. muscle tumor: 

4. fungoid disease of the skin: 

5. prolapse of the liver: 

6. headache: 

7. break of vessels: 

8. eye bleeding: 

9. brain softening: 

10. white blood cell: 

Task 20 (5 marks). Find the clinical terms written without spelling mistakes: 

1) blepharorrhaphia; 2) artroplastica; 3) haepatitis; 4) metrorrhexis; 5) hydremia; 6) 

xantodermia; 7) pyelotomia; 8) cardiomyopathia; 9) stomatorhagia; 10) 

splanchnoptosis. 

12

Literature 

Basic. 





13

The higher state educational establishment of Ukraine

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?