CEWG January 09 Full Report - National Institute on Drug Abuse

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Section III. <strong>CEWG</strong> Area Update Briefs and International Presentations Drug Abuse Patterns and Trends in Chicago—Update: <strong>January</strong> 20<strong>09</strong> Lawrence Ouellet, Ph.D. For inquiries concerning this report, please contact Lawrence Ouellet, Ph.D., Research Associate Professor, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC-923, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612-0145, Phone: 312–355–1450, Fax: 312–996–1450, E-mail: ljo@uic.edu. Overview of Findings: Cocaine, heroin, and marijuana continued to be the major substances of abuse for Chicago and the surrounding metropolitan area in 2008. Major indicators suggest that levels of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana abuse were high and steady. There were few noteworthy changes that occurred for the reporting period. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Heroin Domestic Monitor Program (HDMP) data indicated that heroin purity increased in 2007 after years of decline. According to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, Illinois students’ lifetime use of inhalants decreased significantly, from 14.5 percent (95-percent confidence interval or CI:12.0,17.4) in 1995 to 9.6 percent (CI:7.1,12.9) in 2007 (p
EpidEmiologic TrEnds in drug AbusE: HigHligHTs And ExEcuTivE summAry between $700–$3,000 per pound, according to the NDIC. Among prescription drugs, those most often cited in ethnographic reports as being used without prescription were Xanax ® , Vicodin ® , Klonopin , clonidine, and methadone. MDMA was popular ® in low-income African-American neighborhoods. Primary users were in their teens and twenties, but use by middle-aged persons was often reported. Prices have declined to $10 per tablet on the South Side and $10–$15 on the West Side. Nonprescription buprenorphine (Suboxone ) use was increasingly common among heroin ® users, who mainly used it to avoid withdrawal or to better manage their addiction. Injection and recreational use of Suboxone was rare. Drug injection by young African Americans ® was rare. New injection drug users were likely to be White and to reside in suburban Chicago. HIV/ AIDS Update: The prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among injection drug users (IDUs) has declined markedly, compared with the 1980s and 1990s. HIV prevalence among injecting and noninjecting drug users is converging in low-income Chicago neighborhoods. Data Sources: Treatment data for the State of Illinois and Chicago for FYs 2000–2007 (July 1– June 30) were provided by the Illinois Division of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse. An update was not available. ED data were derived for the first half of CY 2008 from the DAWN Live! restricted-access online query system administered by the Offce of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The DAWN Live! data are unweighted and are not estimates for the reporting area. These data cannot be compared with DAWN data from 2007 and before, nor can these preliminary data be used for comparison with future data. Criminal justice data were available from the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA), which collects, maintains, and updates a variety of criminal justice data to support its research and evaluation efforts. ICJIA regularly publishes criminal justice research, evaluation reports, and statistical profiles. ICJIA’s drug arrest data for 2005–2006 and the 2004 special report on methamphetamine trends in Illinois were reviewed. Survey data on student and household populations were derived from two sources. The 2007 Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System, prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), provided drug use data representative of 9th through 12th grade students in public and private schools. Data on substance use and abuse for State of Illinois were provided by SAMH SA’s <strong>National</strong> Survey on Drug Use and Health for 2005 and 2006. Price and purity data for heroin for 1991–2007 were provided by the DEA’s HDMP. The Illinois State Police, Division of Forensic Science, provided purity data on drug samples for 2007. Drug price data are reported from the June 2007 and December 2007 reports of <strong>National</strong> Illicit Drug Prices by the NDIC. Data from NFLIS for FY 2008 were used to report on drugs items identified in forensic laboratories after being seized by law enforcement in Chicago. Ethnographic data on drug availability, prices, and purity are from observations and interviews conducted by the Community Outreach Intervention Projects, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago. HIV prevalence data for 2005–2008 were derived from the ongoing NIDA-funded “Sexual Acquisition and Transmission of HIV – Cooperative Agreement Program” (SATH-CAP) study in Chicago (U01 DA017378). Respondent-driven sampling was used at multiple sites in Chicago to recruit men and women who use “hard” drugs (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, or any illicit injected drug), men who have sex with men regardless of drug use, and sex partners linked to these groups. All participants (n=3,220) in this ongoing study completed a computerized self-administered interview and were tested for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. SATH-CAP data were compared with findings from earlier studies of IDUs sponsored by NIDA and the CDC. Several of the sources traditionally used for this report have not been updated by their authors or were unavailable at the time this report was generated. 40 Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, <strong>January</strong> 20<strong>09</strong>
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CEWG January 09 Full Report - National Institute on Drug Abuse

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