The Spirit in Human Evolution - Waldorf Research Institute

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iface: another name for handaxe; a stone artifact made by striking flakes from a core which was then usually pear- shaped, with two flat faces, a rounded base and culminating in a point. A very widely found object produced in many different local stone types over a period spanning nearly 2 million years. bipedal locomotion/bipedalism: walking on two feet, in the case of hominids, in an upright position blade: a stone artifact struck as a flake from a core, defined as at least twice as long as it is wide. Blades have at least one sharp edge and may form the blank for modification into another tool such as a borer, knife, engraving tool. Usually associated with the Upper Paleolithic beginning around 40,000 BP brachiating: a method of moving through trees hanging by the arms, swinging on alternate arms, often letting go in between Châtelperronian: transitional culture between the end of the Middle Paleolithic and the start of the Aurignacian in central and southwest France. Associated with Neanderthals, though showing signs of influence of Moderns clade, cladistics: a group of organisms derived from a common ancestor culture: used throughout this book to refer to a coherent set of behaviors belonging to a species, including technology, lifestyle, social structures, organization, artistic and religious activities core: a piece of stone used as the nucleus to strike flakes or blades to be used as tools. Sometimes the core itself is shaped and used as a tool, such as a biface. dimorphism (usually sexual dimorphism): refers to distinctions of size within a species such as male and female ecosystem: a group of plants and animals that share a given environment, e.g., savannah, rain forest encephalization quotient: the measure of relative brain size in relation to body mass endemic: refers to species that are restricted to or originate in a certain region endocast: the impression of the inside of a skull. The Tuang Child has a natural endocast which formed as the soft tissue of the brain fossilized. Usually artificial casts are made of latex to examine brain size and shape in fossil skulls. ethology: the study of animal behavior fauna: the animals who inhabit a given habitat or ecosystem femur: thigh bone flake: a piece of stone struck from a core. The flake may be used as a tool, often having a sharp edge especially when struck from a stone like flint or chert, or it may be further shaped into other tools or tool components, such as arrowheads. 312
flora: the plant life in a given ecosystem foraging: gathering food and other resources in the wild foramen magnum: the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal chord passes. Its position is an indicator of uprightness since it shows the position of the skull in relation to the upper spinal column. fossil: preserved remains or traces of organisms, usually in mineralized form, or as casts and impressions gene flow: transmission of genes between populations through breeding gene pool: all the genes of a given population at any given moment genetic drift: genetic changes in a population due to random variation as opposed to natural selection or controlled breeding by humans genome: the complete set of a species’ genetic makeup genotype: genetic potential of an organism, in contrast to phenotype, the actual sum of traits genus (plural genera): a group of closely related species glacial (or ice age): a cold, dry period with increased ice caps, usually with lowered sea levels gracile: small, light-boned, in contrast to robust grade: term used in classify groups of species that share certain common features great apes: chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans, as opposed to lesser apes such as gibbons habitat: the natural home environment of a plant or animal handaxe: see biface heterochrony: differentiated development of an organism, as opposed to a uniform developmental pattern hominid: informal term used to describe species considered part of the evolutionary human family. Does not include apes. The point at which a species can be considered a hominid is a matter of judgment and therefore of dispute. Homo: classification term for the genus to which humans belong hyoid bone: small bone between the larynx and the tongue industry: used in this book to refer to a set of artifacts that belong to a given archaeological setting or known to be identified with a given species of hominid; synonymous with culture, or tradition when referring to stone tools. interglacial: warmer period between cold glacials. We are at present in an interglacial. 313
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The S pirit in Human Evolution M a
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Published by: The Association of Wa
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Foreword The Evolution of a Book A
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and education studies to university
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12 in evolution and creationism by
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not the case development could not
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to expression in the developing ind
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The distinction is important. For a
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Chapter 1 Self-Knowledge, Truth and
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distinction between knower and know
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have taken from our earliest beginn
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The biologists, anthropologists and
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Later still the young person will w
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science reveals such a universe. As
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Changing Views of Change How did th
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in the twentieth century, despite t
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Psychologists and therapists are fa
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human origins amply demonstrates. T
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careers being made from the discove
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to the human being and not only as
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in breaking a human cell down into
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I have to admit that reductionist t
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species, at some age, season or yea
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The classic (because extreme but by
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phylogenetic history of humankind,
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Mind Matters The reader will have n
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iology by Ernst Mayr to describe go
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Stories Despite the universal rejec
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follows: the evolutionary stream fr
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cultures … ought to produce creat
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66 animal, by stating what the one
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This is a harsh judgment, and I wou
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I have no judgment as to what exten
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The impotence of Darwinian theory i
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etheric forces, in contrast to the
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obviously has a deep evolutionary h
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This is the very heart of the probl
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complex phenomena and having a sens
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part of the organism itself. This c
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interaction between groups of neura
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When human beings are only beginnin
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world, during which the “new cont
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external reality of the senses, but
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of such ancestors as seemed best fi
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Chapter 4 First Steps Over a period
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Fig 4.1 Time chart showing the curr
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Planet of the Apes Ten million year
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apes and thus ideal conditions for
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“lake.” It is highly likely tha
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Fig 4.5 Lucy: a reconstruction of t
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genetic processes. The organism may
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evolved rapid digestion of high pro
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other mammals who were originally t
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Therefore the possibility of one fo
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evolution? Is not this not spiritua
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to experience the separation of sub
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Chapter 5 Lucy, Flatface and Friend
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Small, Clever, and Alert If we assu
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than in the elephant expresses the
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Fig 5.1 Comparison of what several
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Fig 5.2 Comparison of australopithe
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is, the smaller animal would make m
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Bifacial Chopper Hammer Stone Disco
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Fig 5.6b Examples of pebble tools A
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Fig 5.7 Diagram showing an example
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early Homo. Australopithecines arou
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anches of trees out of sight of the
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Now it is true that, at the level o
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How did this increase come about? W
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expansion of brain size, especially
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That is exactly what the spirit doe
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to such environmental pressures, th
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Apes have the least birthing proble
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Space does not permit fuller discus
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Eternal Embryo It was that widely r
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Though infant fossils from earlier
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The degree of juvenilization seems
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Fig 5.12 A schematic representation
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that animals pass through the equiv
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What we know of human life historie
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The Nature of Imitation The actual
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Chapter 6 Working Man Making fossil
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Fig 6.1 The Trinil thighbone (right
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Fig 6.3 These fossils skulls have a
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New Dates for Out of Africa In 1989
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Whatever the dates or the route, th
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for niches. Then later in drier cyc
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As mentioned above, in apes birthin
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With the onset of the wet season, d
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Making or Just Using Fire? A “mid
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mental pictures and all the concept
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The studies show an almost perfect
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ather than the core which was disca
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individuals who made them, or rathe
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Language: a Formative Principle The
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Fig 6.10 A drawing showing a compar
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will be needed to produce the same
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More Complex Animal Communications
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extremely simple, others highly com
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overtly stated in full language, fo
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Most of these processes involve rep
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Charles Darwin was the first to poi
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Language and Culture As we have see
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Chapter 7 The Ancients: an Overview
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Not only have the remains of some 3
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Fig 7.3 A range of fossil skulls in
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The Levallois Technique A quite dif
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immediate environment. We experienc
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Darwinian psychology or socio-biolo
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The Archaics: refers to hominids in
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Paleolithic cultures. At High Lodge
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and the cheeks were inflated rather
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hard work, rigorous movements and w
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The Impact of the Ancients on Their
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Perhaps the most compelling evidenc
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Neanderthal Language Their spoken l
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Chapter 8 The Moderns Over the last
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een interchanging genes for 600,000
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Modern Africans Modern Europeans Mo
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A Modern Anatomy Anatomically moder
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Western Eurasian race, has no real
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Certainly the genetic evidence sugg
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A B C D E F G Fig 8.5 Early Modern
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Fig 8.7 Drawing showing how blades
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around for a long time before 40,00
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might have meant, it is useful to t
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complexity of artifacts have become
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Page 263 and 264: paintings in the Chauvet Cave in th
Page 265 and 266: Fig 8.11 The “portrait” carving
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Page 269 and 270: The Fall But this emancipation was
Page 271 and 272: with the world which characterized
Page 273 and 274: Fig 8.13 A collection of handprints
Page 275 and 276: A C B D E Fig 8.15b A compilation o
Page 277 and 278: Fig 8.16 A detail from the Panel of
Page 279 and 280: The circumstances of the finds in t
Page 281 and 282: The Gravettian/Pavlovian Phase (27,
Page 283 and 284: A C B D Fig 8.25 Venus or Gaia figu
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Page 287 and 288: Fig 8.30 The shaft scene from Lasca
Page 289 and 290: B C A D Fig 8.33 A collection of ca
Page 291 and 292: A B C D Fig 8.34 A selection of eng
Page 293 and 294: Is Not Art a Construct of the Moder
Page 295 and 296: We have absolutely no way of knowin
Page 297 and 298: however they were distinguishing th
Page 299 and 300: Fig 8.38 Map showing the areas of S
Page 301 and 302: Western Asia, but otherwise both Mo
Page 303 and 304: species, as I have shown in the exa
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Page 307 and 308: too did hominids. The higher, or mo
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 9 Postscript Day by day imp
Page 311: Glossary Abbreviations: BP = before
Page 315 and 316: Moderns: informal term referring to
Page 317 and 318: Bibliography Further Reading The li
Page 319 and 320: Edelman, G.M., 1992, Bright Air, Br
Page 321 and 322: www.modernhumanorigins.com a very u
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