The Spirit in Human Evolution - Waldorf Research Institute

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postcranium/postcranial: skeleton excluding the cranium or skull postglacial: in archaeology refers to the period following the last Ice Age around 10,000 years ago. prehistory: refers to human cultural periods before the invention of written records primates: order of placental mammals that includes monkeys, lemurs, apes and humans primitive character: a trait present in the common ancestor of a group of related species, in contrast to a derived character radiocarbon dating: radiometric dating method involving the measurement of the decay of the isotope carbon 14 which living organisms take in through respiration. It can date organic materials up to 40,000 years old with some degree of accuracy. radiometric dating: absolute dating methods based on measuring the rate of radioactive decay of various materials such as potassium-argon or radiocarbon retouching: flaking of a larger stone flake previously struck from a core, usually to create a specific shape or sharper edge robust: heavy-boned, large-jawed, in contrast to gracile. Usually used to distinguish species of australopithecines sexual dimorphism: differential sizes among sexes of a species sociobiology: an evolutionary approach to explaining behavior through selection of traits that increase chances of reproductive success. More recently, replaced by evolutionary psychology, medicine, and so forth Solutrean: a major Upper Paleolithic cultural period in Europe, extending from around 23,000 to 18,000 BP, named after site of Solutré, near Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire), in eastern France. speciation: the evolution of new species through the splitting of existing species, creating greater diversity taphonomy: the study of the processes of disintegration and scattering or fossilization of carcasses after death, important in the analysis and evaluation of archaeological sites taxonomy (taxon-singular, taxa-plural): classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships terrestrial: living primarily on the ground Upper Paleolithic: cultural period beginning about 40,000 BP coinciding with the rapid increase in cultural and technological complexity sometimes known as the Human Revolution: appearance of art, new advanced tools, evidence of higher levels of social organization, rapid colonization of new territories. Key determining factor probably the emergence of full human language abilities. 316
Bibliography Further Reading The literature related to human evolution is vast. The following books are either among the more accessible or, in my view, essential reading. I have restricted the reading list to books in the English language. I have quoted from widely from books in German and these are referenced in the notes. Finally, I have grouped them according to broad themes. General Books on Human Evolution Bahn, P. and J. Vertut, 1997, Journey Through the Ice Age, Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Bilsborough, A., 1992, Human Evolution, Blackie Academic and Professional. Bromhall, C., 2003, The Eternal Child, Ebury Press. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., 2000, Genes, People and Languages, Penguin Press, Allen Lane. Chauvet, J-M, E. Brunel Deschamps and C. Hillaire, 1995, Chauvet Cave: The Discovery of the World’s Oldest Paintings, Thames & Hudson. Cunliffe, B., 1994, The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Oxford University Press. Diamond, J.A., 1992, The Rise and Fall of the Third Chimpanzee (paperback), Vintage Books. _________, 1997, Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jonathan Cape. Fagan, B., 1990, The Journey from Eden, Thames and Hudson. Foley, R., 1995, Humans Before Humanity, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Gamble, C., 1993, Timewalkers, Alan Sutton Publishing. Gowlett, J., 1993, Ascent to Civilization: The Archaeology of Early Humans, 2nd Edition McGraw Hill. Johanson, D., L. Johanson and B. Edgar, 1994, Ancestors: In Search of Human Origins, Villard Books. Jones, S., R. Martin, and D. Pilbeam (editors), 1994, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, Cambridge University Press. Kingdon, J., 1993, Self-made Man and His Undoing, Simon and Schuster. Leakey, R. and R. Lewin, 1992, Origins Reconsidered, Doubleday. 317
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The S pirit in Human Evolution M a
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Published by: The Association of Wa
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Foreword The Evolution of a Book A
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and education studies to university
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12 in evolution and creationism by
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not the case development could not
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to expression in the developing ind
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The distinction is important. For a
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Chapter 1 Self-Knowledge, Truth and
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distinction between knower and know
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have taken from our earliest beginn
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The biologists, anthropologists and
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Later still the young person will w
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science reveals such a universe. As
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Changing Views of Change How did th
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in the twentieth century, despite t
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Psychologists and therapists are fa
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human origins amply demonstrates. T
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careers being made from the discove
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to the human being and not only as
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in breaking a human cell down into
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I have to admit that reductionist t
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species, at some age, season or yea
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The classic (because extreme but by
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phylogenetic history of humankind,
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Mind Matters The reader will have n
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iology by Ernst Mayr to describe go
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Stories Despite the universal rejec
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follows: the evolutionary stream fr
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cultures … ought to produce creat
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66 animal, by stating what the one
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This is a harsh judgment, and I wou
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I have no judgment as to what exten
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The impotence of Darwinian theory i
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etheric forces, in contrast to the
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obviously has a deep evolutionary h
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This is the very heart of the probl
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complex phenomena and having a sens
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part of the organism itself. This c
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interaction between groups of neura
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When human beings are only beginnin
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world, during which the “new cont
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external reality of the senses, but
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of such ancestors as seemed best fi
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Chapter 4 First Steps Over a period
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Fig 4.1 Time chart showing the curr
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Planet of the Apes Ten million year
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apes and thus ideal conditions for
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“lake.” It is highly likely tha
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Fig 4.5 Lucy: a reconstruction of t
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genetic processes. The organism may
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evolved rapid digestion of high pro
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other mammals who were originally t
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Therefore the possibility of one fo
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evolution? Is not this not spiritua
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to experience the separation of sub
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Chapter 5 Lucy, Flatface and Friend
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Small, Clever, and Alert If we assu
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than in the elephant expresses the
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Fig 5.1 Comparison of what several
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Fig 5.2 Comparison of australopithe
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is, the smaller animal would make m
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Bifacial Chopper Hammer Stone Disco
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Fig 5.6b Examples of pebble tools A
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Fig 5.7 Diagram showing an example
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early Homo. Australopithecines arou
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anches of trees out of sight of the
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Now it is true that, at the level o
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How did this increase come about? W
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expansion of brain size, especially
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That is exactly what the spirit doe
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to such environmental pressures, th
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Apes have the least birthing proble
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Space does not permit fuller discus
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Eternal Embryo It was that widely r
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Though infant fossils from earlier
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The degree of juvenilization seems
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Fig 5.12 A schematic representation
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that animals pass through the equiv
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What we know of human life historie
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The Nature of Imitation The actual
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Chapter 6 Working Man Making fossil
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Fig 6.1 The Trinil thighbone (right
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Fig 6.3 These fossils skulls have a
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New Dates for Out of Africa In 1989
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Whatever the dates or the route, th
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for niches. Then later in drier cyc
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As mentioned above, in apes birthin
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With the onset of the wet season, d
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Making or Just Using Fire? A “mid
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mental pictures and all the concept
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The studies show an almost perfect
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ather than the core which was disca
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individuals who made them, or rathe
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Language: a Formative Principle The
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Fig 6.10 A drawing showing a compar
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will be needed to produce the same
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More Complex Animal Communications
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extremely simple, others highly com
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overtly stated in full language, fo
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Most of these processes involve rep
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Charles Darwin was the first to poi
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Language and Culture As we have see
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Chapter 7 The Ancients: an Overview
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Not only have the remains of some 3
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Fig 7.3 A range of fossil skulls in
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The Levallois Technique A quite dif
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immediate environment. We experienc
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Darwinian psychology or socio-biolo
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The Archaics: refers to hominids in
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Paleolithic cultures. At High Lodge
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and the cheeks were inflated rather
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hard work, rigorous movements and w
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The Impact of the Ancients on Their
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Perhaps the most compelling evidenc
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Neanderthal Language Their spoken l
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Chapter 8 The Moderns Over the last
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een interchanging genes for 600,000
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Modern Africans Modern Europeans Mo
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A Modern Anatomy Anatomically moder
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Western Eurasian race, has no real
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Certainly the genetic evidence sugg
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A B C D E F G Fig 8.5 Early Modern
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Fig 8.7 Drawing showing how blades
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around for a long time before 40,00
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might have meant, it is useful to t
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complexity of artifacts have become
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When one considers the conditions u
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paintings in the Chauvet Cave in th
Page 265 and 266: Fig 8.11 The “portrait” carving
Page 267 and 268: We cannot hope to know how the arti
Page 269 and 270: The Fall But this emancipation was
Page 271 and 272: with the world which characterized
Page 273 and 274: Fig 8.13 A collection of handprints
Page 275 and 276: A C B D E Fig 8.15b A compilation o
Page 277 and 278: Fig 8.16 A detail from the Panel of
Page 279 and 280: The circumstances of the finds in t
Page 281 and 282: The Gravettian/Pavlovian Phase (27,
Page 283 and 284: A C B D Fig 8.25 Venus or Gaia figu
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Page 287 and 288: Fig 8.30 The shaft scene from Lasca
Page 289 and 290: B C A D Fig 8.33 A collection of ca
Page 291 and 292: A B C D Fig 8.34 A selection of eng
Page 293 and 294: Is Not Art a Construct of the Moder
Page 295 and 296: We have absolutely no way of knowin
Page 297 and 298: however they were distinguishing th
Page 299 and 300: Fig 8.38 Map showing the areas of S
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Page 303 and 304: species, as I have shown in the exa
Page 305 and 306: portion of his brothers behind on t
Page 307 and 308: too did hominids. The higher, or mo
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 9 Postscript Day by day imp
Page 311 and 312: Glossary Abbreviations: BP = before
Page 313 and 314: flora: the plant life in a given ec
Page 315: Moderns: informal term referring to
Page 319 and 320: Edelman, G.M., 1992, Bright Air, Br
Page 321 and 322: www.modernhumanorigins.com a very u
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